The EHL-2(ENN He-Long 2)spherical torus(ST)project focuses on advancing spherical torus technology to address the unique challenges of p-^(11)B fusion,which demands significantly higher ion temperature and heat flux t...The EHL-2(ENN He-Long 2)spherical torus(ST)project focuses on advancing spherical torus technology to address the unique challenges of p-^(11)B fusion,which demands significantly higher ion temperature and heat flux to the divertor plate compared to traditional deuterium-tritium fusion.With a major radius of 1.05 m and a plasma current of 3 MA,the project aims to evaluate and optimize advanced divertor configurations,specifically the Super-X and X-point target(XPT)divertors.The design incorporates an up-down double-null configuration featuring a conventional inner divertor and an XPT outer divertor to effectively reduce the heat flux.The poloidal field(PF)coil system is meticulously optimized to balance engineering constraints with the flexibility in equilibrium configurations.This design is expected to provide a reference equilibrium configuration for other physics design issues and offer critical insight into heat load management.展开更多
Reconstruction of plasma equilibrium plays an important role in the analysis and simulation of plasma experiments. The kinetic equilibrium reconstruction with pressure and edge current constraints has been employed on...Reconstruction of plasma equilibrium plays an important role in the analysis and simulation of plasma experiments. The kinetic equilibrium reconstruction with pressure and edge current constraints has been employed on EAST tokamak. However, the internal safety factor(q) profile is not accurate. This paper proposes a new way of incorporating q profile constraints into kinetic equilibrium reconstruction. The q profile is yielded from the Polarimeter Interferometer(POINT)reconstruction. Virtual probes containing information on q profile constraints are added to inputs of the kinetic equilibrium reconstruction program to obtain the final equilibrium. The new equilibrium produces a more accurate internal q profile. This improved method would help analyze EAST experiments.展开更多
In recent decades, tokamak discharges with zero total toroidal current have been reported in tokamak experiments, and this is one of the key problems in alternating current(AC) operations.An efficient free-boundary eq...In recent decades, tokamak discharges with zero total toroidal current have been reported in tokamak experiments, and this is one of the key problems in alternating current(AC) operations.An efficient free-boundary equilibrium code is developed to investigate such advanced tokamak discharges with current reversal equilibrium configuration. The calculation results show that the reversal current equilibrium can maintain finite pressure and also has considerable effects on the position of the X-point and the magnetic separatrix shape, and hence also on the position of the strike point on the divertor plates, which is extremely useful for magnetic design, MHD stability analysis, and experimental data analysis etc. for the AC plasma current operation on tokamaks.展开更多
Plasma equilibrium reconstruction provides essential information for tokamak operation and physical analysis.An extensive and reliable set of magnetic diagnostics is required to obtain accurate plasma equilibrium.This...Plasma equilibrium reconstruction provides essential information for tokamak operation and physical analysis.An extensive and reliable set of magnetic diagnostics is required to obtain accurate plasma equilibrium.This study designs and optimizes the magnetic diagnostics layout for the reconstruction of the equilibrium of the plasma according to the scientific objectives,engineering design parameters,and limitations of the Chinese Fusion Engineering Test Reactor(CFETR).Based on the CFETR discharge simulation,magnetic measurement data are employed to reconstruct consistent plasma equilibrium parameters,and magnetic diagnostics'number and position are optimized by truncated Singular value decomposition,verifying the redundancy reliability of the magnetic diagnostics layout design.This provides a design solution for the layout of the magnetic diagnostics system required to control the plasma equilibrium of CFETR,and the developed design and optimization method can provide effective support to design magnetic diagnostics systems for future magnetic confinement fusion devices.展开更多
