The study aims to investigate the carbonated water erosion mechanism of lining concrete in tunnels traversing karst environment and enhance its resistance.In this study,dynamic carbonated water erosion was simulated t...The study aims to investigate the carbonated water erosion mechanism of lining concrete in tunnels traversing karst environment and enhance its resistance.In this study,dynamic carbonated water erosion was simulated to assess erosion depth,microstructure,phase migrations,and pore structure in various tunnel lining cement-based materials.Additionally,Ca^(2+)leaching was analyzed,and impact of Ca/Si molar ratio in hydration products on erosion resistance was discussed by thermodynamic calculations.The results indicate that carbonated water erosion caused rough and porous surface on specimens,with reduced portlandite and CaCO_(3) content,increased porosity,and an enlargement of pore size.The thermodynamic calculations indicate that the erosion is spontaneous,driven by physical dissolution and chemical reactions dominated by Gibbs free energy.And the erosion reactions proceed more spontaneously and extensively when Ca/Si molar ratio in hydration products was higher.Therefore,cement-based materials with higher portlandite content exhibit weaker erosion resistance.Model-building concrete,with C-S-H gel and portlandite as primary hydration products,has greater erosion susceptibility than shotcrete with ettringite as main hydration product.Moreover,adding silicon-rich mineral admixtures can enhance the erosion resistance.This research offers theory and tech insights to boost cement-based material resistance against carbonated water erosion in karst tunnel engineering.展开更多
The severe erosion and inadequate mechanical strength are prominent challenges for high-energy gun propellants.To address it,novel PTW@PDA composites was prepared by polydopamine(PDA)-modifying onto potassium titanate...The severe erosion and inadequate mechanical strength are prominent challenges for high-energy gun propellants.To address it,novel PTW@PDA composites was prepared by polydopamine(PDA)-modifying onto potassium titanate whisker(PTW,K_(2)Ti_(6)O_(13)),and after was incorporated into gun propellant as erosion-reducing and mechanical-reinforcing fillers.The interfacial characterizations results indicated that as-prepared PTW@PDA composites exhibits an enhanced surface compatible with propellant matrix,thereby facilitating their dispersion into propellants more effectively than raw PTW materials.Compared to original propellants,PTW@PDA-modified propellants exhibited significant less erosion,with a Ti-Kbased protective coating being detected on the eroded steel.And 0.5 wt%and 1.0 wt%addition of PTW@PDA significantly improved impact,compressive and tensile strength of propellants.Despite the inevitably reduction in relative force,PTW@PDA slightly increase propellant burning rate while exerting little adverse impact on propellant dynamic activity.This strategy can provide a promising alternative to develop high-energy gun propellant with less erosion and more mechanical strength.展开更多
Due to their outstanding electrical contact properties,Cd-containing silver-matrix electrical contact materials can meet the requirements of high stability and long life for military defense and aerospace applications...Due to their outstanding electrical contact properties,Cd-containing silver-matrix electrical contact materials can meet the requirements of high stability and long life for military defense and aerospace applications.In order to further reduce the Cd content under the premise of meeting the high-performance requirements,in this study,high-purity intermediate Ti_(2)Cd powder of MAX phase(Ti_(2)CdC)was synthesized with a pressureless technique and then applied to reinforce the Ag matrix.The Cd content of the as-prepared Ag/Ti_(2)Cd composites was actually reduced by 38.31%compared with conventional Ag/CdO material.Based on the systematic study of the effect of heat treatment temperature on the physical phase,morphology,interface and comprehensive physical properties of Ag/Ti_(2)Cd composites,the preferred samples(heat treated at 400°C for 1 h)showed high density(97.77%),low resistivity(2.34μΩ·cm),moderate hardness(90.8HV),high tensile strength(189.9 MPa),and exhibited good electrical contact performance after 40000 cycles of arc discharging under severe conditions(DC 28 V/20 A).The results of microscopic morphological evolution,phase change and elemental distribution of the electrical contact surface show that the combination of high stability of Ti_(2)Cd reinforcing phase,good interfacial bonding with Ag matrix and improved melt pool viscosity in the primary stage of arc erosion,results in low and stable contact resistance(average value 13.20 mΩ)and welding force(average value 0.6 N),low fluctuation of static force(2.2-2.5 N).The decomposition and absorption energy of Ti_(2)Cd and the arc extinguishing effect of Cd vapor are the main reasons for the stable arcing energy and arcing time of electric contacts in the late stage of arc erosion.展开更多
[Background]Soil erosion,the process by which soil is eroded,transported,and deposited by external forces like wind and water,is a widespread global phenomenon with significant env ironmental and economic impacts.Over...[Background]Soil erosion,the process by which soil is eroded,transported,and deposited by external forces like wind and water,is a widespread global phenomenon with significant env ironmental and economic impacts.Over the past two decades,China's soil erosion research has made significant strides,reaching a world-class level in both quality and quantity.However,there has been a lack of comprehensive studies summarizing the overall situation and development trends in this field.This study aims to fill that gap by providing an overview of the current status and trends in China's soil erosion research.[Methods]This study employed bibliometric methods to analyze 6588 journal articles on soil erosion in China,collected from the Scopus database.The analysis focused on several key aspects,including the number of publications,subject areas,leading research institutes,funding organizations,key research themes,and patterns of international collaboration.Additionally,network maps were generated using VOSviewer to visualize the intellectual structure and connections within the research field,offering insights into how different research topics and institutes are interconnected.[Results]The findings reveal a significant increase in the number of publications since the 1980s,rising from just 4 articles in 1981 to 699 articles in 2023.While soil erosion research is multidisciplinary in nature,the most popular subject areas were“Environmental Science”“Agriculture and Biological Sciences”and“Earth and Planetary Sciences”.The Chinese Academy of Sciences is the most productive institute,with several universities and government research institutes also making substantial contributions.The primary funding source was government organizations,with the National Natural Science Foundation of China being the largest funder.Journals focusing on water and soil,ecology,and environmental sciences were the primary platforms for publishing soil erosion research in China.Catena,Science of the Total Environment,Transactions of CSAM,and Acta Ecologica Sinica were the most productive journals.Six international collaboration networks were identified in this field.There are collaboration networks in this field.The large cluster is centered on China,connecting some European Union countries.This is followed by a small cluster of commonwealth countries headed by the United Kingdom.The rest are bilateral collaborations between two countries that do not form networks.The major research themes identified were“soil erosion and land degradation”“erosion dynamics and drivers”“soil erosion process and mechanism”and“erosion monitoring technology”.Earlier research was heavily focused on topics such as“GIS”“remote sensing”“Cs-137”“landscape pattern”“vegetation restoration”“simulated rainfall”“loess plateau”and“black soil.”In contrast,recent studies have shifted towards“climate change”“ecosystem services”“soil erodibility”“gully erosion”and“RUSLE”.[Conclusions]This study offers a comprehensive overview of China's soil erosion research,serving as a valuable resource for researchers and policy-makers interested in understanding the knowledge structure and development trends in this field.Additionally,the study highlights emerging research topics and potential areas for future exploration,thereby guiding the direction of subsequent studies in soil erosion.展开更多
