Background Cotton crop is infested by numerous arthropod pests from sowing to harvesting,causing substantial direct and indirect yield losses.Knowledge of seasonal population trends and the relative occurrence of pest...Background Cotton crop is infested by numerous arthropod pests from sowing to harvesting,causing substantial direct and indirect yield losses.Knowledge of seasonal population trends and the relative occurrence of pests and their natural enemies is required to minimize the pest population and yield losses.In the current study,analysis of the seasonal population trend of pests and natural enemies and their relative occurrence on cultivars of three cotton species in Central India has been carried out.Results A higher number and diversity of sucking pests were observed during the vegetative cotton growth stage(60 days after sowing),declining as the crop matured.With the exception of cotton jassid(Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida),which caused significant crop damage mainly from August to September;populations of other sucking insects seldom reached economic threshold levels(ETL)throughout the studied period.The bollworm complex populations were minimal,except for the pink bollworm(Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders),which re-emerged as a menace to cotton crops during the cotton cropping season 2017–2018 due to resistance development against Bt-cotton.A reasonably good number of predatory arthropods,including coccinellids,lacewings,and spiders,were found actively preying on the arthropod pest complex of the cotton crop during the early vegetative growth stage.Linear regression indicates a significant relationship between green boll infestations and pink bollworm moths in pheromone traps.Multiple linear regression analyse showed mean weekly weather at one-or two-week lag periods had a significant impact on sucking pest population(cotton aphid,cotton jassid,cotton whitefly,and onion thrips)fluctuation.Gossypium hirsutum cultivars RCH 2 and DCH 32,and G.barbadense cultivar Suvin were found susceptible to cotton jassid and onion thrips.Phule Dhanvantary,an G.arboreum cotton cultivar,demonstrated the highest tolerance among all evaluated cultivars against all sucking pests.Conclusion These findings have important implications for pest management in cotton crops.Susceptible cultivars warrant more attention for plant protection measures,making them more input-intensive.The choice of appropriate cultivars can help minimize input costs,thereby increasing net returns for cotton farmers.展开更多
Background Under K deficiency the uptake and distribution pattern in plant cells is mediated through different transport proteins and channels which were controlled by specific gene family.Therefore,a hydroponic exper...Background Under K deficiency the uptake and distribution pattern in plant cells is mediated through different transport proteins and channels which were controlled by specific gene family.Therefore,a hydroponic experiment was conducted under control condition for testing the gene expression pattern of the K transporter under adequate and low K supply levels.After that,a 2-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate five selected cotton cultivars(four K-efficient cultivars,viz.,CIM-554,CYTO-124,FH-142,IUB-2013,and one K non-efficient,BH-212) screened from the initial hydroponics culture experiment and two levels of potassium(0 K_(2)O kg·ha^(-1) and 50 K_(2)O kg·ha^(-1)) were tested under reduced irrigation(50% available water content;50 AWC) and normal irrigation conditions(100% available water content;100 AWC).Result Results revealed that the transcript levels of GhHAK5aD in roots were significantly higher in K^(+) efficient cultivars than that in K^(+) non-efficient cultivars.The GhHAK5aD expression upon K^(+) deficiency was higher in roots but lower in shoots,indicating that GhHAK5aD could have a role in K^(+) uptake in roots,instead of transport of K^(+) from root to shoot.Similarly,under field conditions the cultivar FH-142 showed an increase of 22.3%,4.9%,2.4%,and 1.4% as compared with BH-212,IUB-2013,CYTO-124,and CIM-554,respectively,in seed cotton yield(SCY) with K application under reduced irrigation conditions.With applied K,the FH-142 showed an increase in net photosynthetic rate by 57.3% as compared with the rest of the cultivars under reduced irrigation over K control.However,the overall performance indicators of K-efficient cultivars like FH-142,CYTO-124,CIM-554,and IUB-2013 were better than BH-212(K in-efficient) under reduced irrigation conditions with applied K at 50 kg·ha^(-1).Fiber quality trait improved significantly with K application under water deficit.The increase in micronaire was 3.6%,4.7%,7.8%,3.4%,and 6.7% in BH-212,IUB-2013,CIM-554,CYTO-124,and FH-142,respectively,with K application at 50 kg·ha^(-1) over without K application under reduced irrigation conditions during the cotton growing season.Similarly,the cultivars FH-142 increased by 12% with K application under reduced irrigation as compared with other cultivars.The performance of K-efficient cultivars under reduced irrigation conditions was 30% better in SCY and quality traits with the application of K at 50 kg·ha^(-1) as compared with K-non-efficient cultivars.Similarly,water use efficiency(WUE)(40.1%) and potassium use efficiency(KUE)(20.2%) were also noted higher in case of FH-142 as compared with other cultivar with K application under reduced conditions.Conclusion Higher expression of GhHAK5aD gene was observed in K-efficient cultivars as compared with K-nonefficient cultivars in roots indicates that GhHAK5aD may be contributing to genotypic differences for K^(+) efficiency in cotton.K-efficient cotton cultivars can be used for the low-K environments and can also be recommended for general cultivars.展开更多