Three-dimensional(3D) equilibrium calculations, including the plasma rotation shielding effect to resonant magnetic perturbations(RMPs) produced by the island divertor(ID) coils, were carried out using the HINT and MA...Three-dimensional(3D) equilibrium calculations, including the plasma rotation shielding effect to resonant magnetic perturbations(RMPs) produced by the island divertor(ID) coils, were carried out using the HINT and MARS-F codes on J-TEXT. Validation of 3D equilibrium calculations with experimental observations demonstrates that the shielding effect will prevent the penetration of the edge m/n = 3/1 mode component when the ID coil current is 4 k A, while change the size of magnetic islands once the current exceeds the penetration threshold. This indicates that equilibrium calculations including the plasma rotation shielding effect to RMPs can lead to better agreements with experimental observations compared to the vacuum approximation method. Additionally, the magnetic topology at the boundary undergoes changes,impacting the interaction between the plasma and the target plate. These results may be important in understanding RMP effects on edge transport and magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)instability control, as well as divertor heat and particle flux distribution control.展开更多
In the reversed field pinch(RFP),plasmas exhibit various self-organized states.Among these,the three-dimensional(3D)helical state known as the“quasi-single-helical”(QSH)state enhances RFP confinement.However,accurat...In the reversed field pinch(RFP),plasmas exhibit various self-organized states.Among these,the three-dimensional(3D)helical state known as the“quasi-single-helical”(QSH)state enhances RFP confinement.However,accurately describing the equilibrium is challenging due to the presence of 3D structures,magnetic islands,and chaotic regions.It is difficult to obtain a balance between the available diagnostic and the real equilibrium structure.To address this issue,we introduce KTX3DFit,a new 3D equilibrium reconstruction code specifically designed for the Keda Torus eXperiment(KTX)RFP.KTX3DFit utilizes the stepped-pressure equilibrium code(SPEC)to compute 3D equilibria and uses polarimetric interferometer signals from experiments.KTX3DFit is able to reconstruct equilibria in various states,including axisymmetric,doubleaxis helical(DAx),and single-helical-axis(SHAx)states.Notably,this study marks the first integration of the SPEC code with internal magnetic field data for equilibrium reconstruction and could be used for other 3D configurations.展开更多
The airspace congestion is becoming more and more severe.Although there are traffic flow management（TFM）initiatives based on CDM widely applied,how to reschedule these disrupted flights of different airlines integra...The airspace congestion is becoming more and more severe.Although there are traffic flow management（TFM）initiatives based on CDM widely applied,how to reschedule these disrupted flights of different airlines integrating TFM initiatives and allocate the limited airspace resources to these airlines equitably and efficiently is still a problem.The air traffic management（ATM）authority aims to minimizing the systemic costs of congested airspaces.And the airlines are self-interested and profit-oriented.Being incorporated into the collaborative decision making（CDM）process,the airlines can influence the rescheduling decisions to profit themselves.The airlines maybe hide the flight information that is disadvantageous to them,but is necessary to the optimal system decision.To realize the coincidence goal between the ATM authority and airlines for the efficient,and equitable allocation of airspace resources,this paper provides an auction-based market method to solve the congestion airspace problem under the pre-tactic and tactic stage of air traffic flow management.Through a simulation experiment,the rationing results show that the auction method can decrease the total delay costs of flights in the congested airspace compared with both the first schedule first service（FSFS）tactic and the ration by schedule（RBS）tactic.Finally,the analysis results indicate that if reallocate the charges from the auction to the airlines according to the proportion of their disrupted flights,the auction mechanism can allocate the airspace resource in economy equitably and decrease the delay losses of the airlines compared with the results of the FSFS tactic.展开更多
Aim To present a simple and effective method for the design of nonlinear and time varying control system. Methods A new concept of dynamic equilibrium of a system and its stability were presented first. It was poin...Aim To present a simple and effective method for the design of nonlinear and time varying control system. Methods A new concept of dynamic equilibrium of a system and its stability were presented first. It was pointed out that what is controlled directly by the input of a control system is the system's dynamic equilibrium rather than the states. Based on it, a new feedback linearization method for nonlinear system based on the Lyapunov direct method was given. Simulation studies were also carried out. Results The example and simulation show that by use of the method, the controller design becomes very simple and the control effect is quite satisfying. Conclusion The new method unifies the stabilizing problem(regulating problem) with the tracking problem. It is a very simple and effective method for the design of nonlinear and time varying control system.展开更多
