It is obvious that the change trend of our government expenditure scale declined constantly .The expenditure proportion of science, education, culture and hygiene increased fast, reflected the situation that the finan...It is obvious that the change trend of our government expenditure scale declined constantly .The expenditure proportion of science, education, culture and hygiene increased fast, reflected the situation that the finance of our country was transformed into “public finance” from “building type finance” gradually.The expenditure proportion of the local is higher than central authorities. This is disadvantageous for our country’s economy development and society stability.展开更多
Passive Optical Networks(PONs)are considered as the preferred solution for broadband fibre-based access networks.This is because PONs present low cost deployment,low energy consumption and also meet high bandwidth dem...Passive Optical Networks(PONs)are considered as the preferred solution for broadband fibre-based access networks.This is because PONs present low cost deployment,low energy consumption and also meet high bandwidth demands from end users.In addition,end users expect a high availability for access networks,while operators are more concerned about reducing the failure impact(number of clients affected by failures).Moreover,operators are also interested in reducing the cost of the access network.This paper provides a deep insight into the consequences that the physical topology and design decisions cause on the availability,the failure impact and the cost of a PON.In order to do that,the physical layout of the PON deployment area is approximated by a network geometric model.A PON deployed according to the geometric model is then assessed in terms of failure impact,availability and cost.This way,the effects of different design decisions and the physical layout on these three parameters are evaluated.In addition,the tradeoffs between availability,failure impact and cost caused by planning decisions and the physical topology are identified and pinpointed.展开更多
对公共卫生支出增长决定因素的更好理解是制定有效卫生政策的关键,绝大多数文献都关注从需求侧与供给侧解释卫生支出的增长,如人口老龄化,收入增长与科技进步等。2016年7月,Health Policy发表的题为＂What drives public health care ex...对公共卫生支出增长决定因素的更好理解是制定有效卫生政策的关键,绝大多数文献都关注从需求侧与供给侧解释卫生支出的增长,如人口老龄化,收入增长与科技进步等。2016年7月,Health Policy发表的题为＂What drives public health care expenditure growth？Evidence from Swiss cantons,1970—2012＂的文章则将需求侧与供给侧的决定因素与政治经济因素融为一体,结合瑞士卫生体系与卫生筹资改革,编制出瑞士各州卫生费用的新数据集。展开更多
文摘It is obvious that the change trend of our government expenditure scale declined constantly .The expenditure proportion of science, education, culture and hygiene increased fast, reflected the situation that the finance of our country was transformed into “public finance” from “building type finance” gradually.The expenditure proportion of the local is higher than central authorities. This is disadvantageous for our country’s economy development and society stability.
基金Norwegian University of Science and Technology(Project 43255)
文摘Passive Optical Networks(PONs)are considered as the preferred solution for broadband fibre-based access networks.This is because PONs present low cost deployment,low energy consumption and also meet high bandwidth demands from end users.In addition,end users expect a high availability for access networks,while operators are more concerned about reducing the failure impact(number of clients affected by failures).Moreover,operators are also interested in reducing the cost of the access network.This paper provides a deep insight into the consequences that the physical topology and design decisions cause on the availability,the failure impact and the cost of a PON.In order to do that,the physical layout of the PON deployment area is approximated by a network geometric model.A PON deployed according to the geometric model is then assessed in terms of failure impact,availability and cost.This way,the effects of different design decisions and the physical layout on these three parameters are evaluated.In addition,the tradeoffs between availability,failure impact and cost caused by planning decisions and the physical topology are identified and pinpointed.
文摘对公共卫生支出增长决定因素的更好理解是制定有效卫生政策的关键,绝大多数文献都关注从需求侧与供给侧解释卫生支出的增长,如人口老龄化,收入增长与科技进步等。2016年7月,Health Policy发表的题为＂What drives public health care expenditure growth？Evidence from Swiss cantons,1970—2012＂的文章则将需求侧与供给侧的决定因素与政治经济因素融为一体,结合瑞士卫生体系与卫生筹资改革,编制出瑞士各州卫生费用的新数据集。