Root C and root-released C are closely related to soil organic matter content and mechanistic simulation modeling has proven to be useful for studying root and soil organic C dynamics in plant-soil ecosystems. A compu...Root C and root-released C are closely related to soil organic matter content and mechanistic simulation modeling has proven to be useful for studying root and soil organic C dynamics in plant-soil ecosystems. A computer model was designed in this study to simulate the dynamics of root C and root released C decomposition in situ and the dynamics of different forms of C in soil under two barley cultivars （Abee and Samson）. The results showed that on the 15th day, about 48% of the total 14C fixed in roots was respired for Abee and 42% for Samson. This indicated that the turnover rate of root ^14C of Abee was higher than that of Samson. The percentage of water-soluble organic ^14C, active microbial ^14C and stable ^14C over the total fixed ^14C were not different between two barley cultivars. From the analysis of the model for two barley cultivars, the total ~4C transformed into different soil pools （excluding CO：-C and root C pools） for the two barley cultivars was similar （26% for Abee and 25% for Samson）, but the difference of ^14C remaining in soil between the two barley cultivars was mainly because of the difference of ^14C remaining in roots which have not been yet decomposed. Some of the information which could not be measured in the laboratory conditions was obtained in this studv.展开更多
This experiment was carried out at Mansehra during cropping season of 2013. There were three French bean cultivars and four different plant spacings. The experiment was laid out on a Randomized Complete Block Design ...This experiment was carried out at Mansehra during cropping season of 2013. There were three French bean cultivars and four different plant spacings. The experiment was laid out on a Randomized Complete Block Design （RCBD） with three replications. Different cultivars, plant spacings and their interactions significantly influenced all the parameters studied. Maximum days to flowering （59.33） and seed maturity （97.66） were recorded in cultivar Komal Green grown at 15 cm spacing, while, maximum 100-grain weight （42.20 g） was noted in cultivar Peshawar Local grown at 60 cm spacing. However, maximum fresh pod yield·plant^-1 （109.67 g）, number of seed·pod^-1 （7.99） and seed yield.hm2 （1 4373 kg） were recorded in cultivar Paulista grown at spacing of 45 cm. Whereas, maximum plant height （40.50 cm） was noticed in cultivar Paulista grown at 15 era plant spacing. While, the least number of days to flowering （50.33） and to seed maturity （85.66） were taken by cultivar Paulista grown at 60 cm plant spacing. Likewise, minimum seed yield （311.9 kg·hm^2） was recorded in plants of cultivar Komal Green spaced at 60 cm plant spacing. While, minimum fresh pod weight, plantI （67.00 g） and number of seed·pod^-1 （4.66） were attained in cultivar Peshawar Local grown at 15 cm plant spacing, whereas, minimum plant height （27.59 cm） and 100-grain weight （15.60 g） were recorded for cultivar Komal Green grown at 45 and 15 cm, respectively.展开更多
Background: Within-canopy interception of photosynthetically active radiation(PAR) impacts yield and other agronomic traits in cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.). Field experiments were conducted to investigate the influen...Background: Within-canopy interception of photosynthetically active radiation(PAR) impacts yield and other agronomic traits in cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.). Field experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of 6 cotton varieties(they belong to 3 different plant types) on yield, yield distribution, light interception(LI), LI distribution and the relationship between yield formation and LI in Anyang, Henan, in 2014 and 2015.Result: The results showed that cotton cultivars with long branches(loose-type) intercepted more LI than did cultivars with short branches(compact-type), due to increased LI in the middle and upper canopy. Although loose-type varieties had greater LI, they did not yield significantly higher than compact-type varieties, due to decreased harvest index. Therefore, improving the harvest index by adjusting the source-to-sink relationship may further increase cotton yield for loose-type cotton. In addition, there was a positive relationship between reproductive organ biomass accumulation and canopy-accumulated LI, indicating that enhancing LI is important for yield improvement for each cultivar. Furthermore, yield distribution within the canopy was significantly linearly related to vertical LI distribution.Conclusion: Therefore, optimizing canopy structure of different plant type and subsequently optimizing LI distribution within the cotton canopy can effectively enhance the yield.展开更多