[Background]As one of the most serious environmental issues in the world,soil erosion causes water pollution,reservoir siltation,soil productivity decline,thus threatens agricultural systems and even affects global cl...[Background]As one of the most serious environmental issues in the world,soil erosion causes water pollution,reservoir siltation,soil productivity decline,thus threatens agricultural systems and even affects global climate.The benefits of ecological soil and water conservation measures(ESWCMs,such as micro basins tillage and contour tillage)are widely understood,including runoff and soil loss reducing to a certain extent when compared with traditional tillage.While few studies have focused on China’s different soil types and erosion characteristics.[Methods]We reviewed literature from Web of Science,Scopus,and China National Knowledge Infrastructure using terms like“Conservation practice”“Contour tillage”“Runoff”“Sediment”“Erosion”and“China”and retained literatures based on criteria such as natural or simulated precipitation,runoff or soil loss data,reported replications and statistics,recorded factors like location and slope,and at least two data pairs per group.Ultimately,49 literatures were selected to quantify the impacts on different ESWCMs and identify the slope and precipitation for the greatest runoff and sediment reduction by calculating the log response ratio(LRR).[Results]The three regions’soil and water conservation benefits varied due to the differences in climate,terrain,and soil properties:1)ESWCMs applied in the black soil region of Northeast China were the most effective in reducing runoff and soil loss(66.65%runoff and 75.83%sediment),followed by those applied in the purple soil region of Southwest China(39.98%runoff and 58.30%sediment)and loess soil region of Northwest China(16.36%runoff and 32.44%sediment).2)Micro basins tillage(MBT)(71.79%runoff and 87.03%sediment)no-tillage with mulch(NTM)(17.30%runoff and 32.51%sediment),collecting soil to form a ridge with no-till(CSNT)(55.78%runoff and 71.36%sediment reduction)were the most efficient soil and water conservation measures in controlling water erosion in the black soil of Northeast China,the loess soil region of Northwest China and the purple soil region of Southwest China,respectively.3)The slope gradients ranged from 0-3°,>3°-5°and>10°-15°(0-3°:97.09%;>3°-5°:74.62%;and>10°-15°:39.41%)caused the largest reduction of runoff in the black soil region of Northeast China,the loess soil region of Northwest China,and the purple soil region of Southwest China.Meanwhile,the effects of sediment reduction were the most obvious,ranging from 0-3°,>10°-15°,and>20°-25°(0-3°:89.32%;>10°-15°:75.94%;and>20°-25°:67.25%).4)The effect of ESWCMs under rainstorms was the most obvious in the black soil region of Northeast China.The effect on runoff reduction under light rain in the purple soil region of Southwest China was the most obvious,but it failed to pass the significance test in sediment reduction.[Conclusions]The results provided optimal conservation tillage measures for three regions,different slopes and different rainfalls,and provided data support for reducing regional soil and water loss in China.展开更多
Previous studies have indicated that piping erosion greatly threatens the safe operation of various hydraulic structures. However, few mathematical models are available to perfectly describe the erosion process due to...Previous studies have indicated that piping erosion greatly threatens the safe operation of various hydraulic structures. However, few mathematical models are available to perfectly describe the erosion process due to the complexity of piping. The focus of the present work is to propose a new fluid solid coupling model to eliminate the shortcomings of existing work. A 'pseudo-liquid' assumption is suggested to simulate the particle movement in the erosion process. Then, based on the mass and momentum conservations of the moving particles and flowing water, a new two-flow model is established by using the continuity equations and motion equations. In the model, the erosion rate of soil is determined with a particle erosion law derived from tests results of STERPI. And ERGUN's empirical equation is used to determine the interaction forces between the liquid and the solid. A numerical approach is proposed to solve the model with the finite volume method and SIMPLE algorithm. The new model is validated with the tests results of STERPI. And the soil erosion principles in piping are also explored.展开更多
Wind erosion is a major cause of land desertification and sandstorm formation in arid and semi-arid areas.The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of soybeans crude extract induced calcium carbonate p...Wind erosion is a major cause of land desertification and sandstorm formation in arid and semi-arid areas.The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of soybeans crude extract induced calcium carbonate precipitation(SICP)on reducing wind erosion risk of sandy soil.Field tests were carried out in Ulan Buh Desert,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,China.Results showed that the SICP method could significantly enhance the surface strength and wind erosion resistance of the topsoil.The optimal cementation solution(urea-CaCl2)concentration and spraying volume,according to experiments conducted on sandy land,were 0.2 mol/L and 4 L/m^2,respectively.Under this condition,the CaCO3 content was approximately 0.45%,the surface strength of sandy soil could reach 306.2 kPa,and the depth of wind erosion was approximately zero,after 30 d completion of SICP treatment.Soil surface strength declined with the increase of time,and long-term sand fixation effects of SICP treatment varied depending on topography.Whereas wind erosion in the top area of the windward slope was remarkable,sandy soils on the bottom area of the windward slope still maintained a relatively high level of surface strength and a low degree of wind erosion 12 month after SICP treatment.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)tests with energy dispersive X-ray(EDX)confirmed the precipitation of CaCO3 and its bridge effect.These findings suggested that the SICP method is a promising candidate to protect sandy soil from wind erosion in desert areas.展开更多
Gas spark switch is one of the key parts in pulsed power technology.Electrode erosion has great influence on the switch performance and lifetime.In this paper,a field distortion gas switch is selected for the experime...Gas spark switch is one of the key parts in pulsed power technology.Electrode erosion has great influence on the switch performance and lifetime.In this paper,a field distortion gas switch is selected for the experiment and a great deal of discharging experiments have been conducted in different test conditions.The forming process of etch pit as well as its influencing factors is discussed briefly and surface roughness coefficient(SRC) of the electrode is put forward to evaluate the state of electrode erosion.Experimental results show that current peak plays an important role in electrode erosion when waveforms of discharge current are the same,and electric charge and oscillation frequency of discharge current also have great effect on the electrode erosion when waveforms of discharge current are different.With the increase of discharge times,SRC decreases slowly at first and then decreases quickly after three thousand of discharge times.展开更多