By applying a maximal element theorem on product FC-space due to author, some new equilibrium existence theorems for generalized games with fuzzy constraint correspondences are proved in FC-spaces. By using these equi...By applying a maximal element theorem on product FC-space due to author, some new equilibrium existence theorems for generalized games with fuzzy constraint correspondences are proved in FC-spaces. By using these equilibrium existence theorems, some new existence theorems of solutions for the system of generalized vector quasi-equilibrium problems are established in noncompact product FC-spaces. These results improve and generalize some recent results in literature to product FC-spaces without any convexity structure.展开更多
This article summarized systematically the previous investigations on t he dielectric relaxation of wood, the main substances and extractives in wood at oven-dry state, and the dielectric relaxation based on the adso...This article summarized systematically the previous investigations on t he dielectric relaxation of wood, the main substances and extractives in wood at oven-dry state, and the dielectric relaxation based on the adsorbed water in w o od cell wall under equilibrium and non-equilibrium state. Moreover, some expect a tions for future research were proposed on this basis. The purpose of this artic le is to provide other researchers an overall understanding about the research i n this region, and further to promote the research onto a new and higher level.展开更多
a gliding arc driven by the transverse magnetic field was ignited between the electrodes with a complicated shape at atmospheric pressure and a non-equilibrium plasma was gencrated. Under our experimental conditions, ...a gliding arc driven by the transverse magnetic field was ignited between the electrodes with a complicated shape at atmospheric pressure and a non-equilibrium plasma was gencrated. Under our experimental conditions, a phenomenon was clearly observed where the arc power decreased with the increase in arc voltage. As the arc voltage was higher than 3.375 kV, the are power acquired from the power supply decreased, and the arc plasma began to switch to a non-equilibrium phase. The existence of the non-equilibrium arc plasma was very short, about 10 ms in one gliding arc discharge cycle.展开更多
An approach to make heterogeneous devices cooperate with each other to provide ubiquitous service remains a longstanding challenge in ubiquitous environments. In addition, when multi-user request ubiquitous services s...An approach to make heterogeneous devices cooperate with each other to provide ubiquitous service remains a longstanding challenge in ubiquitous environments. In addition, when multi-user request ubiquitous services simultaneously, the arbitrariness in resource allocation process easily leads to non-equilibrium of qualities of multiuser's services. Thus, How to design an effective heterogeneous devices cooperation mechanism that meet the QoS requirements and also equilibrate QoS among multi-user's services becomes a very tough problem. In the paper, Equilibrium Index and Theil Utility function are imported to establish a multidevice equilibrium cooperation model, which is benefit for resource allocation in ubiquitous environments. Then a Theil-Equilibrium based Cooperation Mechanism for multi-service is proposed. Firstly, in order to simplify calculating, a dimensionless processing is introduced. After that, a cooperation approach with Theil-Utility Heuristic algorithm is designed to choose the best solution for the simplified model. At last, the mechanism is simulated in a smart home scenario. The simulation results show that this mechanism outperforms non-equilibrium method by improving almost 40% in internal equilibrium with just reducing 0-2% in the total utility ofall the requested ubiquitous services. These data show that the proposed mechanism performs well in equilibrating qualities of multi-user's ubiquitous services.展开更多
Let X=(Omega,F,F-t,X(t),theta(t),P-x) be a jump Markov process with q-pair q(x)-q(x, A). In this paper, the equilibrium principle is established and equilibrium functions, energy, capacity and related problems is inve...Let X=(Omega,F,F-t,X(t),theta(t),P-x) be a jump Markov process with q-pair q(x)-q(x, A). In this paper, the equilibrium principle is established and equilibrium functions, energy, capacity and related problems is investigated in terms of the q-pair q(x)-q(x, A).展开更多
The EFIT （Equilibrium Fitting） code is modified for the equilibrium configuration reconstruction in HL-2A. Signals from Langmuir probe （LP） at the divertor target plates are employed in the reconstruction of diver...The EFIT （Equilibrium Fitting） code is modified for the equilibrium configuration reconstruction in HL-2A. Signals from Langmuir probe （LP） at the divertor target plates are employed in the reconstruction of divertor configurations. The results show that discharge #2895 starts with a limiter configuration and develops gradually into a divertor configuration after t = 230 ms. This transition process is clearly demonstrated by the LP signals for the reconstruction. The profiles of plasma parameters such as safety factor q, pressure and current density as well as the evolution of major shape parameters of plasma, such as the boundary magnetic fluxes, the positions of both x-point and magnetic axis, are calculated from the reconstructed configurations. The possibility to apply the method to the swing of strike point on the target plate is discussed.展开更多