Background:This study aimed to develop a set of perfect simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers with a single copy in the cotton genome,to construct a DNA fingerprint database suitable for authentication of cotton cultivar...Background:This study aimed to develop a set of perfect simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers with a single copy in the cotton genome,to construct a DNA fingerprint database suitable for authentication of cotton cultivars.We optimized the polymerase chain reaction(PCR)system for multi-platform compatibility and improving detection efficiency.Based on the reference genome of upland cotton and 10×resequencing data of 48 basic cotton germplasm lines,single-copy polymorphic SSR sites were identified and developed as diploidization SSR markers.The SSR markers were detected by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE)for initial screening,then fluorescence capillary electrophoresis for secondary screening.The final perfect SSR markers were evaluated and verified using 210 lines from different sources among Chinese cotton regional trials.Results:Using bioinformatics techniques,1246 SSR markers were designed from 26626 single-copy SSR loci.Adopting a stepwise(primary and secondary)screening strategy,a set of 60 perfect SSR markers was selected with high amplification efficiency and stability,easy interpretation of peak type,multiple allelic variations,high polymorphism information content(PIC)value,uniform chromosome distribution,and single-copy characteristics.A multiplex PCR system was established with ten SSR markers using capillary electrophoresis detection.Conclusions:A set of perfect SSR markers of cotton was developed and a high-throughput SSR marker detection system was established.This study lays a foundation for large-scale and standardized construction of a cotton DNA fingerprint database for authentication of cotton varieties.展开更多
Genotype independent transformation andregeneration of Indian cotton(Gossypiumhirsutum L.)cultivar was standardized with Bt-Cry 1A(b)gene by Agrobacterium-mediation.Apical meristem of elite G.hirsutum cultivarLRK-516 ...Genotype independent transformation andregeneration of Indian cotton(Gossypiumhirsutum L.)cultivar was standardized with Bt-Cry 1A(b)gene by Agrobacterium-mediation.Apical meristem of elite G.hirsutum cultivarLRK-516 and LRA 5166 were co-cultivated withA.tumefaciens LBA 4404 carrying synthetic Bt-展开更多
We have conducted some studies on 3 ground cherry cultivars'Artaskaja'.'Bushkaja'and'Maksmorfikaja'introduced from Russia.The results indicated that these cultivars could survive temperature -4...We have conducted some studies on 3 ground cherry cultivars'Artaskaja'.'Bushkaja'and'Maksmorfikaja'introduced from Russia.The results indicated that these cultivars could survive temperature -40℃ during severe winter in Harbin,China and had high drought and disease resistance,the average weight of each fruit reached 2.78g,the contents of Vc and soluble solid exceeded 30mg/100g and 12%,respectively.Not only does the fruits suit for fresh market,but also for processing.Ground cherry is a promising new fruit crop in cold region.展开更多
基金Funding support for the Crop Pest Surveillance and Advisory Project(CROPSAP)。
文摘Background Cotton crop is infested by numerous arthropod pests from sowing to harvesting,causing substantial direct and indirect yield losses.Knowledge of seasonal population trends and the relative occurrence of pests and their natural enemies is required to minimize the pest population and yield losses.In the current study,analysis of the seasonal population trend of pests and natural enemies and their relative occurrence on cultivars of three cotton species in Central India has been carried out.Results A higher number and diversity of sucking pests were observed during the vegetative cotton growth stage(60 days after sowing),declining as the crop matured.With the exception of cotton jassid(Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida),which caused significant crop damage mainly from August to September;populations of other sucking insects seldom reached economic threshold levels(ETL)throughout the studied period.The bollworm complex populations were minimal,except for the pink bollworm(Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders),which re-emerged as a menace to cotton crops during the cotton cropping season 2017–2018 due to resistance development against Bt-cotton.A reasonably good number of predatory arthropods,including coccinellids,lacewings,and spiders,were found actively preying on the arthropod pest complex of the cotton crop during the early vegetative growth stage.Linear regression indicates a significant relationship between green boll infestations and pink bollworm moths in pheromone traps.Multiple linear regression analyse showed mean weekly weather at one-or two-week lag periods had a significant impact on sucking pest population(cotton aphid,cotton jassid,cotton whitefly,and onion thrips)fluctuation.Gossypium hirsutum cultivars RCH 2 and DCH 32,and G.barbadense cultivar Suvin were found susceptible to cotton jassid and onion thrips.Phule Dhanvantary,an G.arboreum cotton cultivar,demonstrated the highest tolerance among all evaluated cultivars against all sucking pests.Conclusion These findings have important implications for pest management in cotton crops.Susceptible cultivars warrant more attention for plant protection measures,making them more input-intensive.The choice of appropriate cultivars can help minimize input costs,thereby increasing net returns for cotton farmers.