The Cr-plated coating inside a gun barrel can effectively improve the barrel’s erosion resistance and thus increase the service life.However,due to the cyclic thermal load caused by high-temperature gunpowder,micro-e...The Cr-plated coating inside a gun barrel can effectively improve the barrel’s erosion resistance and thus increase the service life.However,due to the cyclic thermal load caused by high-temperature gunpowder,micro-element damage tends to occur within the Cr coating/steel substrate interface,leading to a gradual deterioration in macro-mechanical properties for the material in the related region.In order to mimic this cyclic thermal load and,thereby,study the thermal erosion behavior of the Cr coating on the barrel’s inner wall,a laser emitter is utilized in the current study.With the help of in-situ tensile test and finite element simulation results,a shear stress distribution law of the Cr coating/steel substrate and a change law of the interface ultimate shear strength are identified.Studies have shown that the Cr coating/steel substrate interface’s ultimate shear strength has a significant weakening effect due to increasing temperature.In this study,the interfacial ultimate shear strength decreases from 2.57 GPa(no erosion)to 1.02 GPa(laser power is 160 W).The data from this experiment is employed to establish a Cr coating/steel substrate interface shear damage model.And this model is used to predict the flaking process of Cr coating by finite element method.The simulation results show that the increase of coating crack spacing and coating thickness will increase the service life of gun barrel.展开更多
To make clear the influence of abrasive hardness on the erosion effect,the erosion experiments of abrasive air jet with the same impact energy were carried out.The influence of abrasive hardness on the erosion effect ...To make clear the influence of abrasive hardness on the erosion effect,the erosion experiments of abrasive air jet with the same impact energy were carried out.The influence of abrasive hardness on the erosion effect is clarified by comparing the different erosion depths.The main conclusions are as follows.Under the same mass flow rate and mesh number,the abrasive with a higher density needs greater pressure irrespective of hardness.After erosion damage,the abrasive size exhibits a Weibull distribution.The shape parameterβand Weibull distribution function of four types of abrasives are derived by the least squares method;moreover,βis found to have a quadratic relation with abrasive hardness.The results of the erosion experiments show that abrasive hardness and erosion depth are quadratically related.By calculating the increase in surface energy after abrasive erosion crushing,it is found that abrasive hardness has a quadratic relation with surface energy and that the increases in erosion depth and surface energy consumption are basically identical.In conclusion,the effect is a soft abrasive impact when the ratio of abrasive hardness(Ha)to the material hardness(Hm)is<2.6,and it is a hard abrasive impact when Ha/Hm>3.展开更多
Particle erosion of C/C-SiC composites prepared by reactive melt infiltration with different Al addition was studied by gas-entrained solid particle impingement test.SEM,EDS and XRD were performed to analyze the compo...Particle erosion of C/C-SiC composites prepared by reactive melt infiltration with different Al addition was studied by gas-entrained solid particle impingement test.SEM,EDS and XRD were performed to analyze the composites before and after erosion.The results indicate that a U shape relationship curve presents between the erosion rates and Al content,and the lowest erosion rate occurs at 40 wt%Al.Except for the important influence of compactness,the increasing soft Al mixed with reactive SiC,namely the mixture located between carbon and residual Si also,plays a key role in the erosion of the C/C-SiC composites through crack deflection,plastic deformation and bonding cracked Si.展开更多
BNp/Al2O3-SiO2 system ceramic matrix composites with different volume fractions （10%-60%） of hexagonal BN particulates （BNp） were prepared by hot-press sintering technique. Phase components, microstructure, mechan...BNp/Al2O3-SiO2 system ceramic matrix composites with different volume fractions （10%-60%） of hexagonal BN particulates （BNp） were prepared by hot-press sintering technique. Phase components, microstructure, mechanical properties and plasma erosion resistance were also investigated. With the increase of h-BNp content, relative density and Vickers＇ hardness of the composite ceramics decrease, while the flexural strength, elastic modulus and fracture toughness increase and then decrease. The plasma erosion resistance linearly deteriorated with the increase of BNp content which is mainly determined by the density, crystal structure and atomic number of the elements.展开更多
Plaque erosion,together with plaque rupture,is a common cause for acute coronary syndrome(ACS).Plaque erosion alone is responsible for about one third of the patients with ACS.Eroded plaque is defined as thrombosed,en...Plaque erosion,together with plaque rupture,is a common cause for acute coronary syndrome(ACS).Plaque erosion alone is responsible for about one third of the patients with ACS.Eroded plaque is defined as thrombosed,endothelium-absent and non-ruptured but often-inflamed plaques based on histological findings.Even though there is efficient imaging technologies to detect the eroded plaque in vivo and tailored treatment strategy has also been developed for ACScaused by erosion in clinics,the pathogenesis mechanisms that cause plaque erosion are not fully understood.It is widely postulated that thrombus formation and endothelial apoptosis(the precursors of plaque erosion)have closed association with biomechanical conditions in the coronary vessel.Revealing of the mechanical conditions in the eroded plaque could advance our knowledge in understanding the formation of plaque erosion.To this end,patient-specific OCT-based fluid-structure interaction(FSI)models were developed to investigate the plaque biomechanical conditions and investigate the impact of erosioninduced inflammation on biomechanical conditions.In vivo OCTand Biplane X-ray angiographic data of eroded coronary plaque were acquired from one male patient(age:64). OCT images were segmented manually with external elastic membrane contour and the trailing edge of the lipid-rich necrotic core(lipid)assumed to have positive remodeling ratio 1.1.Locations with luminal surface having direct contact with intraluminal thrombus on OCT images were identified erosion sites.Fusion of OCT and biplane X-ray angiographic data were performed to obtain the 3D coronary geometry.OCT-based FSI models with pre-shrink-stretch process and anisotropic material properties were constructed following previously established procedures.To reflect tissue weakening caused by erosion-induced inflammation,the material stiffness of plaque intima at the erosion site was adjust to one tenth of un-eroded fibrous plaque tissue.Three FSI models were constructed to investigate the impacts of inflammation and lipid component on plaque biomechanics:M1,without erosion(this means plaque intima at the erosion sites were not softened)and without inclusion of lipid component;M2,with erosion but no lipid;M3,with erosion and inclusion of lipid.FSI models were solved by ADINA to obtain the biomechanical conditions at peak blood pressure including plaque wall stress/strain(PWS/PWSn)and flow wall shear stress(WSS).The average values of three biomechanical conditions at the erosion sites and at the fibrous cap overlaying lipid component were calculated from three models for analysis.The results of M1 and M2 were compared to investigate the impact of erosion-induced inflammation on plaque biomechanics.Mean PWS value decreases from 49.98 kPa to 18.83 kPa(62.32%decrease)while Mean PWSn value increases from 0.123 1 to 0.138 4(12%increase)as the material stiffness becomes 10times soft.Comparing M2 and M3 at the cap sites,M3(with inclusion of lipid)will elevates mean PWS and PWSn values by48.59%and 16.09%,respectively.The impacts of erosion and lipid on flow shear stress were limited(<2%).To conclude,erosion-induced inflammation would lead to lower stress distribution but larger strain distribution,while lipid would elevate both stress and strain conditions.This shows the influence of erosion and lipid component has impacts on stress/strain cal-culations which are closely related to plaque assessment.展开更多