The chemical equilibrium and reaction kinetic behavior in the synthesis of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers （DMMn） were investigated over sulfated titania in order to reveal the decisive factor controlling the react...The chemical equilibrium and reaction kinetic behavior in the synthesis of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers （DMMn） were investigated over sulfated titania in order to reveal the decisive factor controlling the reaction. The results showed that the molar ratio of adjacent DMMn products in equilibrium solution had the same value, which depended absolutely on the reaction temperature. Meanwhile, the reactions had the same DMMn products distributions under varied reaction conditions. The equilibrium constants of the related step-wise reactions for DMMn formation were equal, which were calculated based on the bulk compositions of the reaction solution. And thus, the selectivity to DMMn was mainly controlled by the chemical equilibrium, i.e., thermodynamic control. In brief, the present results provide some guidance for future synthesis of DMMn.展开更多
In this paper,we consider an iterative sequence for generalized equilibrium problems and strictly pseudocontractive mappings.We show that the iterative sequence converges strongly to a common element of the solution s...In this paper,we consider an iterative sequence for generalized equilibrium problems and strictly pseudocontractive mappings.We show that the iterative sequence converges strongly to a common element of the solution set of generalized equilibrium problems and of the fixed point set of strictly pseudocontractive mappings.展开更多
Stability for the manifolds of equilibrium states of a generalized Birkhoff system is studied. A theorem for the stability of the manifolds of equilibrium states of the general autonomous system is used to the general...Stability for the manifolds of equilibrium states of a generalized Birkhoff system is studied. A theorem for the stability of the manifolds of equilibrium states of the general autonomous system is used to the generalized BirkhoiYian system and two propositions on the stability of the manifolds of equilibrium states of the system are obtained. An example is given to illustrate the application of the results.展开更多
Nonflame combustion technology （NFCT） is a harmonious energy utilization technology. There are not environmental-unfriendly gases such as NOx, CO2 discharged in the whole combustion process. Combustion processes rea...Nonflame combustion technology （NFCT） is a harmonious energy utilization technology. There are not environmental-unfriendly gases such as NOx, CO2 discharged in the whole combustion process. Combustion processes realizes zero emission through this technology. Fe2O3 is involved as oxygen carrier, is examined thermodynamically, and the thermodynamic data of the redox reactions are calculated. Using the criteria of minimizing the Gibbs free energy, the equilibrium composition was investigated. The equilibrium analysis shows that producing complete oxidized resultants must have high molar ratio of Fe2O3/CH4. If quantity of Fe2O3 is not sufficient, more partial oxidized products such as CO, H2, even C will be produced.展开更多
The dosage of environmental radon progeny is typically estimated according to the environmental radon exposure and the recommended radon-progeny equilibrium factor, F. To investigate the relationship between PM2.5 and...The dosage of environmental radon progeny is typically estimated according to the environmental radon exposure and the recommended radon-progeny equilibrium factor, F. To investigate the relationship between PM2.5 and the radon-progeny equilibrium factor, cigarettes are used to simulate the haze–fog in a multi-functional radon chamber to achieve a stable radon concentration environment. A radon detector and a portable laser aerosol spectrometer are used to obtain the values for C_(mean) PM2.5,C_(Rn), and C_p. The results show that the mean values of F conform with the typical value recommended by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation and are within the reasonable range of0.1–0.9. In this study, a positive correlation is observed between the F values and PM2.5 concentrations.展开更多
By employing a fixed point theorem due to Ding, Park and Jung, some existence theorems of solutions for equilibrium problems with lower and upper bounds are proved in noncompact topological spaces. These results furth...By employing a fixed point theorem due to Ding, Park and Jung, some existence theorems of solutions for equilibrium problems with lower and upper bounds are proved in noncompact topological spaces. These results further answer the open problem raised by Isac, Sehgal and Singh under much weaker assumptions.展开更多
基金supported by the ENN Group and the ENN Energy Research Institute.