文摘Background Under K deficiency the uptake and distribution pattern in plant cells is mediated through different transport proteins and channels which were controlled by specific gene family.Therefore,a hydroponic experiment was conducted under control condition for testing the gene expression pattern of the K transporter under adequate and low K supply levels.After that,a 2-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate five selected cotton cultivars(four K-efficient cultivars,viz.,CIM-554,CYTO-124,FH-142,IUB-2013,and one K non-efficient,BH-212) screened from the initial hydroponics culture experiment and two levels of potassium(0 K_(2)O kg·ha^(-1) and 50 K_(2)O kg·ha^(-1)) were tested under reduced irrigation(50% available water content;50 AWC) and normal irrigation conditions(100% available water content;100 AWC).Result Results revealed that the transcript levels of GhHAK5aD in roots were significantly higher in K^(+) efficient cultivars than that in K^(+) non-efficient cultivars.The GhHAK5aD expression upon K^(+) deficiency was higher in roots but lower in shoots,indicating that GhHAK5aD could have a role in K^(+) uptake in roots,instead of transport of K^(+) from root to shoot.Similarly,under field conditions the cultivar FH-142 showed an increase of 22.3%,4.9%,2.4%,and 1.4% as compared with BH-212,IUB-2013,CYTO-124,and CIM-554,respectively,in seed cotton yield(SCY) with K application under reduced irrigation conditions.With applied K,the FH-142 showed an increase in net photosynthetic rate by 57.3% as compared with the rest of the cultivars under reduced irrigation over K control.However,the overall performance indicators of K-efficient cultivars like FH-142,CYTO-124,CIM-554,and IUB-2013 were better than BH-212(K in-efficient) under reduced irrigation conditions with applied K at 50 kg·ha^(-1).Fiber quality trait improved significantly with K application under water deficit.The increase in micronaire was 3.6%,4.7%,7.8%,3.4%,and 6.7% in BH-212,IUB-2013,CIM-554,CYTO-124,and FH-142,respectively,with K application at 50 kg·ha^(-1) over without K application under reduced irrigation conditions during the cotton growing season.Similarly,the cultivars FH-142 increased by 12% with K application under reduced irrigation as compared with other cultivars.The performance of K-efficient cultivars under reduced irrigation conditions was 30% better in SCY and quality traits with the application of K at 50 kg·ha^(-1) as compared with K-non-efficient cultivars.Similarly,water use efficiency(WUE)(40.1%) and potassium use efficiency(KUE)(20.2%) were also noted higher in case of FH-142 as compared with other cultivar with K application under reduced conditions.Conclusion Higher expression of GhHAK5aD gene was observed in K-efficient cultivars as compared with K-nonefficient cultivars in roots indicates that GhHAK5aD may be contributing to genotypic differences for K^(+) efficiency in cotton.K-efficient cotton cultivars can be used for the low-K environments and can also be recommended for general cultivars.
文摘Root C and root-released C are closely related to soil organic matter content and mechanistic simulation modeling has proven to be useful for studying root and soil organic C dynamics in plant-soil ecosystems. A computer model was designed in this study to simulate the dynamics of root C and root released C decomposition in situ and the dynamics of different forms of C in soil under two barley cultivars （Abee and Samson）. The results showed that on the 15th day, about 48% of the total 14C fixed in roots was respired for Abee and 42% for Samson. This indicated that the turnover rate of root ^14C of Abee was higher than that of Samson. The percentage of water-soluble organic ^14C, active microbial ^14C and stable ^14C over the total fixed ^14C were not different between two barley cultivars. From the analysis of the model for two barley cultivars, the total ~4C transformed into different soil pools （excluding CO：-C and root C pools） for the two barley cultivars was similar （26% for Abee and 25% for Samson）, but the difference of ^14C remaining in soil between the two barley cultivars was mainly because of the difference of ^14C remaining in roots which have not been yet decomposed. Some of the information which could not be measured in the laboratory conditions was obtained in this studv.