To predict the erosion and abrasion of high bore pressure tank gun barrel, the least square support vector machine (LSSVM) algorithm was used. Based on the gun firing test data, the prediction model for barrel's e...To predict the erosion and abrasion of high bore pressure tank gun barrel, the least square support vector machine (LSSVM) algorithm was used. Based on the gun firing test data, the prediction model for barrel's erosion and abrasion was established. It was adopted to predict the wear increment of gun barrel. The results show that the prediction values given by the model coincide with the measured data better, and the model can predict the barrel's wear accurately and rapidly.展开更多
By means of breaking tests on PtIr contact materials via a JF04C contact material testing machine, it was attempted to elucidate the characteristics of the various surface morphology and material transfer after the ar...By means of breaking tests on PtIr contact materials via a JF04C contact material testing machine, it was attempted to elucidate the characteristics of the various surface morphology and material transfer after the arc erosion process caused by break arc. The material transfer characteristics appeared in the experiments were concluded and analyzed. Meanwhile, the morphology of the anode and cathode surface were observed and analyzed by SEM.展开更多
Ardak Watershed with an area of about 497 km<sup>2</sup> is one of the tributaries of Kashaf Rud River Watershed in north east Iran,which consists of two main rivers.This catchment is located in the Kopet-...Ardak Watershed with an area of about 497 km<sup>2</sup> is one of the tributaries of Kashaf Rud River Watershed in north east Iran,which consists of two main rivers.This catchment is located in the Kopet-Dagh structural zone and Ardak Watershed is surrounded by Chaman Bid, Mozduran,Shurijeh,Tirgan,and Sarcheshme Formations.The lithofacies and architectural elements show that two main rivers are gravel-bed braided river in their most parts.The major erosion types in this watershed are rock fall,rill,surface erosions,and gully and channel bank erosion.In the study area,the amount of sediment yield estimation in GIS framework using MPSIAC model is about 130.749 m<sup>3</sup>·km<sup>-2</sup>·a<sup>-1</sup>or 1.77 t·h（-1）and most parts of the basin（more than 90%）has low erosional rate.Mozduran and Tirgan Formations展开更多
Negative effect of precipitation on plant photosynthesis was investigated in this work. Stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and net photosynthetic rate were measured before and after each precipitation event, res...Negative effect of precipitation on plant photosynthesis was investigated in this work. Stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and net photosynthetic rate were measured before and after each precipitation event, respectively, and the corresponding precipitation was recorded as well. Moreover, plant dry matter accumulation was counted at the end of our entire experiment. The results show that precipitation fully demonstrates its negative effect on plant photosynthesis under the condition of without water shortage. Although it has not been proved, leaf shape seems to be associated with this effect. Broad-leaved species are less influenced than coniferous and lanceleaf species no matter on the length of variation time or changes in variation values. The different situation among three broad-leaved species seems to illustrate that the effect is also related to the size of single leaf area. The correlation between precipitation and photosynthetic rate variation is analogous to the relationship between precipitation and splash erosion, and in the view of the relationship between plant photosynthetic characteristics and dry mass accumulation, it can be thought that it can reflect the negative impact of precipitation on plant growth by making use of splash erosion. Therefore, a section was added in the traditional plant biomass estimation algorithms by using eco-physiological models, and this was proved to enhance the accuracy of traditional estimation from preliminary verifications.展开更多
The coherence and exposure degree are used in analyzing initiation of slope sediment.The initial ve- locity is built by using a critical roiling model.A transport rate formula of slope erosion is established using the...The coherence and exposure degree are used in analyzing initiation of slope sediment.The initial ve- locity is built by using a critical roiling model.A transport rate formula of slope erosion is established using the Meyer-Peter model.The formula is tested by experiment and agrees well but the errors are big when the flow discharge and rain intensity are smaller.展开更多
A test device with rectangular channel is developed to study the combustion performance of solid propellant in high temperature particles erosion.The flowfields in this newdevice and a test device with circular channe...A test device with rectangular channel is developed to study the combustion performance of solid propellant in high temperature particles erosion.The flowfields in this newdevice and a test device with circular channels are simulated numerically.The particle erosion experiments in these two devices are carried out under different particle concentrations.The results showthat the test device with rectangular channel can effectively improve the clarity and precision of combustion diagnosis image and can be used for research on combustion performance of solid propellant under lowconcentration particle erosion;the circular channel device has good particle convergent effect,provides high concentration particle erosion,and can be used for research on the combustion performance of solid propellant under high concentration particle erosion.The experiment data indicates that the propellant burning rate does not change obviously in lower particle concentration;the propellant with lower static burning rate increases remarkably under particle erosion,while the propellant with high static burning rate is not sensitive to the particle erosion.展开更多
Soil erosion caused by water is an increasing global problem. In order to relieve this problem, several erosion models have been developed to measure the rate of erosion for soil conservation planning. This study take...Soil erosion caused by water is an increasing global problem. In order to relieve this problem, several erosion models have been developed to measure the rate of erosion for soil conservation planning. This study takes Lee County, South Carolina, USA as an example to map soil erosion within ArcGIS environment by using the RUSLE with erosion indexes retrieved from DEM. This study proves that the integration of soil erosion models with GIS is a very simple but efficient tool for soil conservation.展开更多
基金Project(2021YJ059)supported by the Research Project of China Academy of Railway Sciences。