文摘The EHL-2(ENN He-Long 2)spherical torus(ST)project focuses on advancing spherical torus technology to address the unique challenges of p-^(11)B fusion,which demands significantly higher ion temperature and heat flux to the divertor plate compared to traditional deuterium-tritium fusion.With a major radius of 1.05 m and a plasma current of 3 MA,the project aims to evaluate and optimize advanced divertor configurations,specifically the Super-X and X-point target(XPT)divertors.The design incorporates an up-down double-null configuration featuring a conventional inner divertor and an XPT outer divertor to effectively reduce the heat flux.The poloidal field(PF)coil system is meticulously optimized to balance engineering constraints with the flexibility in equilibrium configurations.This design is expected to provide a reference equilibrium configuration for other physics design issues and offer critical insight into heat load management.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2019YFE03040004 and 2017YFE0300404)supported by Comprehensive Research Facility for Fusion Technology Program of China(No.2018000052-73-01-001228)。
文摘Reconstruction of plasma equilibrium plays an important role in the analysis and simulation of plasma experiments. The kinetic equilibrium reconstruction with pressure and edge current constraints has been employed on EAST tokamak. However, the internal safety factor(q) profile is not accurate. This paper proposes a new way of incorporating q profile constraints into kinetic equilibrium reconstruction. The q profile is yielded from the Polarimeter Interferometer(POINT)reconstruction. Virtual probes containing information on q profile constraints are added to inputs of the kinetic equilibrium reconstruction program to obtain the final equilibrium. The new equilibrium produces a more accurate internal q profile. This improved method would help analyze EAST experiments.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 12075276)partly by the Comprehensive Research Facility for Fusion Technology Program of China (No. 2018000052-73-01-001228)。
文摘In recent decades, tokamak discharges with zero total toroidal current have been reported in tokamak experiments, and this is one of the key problems in alternating current(AC) operations.An efficient free-boundary equilibrium code is developed to investigate such advanced tokamak discharges with current reversal equilibrium configuration. The calculation results show that the reversal current equilibrium can maintain finite pressure and also has considerable effects on the position of the X-point and the magnetic separatrix shape, and hence also on the position of the strike point on the divertor plates, which is extremely useful for magnetic design, MHD stability analysis, and experimental data analysis etc. for the AC plasma current operation on tokamaks.
基金Project supported by the National MCF Energy Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos.2022YFE03010002,2018YFE0302100,and 2018YFE0301105)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.11875291,11805236,11905256,and 12075285)。
文摘Plasma equilibrium reconstruction provides essential information for tokamak operation and physical analysis.An extensive and reliable set of magnetic diagnostics is required to obtain accurate plasma equilibrium.This study designs and optimizes the magnetic diagnostics layout for the reconstruction of the equilibrium of the plasma according to the scientific objectives,engineering design parameters,and limitations of the Chinese Fusion Engineering Test Reactor(CFETR).Based on the CFETR discharge simulation,magnetic measurement data are employed to reconstruct consistent plasma equilibrium parameters,and magnetic diagnostics'number and position are optimized by truncated Singular value decomposition,verifying the redundancy reliability of the magnetic diagnostics layout design.This provides a design solution for the layout of the magnetic diagnostics system required to control the plasma equilibrium of CFETR,and the developed design and optimization method can provide effective support to design magnetic diagnostics systems for future magnetic confinement fusion devices.