文摘This experiment was carried out at Mansehra during cropping season of 2013. There were three French bean cultivars and four different plant spacings. The experiment was laid out on a Randomized Complete Block Design （RCBD） with three replications. Different cultivars, plant spacings and their interactions significantly influenced all the parameters studied. Maximum days to flowering （59.33） and seed maturity （97.66） were recorded in cultivar Komal Green grown at 15 cm spacing, while, maximum 100-grain weight （42.20 g） was noted in cultivar Peshawar Local grown at 60 cm spacing. However, maximum fresh pod yield·plant^-1 （109.67 g）, number of seed·pod^-1 （7.99） and seed yield.hm2 （1 4373 kg） were recorded in cultivar Paulista grown at spacing of 45 cm. Whereas, maximum plant height （40.50 cm） was noticed in cultivar Paulista grown at 15 era plant spacing. While, the least number of days to flowering （50.33） and to seed maturity （85.66） were taken by cultivar Paulista grown at 60 cm plant spacing. Likewise, minimum seed yield （311.9 kg·hm^2） was recorded in plants of cultivar Komal Green spaced at 60 cm plant spacing. While, minimum fresh pod weight, plantI （67.00 g） and number of seed·pod^-1 （4.66） were attained in cultivar Peshawar Local grown at 15 cm plant spacing, whereas, minimum plant height （27.59 cm） and 100-grain weight （15.60 g） were recorded for cultivar Komal Green grown at 45 and 15 cm, respectively.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31371561)
文摘Background: Within-canopy interception of photosynthetically active radiation(PAR) impacts yield and other agronomic traits in cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.). Field experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of 6 cotton varieties(they belong to 3 different plant types) on yield, yield distribution, light interception(LI), LI distribution and the relationship between yield formation and LI in Anyang, Henan, in 2014 and 2015.Result: The results showed that cotton cultivars with long branches(loose-type) intercepted more LI than did cultivars with short branches(compact-type), due to increased LI in the middle and upper canopy. Although loose-type varieties had greater LI, they did not yield significantly higher than compact-type varieties, due to decreased harvest index. Therefore, improving the harvest index by adjusting the source-to-sink relationship may further increase cotton yield for loose-type cotton. In addition, there was a positive relationship between reproductive organ biomass accumulation and canopy-accumulated LI, indicating that enhancing LI is important for yield improvement for each cultivar. Furthermore, yield distribution within the canopy was significantly linearly related to vertical LI distribution.Conclusion: Therefore, optimizing canopy structure of different plant type and subsequently optimizing LI distribution within the cotton canopy can effectively enhance the yield.
基金grants from the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan,National Key R&D Plan(2017YFD0102003–5)National Cotton Industry Technology System(CARS-15-25).
文摘Background:This study aimed to develop a set of perfect simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers with a single copy in the cotton genome,to construct a DNA fingerprint database suitable for authentication of cotton cultivars.We optimized the polymerase chain reaction(PCR)system for multi-platform compatibility and improving detection efficiency.Based on the reference genome of upland cotton and 10×resequencing data of 48 basic cotton germplasm lines,single-copy polymorphic SSR sites were identified and developed as diploidization SSR markers.The SSR markers were detected by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE)for initial screening,then fluorescence capillary electrophoresis for secondary screening.The final perfect SSR markers were evaluated and verified using 210 lines from different sources among Chinese cotton regional trials.Results:Using bioinformatics techniques,1246 SSR markers were designed from 26626 single-copy SSR loci.Adopting a stepwise(primary and secondary)screening strategy,a set of 60 perfect SSR markers was selected with high amplification efficiency and stability,easy interpretation of peak type,multiple allelic variations,high polymorphism information content(PIC)value,uniform chromosome distribution,and single-copy characteristics.A multiplex PCR system was established with ten SSR markers using capillary electrophoresis detection.Conclusions:A set of perfect SSR markers of cotton was developed and a high-throughput SSR marker detection system was established.This study lays a foundation for large-scale and standardized construction of a cotton DNA fingerprint database for authentication of cotton varieties.
文摘Genotype independent transformation andregeneration of Indian cotton(Gossypiumhirsutum L.)cultivar was standardized with Bt-Cry 1A(b)gene by Agrobacterium-mediation.Apical meristem of elite G.hirsutum cultivarLRK-516 and LRA 5166 were co-cultivated withA.tumefaciens LBA 4404 carrying synthetic Bt-
文摘We have conducted some studies on 3 ground cherry cultivars'Artaskaja'.'Bushkaja'and'Maksmorfikaja'introduced from Russia.The results indicated that these cultivars could survive temperature -40℃ during severe winter in Harbin,China and had high drought and disease resistance,the average weight of each fruit reached 2.78g,the contents of Vc and soluble solid exceeded 30mg/100g and 12%,respectively.Not only does the fruits suit for fresh market,but also for processing.Ground cherry is a promising new fruit crop in cold region.