文摘The study aims to investigate the carbonated water erosion mechanism of lining concrete in tunnels traversing karst environment and enhance its resistance.In this study,dynamic carbonated water erosion was simulated to assess erosion depth,microstructure,phase migrations,and pore structure in various tunnel lining cement-based materials.Additionally,Ca^(2+)leaching was analyzed,and impact of Ca/Si molar ratio in hydration products on erosion resistance was discussed by thermodynamic calculations.The results indicate that carbonated water erosion caused rough and porous surface on specimens,with reduced portlandite and CaCO_(3) content,increased porosity,and an enlargement of pore size.The thermodynamic calculations indicate that the erosion is spontaneous,driven by physical dissolution and chemical reactions dominated by Gibbs free energy.And the erosion reactions proceed more spontaneously and extensively when Ca/Si molar ratio in hydration products was higher.Therefore,cement-based materials with higher portlandite content exhibit weaker erosion resistance.Model-building concrete,with C-S-H gel and portlandite as primary hydration products,has greater erosion susceptibility than shotcrete with ettringite as main hydration product.Moreover,adding silicon-rich mineral admixtures can enhance the erosion resistance.This research offers theory and tech insights to boost cement-based material resistance against carbonated water erosion in karst tunnel engineering.
基金the support of the instrument and equipment fund of the Key Laboratory of Special Energy,Ministry of Education,Nanjing University of Science and Technology,China.
文摘The severe erosion and inadequate mechanical strength are prominent challenges for high-energy gun propellants.To address it,novel PTW@PDA composites was prepared by polydopamine(PDA)-modifying onto potassium titanate whisker(PTW,K_(2)Ti_(6)O_(13)),and after was incorporated into gun propellant as erosion-reducing and mechanical-reinforcing fillers.The interfacial characterizations results indicated that as-prepared PTW@PDA composites exhibits an enhanced surface compatible with propellant matrix,thereby facilitating their dispersion into propellants more effectively than raw PTW materials.Compared to original propellants,PTW@PDA-modified propellants exhibited significant less erosion,with a Ti-Kbased protective coating being detected on the eroded steel.And 0.5 wt%and 1.0 wt%addition of PTW@PDA significantly improved impact,compressive and tensile strength of propellants.Despite the inevitably reduction in relative force,PTW@PDA slightly increase propellant burning rate while exerting little adverse impact on propellant dynamic activity.This strategy can provide a promising alternative to develop high-energy gun propellant with less erosion and more mechanical strength.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52101064)Jiangsu Planned Projects for Postdoctoral Research Funds(2020Z158)Industry-University-Research Cooperation Projects(RH2000002728,RH2000002332,RH2100000263).
文摘Due to their outstanding electrical contact properties,Cd-containing silver-matrix electrical contact materials can meet the requirements of high stability and long life for military defense and aerospace applications.In order to further reduce the Cd content under the premise of meeting the high-performance requirements,in this study,high-purity intermediate Ti_(2)Cd powder of MAX phase(Ti_(2)CdC)was synthesized with a pressureless technique and then applied to reinforce the Ag matrix.The Cd content of the as-prepared Ag/Ti_(2)Cd composites was actually reduced by 38.31%compared with conventional Ag/CdO material.Based on the systematic study of the effect of heat treatment temperature on the physical phase,morphology,interface and comprehensive physical properties of Ag/Ti_(2)Cd composites,the preferred samples(heat treated at 400°C for 1 h)showed high density(97.77%),low resistivity(2.34μΩ·cm),moderate hardness(90.8HV),high tensile strength(189.9 MPa),and exhibited good electrical contact performance after 40000 cycles of arc discharging under severe conditions(DC 28 V/20 A).The results of microscopic morphological evolution,phase change and elemental distribution of the electrical contact surface show that the combination of high stability of Ti_(2)Cd reinforcing phase,good interfacial bonding with Ag matrix and improved melt pool viscosity in the primary stage of arc erosion,results in low and stable contact resistance(average value 13.20 mΩ)and welding force(average value 0.6 N),low fluctuation of static force(2.2-2.5 N).The decomposition and absorption energy of Ti_(2)Cd and the arc extinguishing effect of Cd vapor are the main reasons for the stable arcing energy and arcing time of electric contacts in the late stage of arc erosion.
基金National Science and Technology Council(112-2625-M-034-002-,113-2625-M-034-002-)。
文摘[Background]Soil erosion,the process by which soil is eroded,transported,and deposited by external forces like wind and water,is a widespread global phenomenon with significant env ironmental and economic impacts.Over the past two decades,China's soil erosion research has made significant strides,reaching a world-class level in both quality and quantity.However,there has been a lack of comprehensive studies summarizing the overall situation and development trends in this field.This study aims to fill that gap by providing an overview of the current status and trends in China's soil erosion research.[Methods]This study employed bibliometric methods to analyze 6588 journal articles on soil erosion in China,collected from the Scopus database.The analysis focused on several key aspects,including the number of publications,subject areas,leading research institutes,funding organizations,key research themes,and patterns of international collaboration.Additionally,network maps were generated using VOSviewer to visualize the intellectual structure and connections within the research field,offering insights into how different research topics and institutes are interconnected.[Results]The findings reveal a significant increase in the number of publications since the 1980s,rising from just 4 articles in 1981 to 699 articles in 2023.While soil erosion research is multidisciplinary in nature,the most popular subject areas were“Environmental Science”“Agriculture and Biological Sciences”and“Earth and Planetary Sciences”.The Chinese Academy of Sciences is the most productive institute,with several universities and government research institutes also making substantial contributions.The primary funding source was government organizations,with the National Natural Science Foundation of China being the largest funder.Journals focusing on water and soil,ecology,and environmental sciences were the primary platforms for publishing soil erosion research in China.Catena,Science of the Total Environment,Transactions of CSAM,and Acta Ecologica Sinica were the most productive journals.Six international collaboration networks were identified in this field.There are collaboration networks in this field.The large cluster is centered on China,connecting some European Union countries.This is followed by a small cluster of commonwealth countries headed by the United Kingdom.The rest are bilateral collaborations between two countries that do not form networks.The major research themes identified were“soil erosion and land degradation”“erosion dynamics and drivers”“soil erosion process and mechanism”and“erosion monitoring technology”.Earlier research was heavily focused on topics such as“GIS”“remote sensing”“Cs-137”“landscape pattern”“vegetation restoration”“simulated rainfall”“loess plateau”and“black soil.”In contrast,recent studies have shifted towards“climate change”“ecosystem services”“soil erodibility”“gully erosion”and“RUSLE”.[Conclusions]This study offers a comprehensive overview of China's soil erosion research,serving as a valuable resource for researchers and policy-makers interested in understanding the knowledge structure and development trends in this field.Additionally,the study highlights emerging research topics and potential areas for future exploration,thereby guiding the direction of subsequent studies in soil erosion.