基金supported by the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Energy R & D Program of China (No. 2018 YFE0309101)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 12305243 and 51821005)。
文摘Three-dimensional(3D) equilibrium calculations, including the plasma rotation shielding effect to resonant magnetic perturbations(RMPs) produced by the island divertor(ID) coils, were carried out using the HINT and MARS-F codes on J-TEXT. Validation of 3D equilibrium calculations with experimental observations demonstrates that the shielding effect will prevent the penetration of the edge m/n = 3/1 mode component when the ID coil current is 4 k A, while change the size of magnetic islands once the current exceeds the penetration threshold. This indicates that equilibrium calculations including the plasma rotation shielding effect to RMPs can lead to better agreements with experimental observations compared to the vacuum approximation method. Additionally, the magnetic topology at the boundary undergoes changes,impacting the interaction between the plasma and the target plate. These results may be important in understanding RMP effects on edge transport and magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)instability control, as well as divertor heat and particle flux distribution control.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12175227 and 12375226)the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Program of China(No.2022YFE03100004)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.USTC 20210079)the Collaborative Innovation Program of Hefei Science Center,CAS(No.2022HSC-CIP022)。
文摘In the reversed field pinch(RFP),plasmas exhibit various self-organized states.Among these,the three-dimensional(3D)helical state known as the“quasi-single-helical”(QSH)state enhances RFP confinement.However,accurately describing the equilibrium is challenging due to the presence of 3D structures,magnetic islands,and chaotic regions.It is difficult to obtain a balance between the available diagnostic and the real equilibrium structure.To address this issue,we introduce KTX3DFit,a new 3D equilibrium reconstruction code specifically designed for the Keda Torus eXperiment(KTX)RFP.KTX3DFit utilizes the stepped-pressure equilibrium code(SPEC)to compute 3D equilibria and uses polarimetric interferometer signals from experiments.KTX3DFit is able to reconstruct equilibria in various states,including axisymmetric,doubleaxis helical(DAx),and single-helical-axis(SHAx)states.Notably,this study marks the first integration of the SPEC code with internal magnetic field data for equilibrium reconstruction and could be used for other 3D configurations.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China("863"Program)(20060AA12A105)the Chinese Airspace Management Commission Researching Program(GKG200802006)~~
文摘The airspace congestion is becoming more and more severe.Although there are traffic flow management（TFM）initiatives based on CDM widely applied,how to reschedule these disrupted flights of different airlines integrating TFM initiatives and allocate the limited airspace resources to these airlines equitably and efficiently is still a problem.The air traffic management（ATM）authority aims to minimizing the systemic costs of congested airspaces.And the airlines are self-interested and profit-oriented.Being incorporated into the collaborative decision making（CDM）process,the airlines can influence the rescheduling decisions to profit themselves.The airlines maybe hide the flight information that is disadvantageous to them,but is necessary to the optimal system decision.To realize the coincidence goal between the ATM authority and airlines for the efficient,and equitable allocation of airspace resources,this paper provides an auction-based market method to solve the congestion airspace problem under the pre-tactic and tactic stage of air traffic flow management.Through a simulation experiment,the rationing results show that the auction method can decrease the total delay costs of flights in the congested airspace compared with both the first schedule first service（FSFS）tactic and the ration by schedule（RBS）tactic.Finally,the analysis results indicate that if reallocate the charges from the auction to the airlines according to the proportion of their disrupted flights,the auction mechanism can allocate the airspace resource in economy equitably and decrease the delay losses of the airlines compared with the results of the FSFS tactic.
文摘Aim To present a simple and effective method for the design of nonlinear and time varying control system. Methods A new concept of dynamic equilibrium of a system and its stability were presented first. It was pointed out that what is controlled directly by the input of a control system is the system's dynamic equilibrium rather than the states. Based on it, a new feedback linearization method for nonlinear system based on the Lyapunov direct method was given. Simulation studies were also carried out. Results The example and simulation show that by use of the method, the controller design becomes very simple and the control effect is quite satisfying. Conclusion The new method unifies the stabilizing problem(regulating problem) with the tracking problem. It is a very simple and effective method for the design of nonlinear and time varying control system.