基金Science and Technology Major Project of Tibetan Autonomous Region of China(XZ202201ZD0005G02)National Natural Science Foundation of China(42277353)Chengdu Science and Technology Project(2022-YF05-01162-SN)。
文摘[Background]As one of the most serious environmental issues in the world,soil erosion causes water pollution,reservoir siltation,soil productivity decline,thus threatens agricultural systems and even affects global climate.The benefits of ecological soil and water conservation measures(ESWCMs,such as micro basins tillage and contour tillage)are widely understood,including runoff and soil loss reducing to a certain extent when compared with traditional tillage.While few studies have focused on China’s different soil types and erosion characteristics.[Methods]We reviewed literature from Web of Science,Scopus,and China National Knowledge Infrastructure using terms like“Conservation practice”“Contour tillage”“Runoff”“Sediment”“Erosion”and“China”and retained literatures based on criteria such as natural or simulated precipitation,runoff or soil loss data,reported replications and statistics,recorded factors like location and slope,and at least two data pairs per group.Ultimately,49 literatures were selected to quantify the impacts on different ESWCMs and identify the slope and precipitation for the greatest runoff and sediment reduction by calculating the log response ratio(LRR).[Results]The three regions’soil and water conservation benefits varied due to the differences in climate,terrain,and soil properties:1)ESWCMs applied in the black soil region of Northeast China were the most effective in reducing runoff and soil loss(66.65%runoff and 75.83%sediment),followed by those applied in the purple soil region of Southwest China(39.98%runoff and 58.30%sediment)and loess soil region of Northwest China(16.36%runoff and 32.44%sediment).2)Micro basins tillage(MBT)(71.79%runoff and 87.03%sediment)no-tillage with mulch(NTM)(17.30%runoff and 32.51%sediment),collecting soil to form a ridge with no-till(CSNT)(55.78%runoff and 71.36%sediment reduction)were the most efficient soil and water conservation measures in controlling water erosion in the black soil of Northeast China,the loess soil region of Northwest China and the purple soil region of Southwest China,respectively.3)The slope gradients ranged from 0-3°,>3°-5°and>10°-15°(0-3°:97.09%;>3°-5°:74.62%;and>10°-15°:39.41%)caused the largest reduction of runoff in the black soil region of Northeast China,the loess soil region of Northwest China,and the purple soil region of Southwest China.Meanwhile,the effects of sediment reduction were the most obvious,ranging from 0-3°,>10°-15°,and>20°-25°(0-3°:89.32%;>10°-15°:75.94%;and>20°-25°:67.25%).4)The effect of ESWCMs under rainstorms was the most obvious in the black soil region of Northeast China.The effect on runoff reduction under light rain in the purple soil region of Southwest China was the most obvious,but it failed to pass the significance test in sediment reduction.[Conclusions]The results provided optimal conservation tillage measures for three regions,different slopes and different rainfalls,and provided data support for reducing regional soil and water loss in China.
基金Foundation item： Project（2011BAB09B01） supported by the National Science and Technology Support Program of China Project（cstc2013jcyjA30006） supported by Chongqing Science ＆ Technology Commission, China Project（K J130412） supported by Chongqing Education Commission, China
文摘Previous studies have indicated that piping erosion greatly threatens the safe operation of various hydraulic structures. However, few mathematical models are available to perfectly describe the erosion process due to the complexity of piping. The focus of the present work is to propose a new fluid solid coupling model to eliminate the shortcomings of existing work. A 'pseudo-liquid' assumption is suggested to simulate the particle movement in the erosion process. Then, based on the mass and momentum conservations of the moving particles and flowing water, a new two-flow model is established by using the continuity equations and motion equations. In the model, the erosion rate of soil is determined with a particle erosion law derived from tests results of STERPI. And ERGUN's empirical equation is used to determine the interaction forces between the liquid and the solid. A numerical approach is proposed to solve the model with the finite volume method and SIMPLE algorithm. The new model is validated with the tests results of STERPI. And the soil erosion principles in piping are also explored.
基金Projects(51978244,51979088,51608169)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘Wind erosion is a major cause of land desertification and sandstorm formation in arid and semi-arid areas.The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of soybeans crude extract induced calcium carbonate precipitation(SICP)on reducing wind erosion risk of sandy soil.Field tests were carried out in Ulan Buh Desert,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,China.Results showed that the SICP method could significantly enhance the surface strength and wind erosion resistance of the topsoil.The optimal cementation solution(urea-CaCl2)concentration and spraying volume,according to experiments conducted on sandy land,were 0.2 mol/L and 4 L/m^2,respectively.Under this condition,the CaCO3 content was approximately 0.45%,the surface strength of sandy soil could reach 306.2 kPa,and the depth of wind erosion was approximately zero,after 30 d completion of SICP treatment.Soil surface strength declined with the increase of time,and long-term sand fixation effects of SICP treatment varied depending on topography.Whereas wind erosion in the top area of the windward slope was remarkable,sandy soils on the bottom area of the windward slope still maintained a relatively high level of surface strength and a low degree of wind erosion 12 month after SICP treatment.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)tests with energy dispersive X-ray(EDX)confirmed the precipitation of CaCO3 and its bridge effect.These findings suggested that the SICP method is a promising candidate to protect sandy soil from wind erosion in desert areas.
基金Project Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50637010)
文摘Gas spark switch is one of the key parts in pulsed power technology.Electrode erosion has great influence on the switch performance and lifetime.In this paper,a field distortion gas switch is selected for the experiment and a great deal of discharging experiments have been conducted in different test conditions.The forming process of etch pit as well as its influencing factors is discussed briefly and surface roughness coefficient(SRC) of the electrode is put forward to evaluate the state of electrode erosion.Experimental results show that current peak plays an important role in electrode erosion when waveforms of discharge current are the same,and electric charge and oscillation frequency of discharge current also have great effect on the electrode erosion when waveforms of discharge current are different.With the increase of discharge times,SRC decreases slowly at first and then decreases quickly after three thousand of discharge times.
文摘The Cr-plated coating inside a gun barrel can effectively improve the barrel’s erosion resistance and thus increase the service life.However,due to the cyclic thermal load caused by high-temperature gunpowder,micro-element damage tends to occur within the Cr coating/steel substrate interface,leading to a gradual deterioration in macro-mechanical properties for the material in the related region.In order to mimic this cyclic thermal load and,thereby,study the thermal erosion behavior of the Cr coating on the barrel’s inner wall,a laser emitter is utilized in the current study.With the help of in-situ tensile test and finite element simulation results,a shear stress distribution law of the Cr coating/steel substrate and a change law of the interface ultimate shear strength are identified.Studies have shown that the Cr coating/steel substrate interface’s ultimate shear strength has a significant weakening effect due to increasing temperature.In this study,the interfacial ultimate shear strength decreases from 2.57 GPa(no erosion)to 1.02 GPa(laser power is 160 W).The data from this experiment is employed to establish a Cr coating/steel substrate interface shear damage model.And this model is used to predict the flaking process of Cr coating by finite element method.The simulation results show that the increase of coating crack spacing and coating thickness will increase the service life of gun barrel.
基金Projects(51704096,51574112)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(192102310236)supported by the Key Scientific and Technological Project of Henan Province,China+2 种基金Project(2019M662496)supported by Postdoctoral Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2017YFC0804209)supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of ChinaProject(J2018-4)supported by the Science Research Funds for the Universities of Henan Province,China
文摘To make clear the influence of abrasive hardness on the erosion effect,the erosion experiments of abrasive air jet with the same impact energy were carried out.The influence of abrasive hardness on the erosion effect is clarified by comparing the different erosion depths.The main conclusions are as follows.Under the same mass flow rate and mesh number,the abrasive with a higher density needs greater pressure irrespective of hardness.After erosion damage,the abrasive size exhibits a Weibull distribution.The shape parameterβand Weibull distribution function of four types of abrasives are derived by the least squares method;moreover,βis found to have a quadratic relation with abrasive hardness.The results of the erosion experiments show that abrasive hardness and erosion depth are quadratically related.By calculating the increase in surface energy after abrasive erosion crushing,it is found that abrasive hardness has a quadratic relation with surface energy and that the increases in erosion depth and surface energy consumption are basically identical.In conclusion,the effect is a soft abrasive impact when the ratio of abrasive hardness(Ha)to the material hardness(Hm)is<2.6,and it is a hard abrasive impact when Ha/Hm>3.
基金Project(51902239)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2020JQ-808)supported by the Science and Technology Fund of Shaanxi Province,China+3 种基金Projects(19JK0400,19JK0402)supported by the Education Fund of Shaanxi Province,ChinaProject(SKLSP201752)supported by the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing in Northwestern Poly Technical University,ChinaProject(XAGDXJJ17008)supported by the Principal Fund of Xi’an Technological University,ChinaProject supported by the Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities,China。
文摘Particle erosion of C/C-SiC composites prepared by reactive melt infiltration with different Al addition was studied by gas-entrained solid particle impingement test.SEM,EDS and XRD were performed to analyze the composites before and after erosion.The results indicate that a U shape relationship curve presents between the erosion rates and Al content,and the lowest erosion rate occurs at 40 wt%Al.Except for the important influence of compactness,the increasing soft Al mixed with reactive SiC,namely the mixture located between carbon and residual Si also,plays a key role in the erosion of the C/C-SiC composites through crack deflection,plastic deformation and bonding cracked Si.
基金Project(HIT.NSRIF.2010112)supported by the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities,ChinaProjects(50902030,51021002)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘BNp/Al2O3-SiO2 system ceramic matrix composites with different volume fractions （10%-60%） of hexagonal BN particulates （BNp） were prepared by hot-press sintering technique. Phase components, microstructure, mechanical properties and plasma erosion resistance were also investigated. With the increase of h-BNp content, relative density and Vickers＇ hardness of the composite ceramics decrease, while the flexural strength, elastic modulus and fracture toughness increase and then decrease. The plasma erosion resistance linearly deteriorated with the increase of BNp content which is mainly determined by the density, crystal structure and atomic number of the elements.