基金This project was supported by the NSF of Sichuan Education of China(2003A081)and SZD0406
文摘By applying a maximal element theorem on product FC-space due to author, some new equilibrium existence theorems for generalized games with fuzzy constraint correspondences are proved in FC-spaces. By using these equilibrium existence theorems, some new existence theorems of solutions for the system of generalized vector quasi-equilibrium problems are established in noncompact product FC-spaces. These results improve and generalize some recent results in literature to product FC-spaces without any convexity structure.
文摘This article summarized systematically the previous investigations on t he dielectric relaxation of wood, the main substances and extractives in wood at oven-dry state, and the dielectric relaxation based on the adsorbed water in w o od cell wall under equilibrium and non-equilibrium state. Moreover, some expect a tions for future research were proposed on this basis. The purpose of this artic le is to provide other researchers an overall understanding about the research i n this region, and further to promote the research onto a new and higher level.
文摘a gliding arc driven by the transverse magnetic field was ignited between the electrodes with a complicated shape at atmospheric pressure and a non-equilibrium plasma was gencrated. Under our experimental conditions, a phenomenon was clearly observed where the arc power decreased with the increase in arc voltage. As the arc voltage was higher than 3.375 kV, the are power acquired from the power supply decreased, and the arc plasma began to switch to a non-equilibrium phase. The existence of the non-equilibrium arc plasma was very short, about 10 ms in one gliding arc discharge cycle.
基金partially supported by the Funds for Creative Research Groups of China(61121061)National Natural Science Foundation of China(61302078,61272515)+3 种基金863 Program(2011AA01A102)Ph.D.Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China(20110005110011)Beijing Higher Education Young Elite Teacher Project(YETP0476)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2012RC0609)
文摘An approach to make heterogeneous devices cooperate with each other to provide ubiquitous service remains a longstanding challenge in ubiquitous environments. In addition, when multi-user request ubiquitous services simultaneously, the arbitrariness in resource allocation process easily leads to non-equilibrium of qualities of multiuser's services. Thus, How to design an effective heterogeneous devices cooperation mechanism that meet the QoS requirements and also equilibrate QoS among multi-user's services becomes a very tough problem. In the paper, Equilibrium Index and Theil Utility function are imported to establish a multidevice equilibrium cooperation model, which is benefit for resource allocation in ubiquitous environments. Then a Theil-Equilibrium based Cooperation Mechanism for multi-service is proposed. Firstly, in order to simplify calculating, a dimensionless processing is introduced. After that, a cooperation approach with Theil-Utility Heuristic algorithm is designed to choose the best solution for the simplified model. At last, the mechanism is simulated in a smart home scenario. The simulation results show that this mechanism outperforms non-equilibrium method by improving almost 40% in internal equilibrium with just reducing 0-2% in the total utility ofall the requested ubiquitous services. These data show that the proposed mechanism performs well in equilibrating qualities of multi-user's ubiquitous services.
文摘Let X=(Omega,F,F-t,X(t),theta(t),P-x) be a jump Markov process with q-pair q(x)-q(x, A). In this paper, the equilibrium principle is established and equilibrium functions, energy, capacity and related problems is investigated in terms of the q-pair q(x)-q(x, A).