基金supported in part by NSFC ( 11672001,11802060)Jiangsu NSF ( BK20180352)Jiangsu Province Science and Technology Agency ( BE2016785)
文摘Plaque erosion,together with plaque rupture,is a common cause for acute coronary syndrome(ACS).Plaque erosion alone is responsible for about one third of the patients with ACS.Eroded plaque is defined as thrombosed,endothelium-absent and non-ruptured but often-inflamed plaques based on histological findings.Even though there is efficient imaging technologies to detect the eroded plaque in vivo and tailored treatment strategy has also been developed for ACScaused by erosion in clinics,the pathogenesis mechanisms that cause plaque erosion are not fully understood.It is widely postulated that thrombus formation and endothelial apoptosis(the precursors of plaque erosion)have closed association with biomechanical conditions in the coronary vessel.Revealing of the mechanical conditions in the eroded plaque could advance our knowledge in understanding the formation of plaque erosion.To this end,patient-specific OCT-based fluid-structure interaction(FSI)models were developed to investigate the plaque biomechanical conditions and investigate the impact of erosioninduced inflammation on biomechanical conditions.In vivo OCTand Biplane X-ray angiographic data of eroded coronary plaque were acquired from one male patient(age:64). OCT images were segmented manually with external elastic membrane contour and the trailing edge of the lipid-rich necrotic core(lipid)assumed to have positive remodeling ratio 1.1.Locations with luminal surface having direct contact with intraluminal thrombus on OCT images were identified erosion sites.Fusion of OCT and biplane X-ray angiographic data were performed to obtain the 3D coronary geometry.OCT-based FSI models with pre-shrink-stretch process and anisotropic material properties were constructed following previously established procedures.To reflect tissue weakening caused by erosion-induced inflammation,the material stiffness of plaque intima at the erosion site was adjust to one tenth of un-eroded fibrous plaque tissue.Three FSI models were constructed to investigate the impacts of inflammation and lipid component on plaque biomechanics:M1,without erosion(this means plaque intima at the erosion sites were not softened)and without inclusion of lipid component;M2,with erosion but no lipid;M3,with erosion and inclusion of lipid.FSI models were solved by ADINA to obtain the biomechanical conditions at peak blood pressure including plaque wall stress/strain(PWS/PWSn)and flow wall shear stress(WSS).The average values of three biomechanical conditions at the erosion sites and at the fibrous cap overlaying lipid component were calculated from three models for analysis.The results of M1 and M2 were compared to investigate the impact of erosion-induced inflammation on plaque biomechanics.Mean PWS value decreases from 49.98 kPa to 18.83 kPa(62.32%decrease)while Mean PWSn value increases from 0.123 1 to 0.138 4(12%increase)as the material stiffness becomes 10times soft.Comparing M2 and M3 at the cap sites,M3(with inclusion of lipid)will elevates mean PWS and PWSn values by48.59%and 16.09%,respectively.The impacts of erosion and lipid on flow shear stress were limited(<2%).To conclude,erosion-induced inflammation would lead to lower stress distribution but larger strain distribution,while lipid would elevate both stress and strain conditions.This shows the influence of erosion and lipid component has impacts on stress/strain cal-culations which are closely related to plaque assessment.
文摘To predict the erosion and abrasion of high bore pressure tank gun barrel, the least square support vector machine (LSSVM) algorithm was used. Based on the gun firing test data, the prediction model for barrel's erosion and abrasion was established. It was adopted to predict the wear increment of gun barrel. The results show that the prediction values given by the model coincide with the measured data better, and the model can predict the barrel's wear accurately and rapidly.
基金The National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.u0837601)
文摘By means of breaking tests on PtIr contact materials via a JF04C contact material testing machine, it was attempted to elucidate the characteristics of the various surface morphology and material transfer after the arc erosion process caused by break arc. The material transfer characteristics appeared in the experiments were concluded and analyzed. Meanwhile, the morphology of the anode and cathode surface were observed and analyzed by SEM.
文摘Ardak Watershed with an area of about 497 km<sup>2</sup> is one of the tributaries of Kashaf Rud River Watershed in north east Iran,which consists of two main rivers.This catchment is located in the Kopet-Dagh structural zone and Ardak Watershed is surrounded by Chaman Bid, Mozduran,Shurijeh,Tirgan,and Sarcheshme Formations.The lithofacies and architectural elements show that two main rivers are gravel-bed braided river in their most parts.The major erosion types in this watershed are rock fall,rill,surface erosions,and gully and channel bank erosion.In the study area,the amount of sediment yield estimation in GIS framework using MPSIAC model is about 130.749 m<sup>3</sup>·km<sup>-2</sup>·a<sup>-1</sup>or 1.77 t·h（-1）and most parts of the basin（more than 90%）has low erosional rate.Mozduran and Tirgan Formations
基金Project(TD2011-01)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,ChinaProject(20133050)supported by the China Scholarship Council
文摘Negative effect of precipitation on plant photosynthesis was investigated in this work. Stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and net photosynthetic rate were measured before and after each precipitation event, respectively, and the corresponding precipitation was recorded as well. Moreover, plant dry matter accumulation was counted at the end of our entire experiment. The results show that precipitation fully demonstrates its negative effect on plant photosynthesis under the condition of without water shortage. Although it has not been proved, leaf shape seems to be associated with this effect. Broad-leaved species are less influenced than coniferous and lanceleaf species no matter on the length of variation time or changes in variation values. The different situation among three broad-leaved species seems to illustrate that the effect is also related to the size of single leaf area. The correlation between precipitation and photosynthetic rate variation is analogous to the relationship between precipitation and splash erosion, and in the view of the relationship between plant photosynthetic characteristics and dry mass accumulation, it can be thought that it can reflect the negative impact of precipitation on plant growth by making use of splash erosion. Therefore, a section was added in the traditional plant biomass estimation algorithms by using eco-physiological models, and this was proved to enhance the accuracy of traditional estimation from preliminary verifications.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation d China(50279024)the Key Project d Ministry d Education(2003-58)
文摘The coherence and exposure degree are used in analyzing initiation of slope sediment.The initial ve- locity is built by using a critical roiling model.A transport rate formula of slope erosion is established using the Meyer-Peter model.The formula is tested by experiment and agrees well but the errors are big when the flow discharge and rain intensity are smaller.
基金Sponsored by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(50976095)
文摘A test device with rectangular channel is developed to study the combustion performance of solid propellant in high temperature particles erosion.The flowfields in this newdevice and a test device with circular channels are simulated numerically.The particle erosion experiments in these two devices are carried out under different particle concentrations.The results showthat the test device with rectangular channel can effectively improve the clarity and precision of combustion diagnosis image and can be used for research on combustion performance of solid propellant under lowconcentration particle erosion;the circular channel device has good particle convergent effect,provides high concentration particle erosion,and can be used for research on the combustion performance of solid propellant under high concentration particle erosion.The experiment data indicates that the propellant burning rate does not change obviously in lower particle concentration;the propellant with lower static burning rate increases remarkably under particle erosion,while the propellant with high static burning rate is not sensitive to the particle erosion.
文摘Soil erosion caused by water is an increasing global problem. In order to relieve this problem, several erosion models have been developed to measure the rate of erosion for soil conservation planning. This study takes Lee County, South Carolina, USA as an example to map soil erosion within ArcGIS environment by using the RUSLE with erosion indexes retrieved from DEM. This study proves that the integration of soil erosion models with GIS is a very simple but efficient tool for soil conservation.