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.10635010)Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(No.20090041110026)
文摘The EFIT （Equilibrium Fitting） code is modified for the equilibrium configuration reconstruction in HL-2A. Signals from Langmuir probe （LP） at the divertor target plates are employed in the reconstruction of divertor configurations. The results show that discharge #2895 starts with a limiter configuration and develops gradually into a divertor configuration after t = 230 ms. This transition process is clearly demonstrated by the LP signals for the reconstruction. The profiles of plasma parameters such as safety factor q, pressure and current density as well as the evolution of major shape parameters of plasma, such as the boundary magnetic fluxes, the positions of both x-point and magnetic axis, are calculated from the reconstructed configurations. The possibility to apply the method to the swing of strike point on the target plate is discussed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,No.21203220 and 21133011)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2014M551674)+1 种基金Jiangsu Planned Projects for Postdoctoral Research Funds(No.1302070C)the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program,No.2011CB201404)
文摘The chemical equilibrium and reaction kinetic behavior in the synthesis of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers （DMMn） were investigated over sulfated titania in order to reveal the decisive factor controlling the reaction. The results showed that the molar ratio of adjacent DMMn products in equilibrium solution had the same value, which depended absolutely on the reaction temperature. Meanwhile, the reactions had the same DMMn products distributions under varied reaction conditions. The equilibrium constants of the related step-wise reactions for DMMn formation were equal, which were calculated based on the bulk compositions of the reaction solution. And thus, the selectivity to DMMn was mainly controlled by the chemical equilibrium, i.e., thermodynamic control. In brief, the present results provide some guidance for future synthesis of DMMn.
基金supported by National Research Foundation of Korea Grantfunded by the Korean Government (2009-0076898)
文摘In this paper,we consider an iterative sequence for generalized equilibrium problems and strictly pseudocontractive mappings.We show that the iterative sequence converges strongly to a common element of the solution set of generalized equilibrium problems and of the fixed point set of strictly pseudocontractive mappings.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.10772025,10932002 and 10972127)the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province,China(Grant No.102300410144)the Beijing Municipal Key Disciplines Fund for General Mechanics and Foundation of Mechanics,China
文摘Stability for the manifolds of equilibrium states of a generalized Birkhoff system is studied. A theorem for the stability of the manifolds of equilibrium states of the general autonomous system is used to the generalized BirkhoiYian system and two propositions on the stability of the manifolds of equilibrium states of the system are obtained. An example is given to illustrate the application of the results.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50574046, No. 50164002.) and Science & TechnologyFoundation of Baoshan Iron and Steel Co. Ltd, Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan province (No. 2004E0012Q), High SchoolDoctoral Subject Special Science and Research Foundation of Ministry of Education (NO. 20040674005)
文摘Nonflame combustion technology （NFCT） is a harmonious energy utilization technology. There are not environmental-unfriendly gases such as NOx, CO2 discharged in the whole combustion process. Combustion processes realizes zero emission through this technology. Fe2O3 is involved as oxygen carrier, is examined thermodynamically, and the thermodynamic data of the redox reactions are calculated. Using the criteria of minimizing the Gibbs free energy, the equilibrium composition was investigated. The equilibrium analysis shows that producing complete oxidized resultants must have high molar ratio of Fe2O3/CH4. If quantity of Fe2O3 is not sufficient, more partial oxidized products such as CO, H2, even C will be produced.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11565002)the Jiang Xi Young Science Foundation Project(No.GJJ150558)Open Funds of Engineering Research Center of Nuclear Technology Application of Ministry of Education(No.HJSJYB2017-2)
文摘The dosage of environmental radon progeny is typically estimated according to the environmental radon exposure and the recommended radon-progeny equilibrium factor, F. To investigate the relationship between PM2.5 and the radon-progeny equilibrium factor, cigarettes are used to simulate the haze–fog in a multi-functional radon chamber to achieve a stable radon concentration environment. A radon detector and a portable laser aerosol spectrometer are used to obtain the values for C_(mean) PM2.5,C_(Rn), and C_p. The results show that the mean values of F conform with the typical value recommended by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation and are within the reasonable range of0.1–0.9. In this study, a positive correlation is observed between the F values and PM2.5 concentrations.
文摘By employing a fixed point theorem due to Ding, Park and Jung, some existence theorems of solutions for equilibrium problems with lower and upper bounds are proved in noncompact topological spaces. These results further answer the open problem raised by Isac, Sehgal and Singh under much weaker assumptions.
