Static aerobic composting of municipal sewage sludge with forced ventilation or air ventilation using matured compost as bulking conditioner was investigated. Physical and chemical parame ,eters, e.g., temperature, mo...Static aerobic composting of municipal sewage sludge with forced ventilation or air ventilation using matured compost as bulking conditioner was investigated. Physical and chemical parame ,eters, e.g., temperature, moisture content, VSS, CODcr, pH, and germination index （GI）, were analyzed to characterize the composting process. Fermentation starts quickly in both forced and air ventilation compost heaps and reaches high-temperature stage after 2 d, owing to the bulking function of matured compost. Compared to air ventilation, however, forced ventilation enables the high-temperature stage to last longer for approximately 7 d. The moisture content of both compost bodies decreases from 62% to about 50% as a result of evaporation, and it decreases slightly faster in forced ventilation compost heap after 13 d due to the higher temperature and better ventilation condition. Although no obvious differences of VSS and pH are observed between both compost heaps, the soluble CODcr and GI show differences during the second half period of fermentation. In forced ventilation compost, the soluble CODcr has a small rebound after 13 d, and GI decreases from 46% to 35% but then increases. These results show that in general, the matured compost is a good conditioner and force ventilation with a proper air supply strategy can be more efficient than air ventilation.展开更多
The white-rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium), was inoculated during different phases of agricultural waste composting, and its effect on the fluorescence spectroscopy characteristics of humic a...The white-rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium), was inoculated during different phases of agricultural waste composting, and its effect on the fluorescence spectroscopy characteristics of humic acid (HA) was studied. The results show that the emission spectra have a sharp peak at 400 nm and a broad shoulder with the maximum centered at 460 nm. The excitation spectra have two peaks and exhibit red shift (shift to longer wavelengths) at 470 nm. The synchronous scan spectra present a number of peaks and shoulders, and the peaks at shorter wavelengths disappear gradually and form a shoulder. At the final stage of composting, the fluorescence spectra have similar shapes, but the fluorescence intensities decrease. P. chrysosporium increases the degree of aromatization and polymerization of HA when it is inoculated during the second fermentation phase, while it does not produce an obvious change on the humification degree of HA when it is inoculated during the first fermentation phase. Compared with the fluorescence spectroscopy characteristics of HA from soil, the structure of HA from compost is simpler and the activity is higher.展开更多
The evolution of metal species during sludge composting in aerobic reactor has been widely investigated,but little is known in large scale.In this study,the transformations of heavy metals speciation(Zn,Cu,Pb and Cd)i...The evolution of metal species during sludge composting in aerobic reactor has been widely investigated,but little is known in large scale.In this study,the transformations of heavy metals speciation(Zn,Cu,Pb and Cd)in the process of sludge composting were studied in a bunker.Physico-chemical parameters,such as pH,moisture content(MC),organic matter(OM),humic acids(HA)and fulvic acids(FA)contents,were determined to evaluate their impacts on the redistribution of Zn,Cu,Pb and Cd in sludge compost.During the composting process,the contents of Cu,Pb,Zn and Cd in oxidizable and residual forms increased,whereas the contents of the exchangeable Cu,Pb,Zn and Cd decreased,with a slight increase in the total heavy metal contents.The contents of Cu,Zn and Cd in carbonate form and the reducible Cu,Zn and Pb falled;however,the content of Pb in carbonate formed and the reducible Cd increased.The results indicated that heavy metals(Zn,Cu,Pb and Cd)in sewage sludge could be passivated during composting process.The heavy metals speciation in the compost correlated with the physico-chemical parameters.In addition,linear regression analysis indicated that the content of mobile Pb could predict the total content of Pb.The contents of the residue fraction for Pb,Zn and Cd were decreased,but those for Ni and Cr were increased;the Cu residue fraction was almost constant.The contents of the total mobile fractions(including fractions 1-4)for Zn and Pb were significantly increased,but the increase of those for Cu and Ni were not so remarkable.There were significant degrees of correlation between heavy metal fractions and changes of some selected parameters(for example,pH,composting temperature and OM content).Only the content of the total mobile fractions for Cu could be predictable from its total content.For the prediction of the total mobile fractions of Zn,Ni,Cd and Cr,the R2 value was significantly increased by the inclusion of other variables such as pH,temperature and OM content.展开更多
The white-rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium(P. chrysosporium), was inoculated during different phases of agricultural waste composting and its effect on the spectroscopic characterization of humic acid(HA) was s...The white-rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium(P. chrysosporium), was inoculated during different phases of agricultural waste composting and its effect on the spectroscopic characterization of humic acid(HA) was studied. Three runs were used in this study: Run A was the control without inoculating, and Runs B and C were inoculated P. chrysosporium during the first and the second fermentation phase, respectively. The elemental analysis, ultra-violet spectroscopy(UV), fluorescence spectra, Fourier transform infra-red(FTIR) and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance(13C-NMR) of HA all lead to the same conclusion, that is, the degree of aromatization and polymerization of HA increases after 42 days composting. However, the inoculation during different phases presents different effects. P. chrysosporium increases the degree of aromatization and polymerization of HA when it is inoculated during the second fermentation phase, while it does not produce an obvious change on the humification degree of HA when it is inoculated during the first fermentation phase.展开更多
In sewage sludge composting, adding ash from stove （FA20） inactivated active Cu effectively and the results were significantly better than control. For Zn, Mn, Pb and Cd, satisfying results was,achieved by adding as...In sewage sludge composting, adding ash from stove （FA20） inactivated active Cu effectively and the results were significantly better than control. For Zn, Mn, Pb and Cd, satisfying results was,achieved by adding ash from stove and phosphorite powder （FA20, PR10）, phosphorite powder and lime （PR15, CL10）, ash from stove and phosphorite powder （FA10, PR10）, and ash from stove and peat （FA20, PT 10）. Based on their effects of inactivating available forms of heavy metals, ash from stove, phosphorite powder and peat were supposed to be effective inactivators with optimum percentages of 20%, 15% and 10% （FA20, PR15, PT10）.展开更多
Microbial inoculation agent has been widely used in waste disposal and waste recycling. In this paper, the principle of fermentation in the composting of agricultural waste and the impact of microbial inoculation agen...Microbial inoculation agent has been widely used in waste disposal and waste recycling. In this paper, the principle of fermentation in the composting of agricultural waste and the impact of microbial inoculation agent on composting were reviewed.The research and the application of microbial inoculation agent were also introduced. Based on the trend of the research, the promising prospect of microbial inoculation agent was discussed.展开更多
The compost of cattle manure was inoculated with complex microbial agent lower than 5 ℃ to explore the application of beneficial microbial agent and maturation accelerator aiming at accelerating the process of compos...The compost of cattle manure was inoculated with complex microbial agent lower than 5 ℃ to explore the application of beneficial microbial agent and maturation accelerator aiming at accelerating the process of compostimg under the low temperature Results showed that adding the maturation accelerator accelerated the process of composting and increased the nitrogen content of composting products. Inoculating the microogannic maturation agent made the composting temperature rise quickly and the maW.ration become better.展开更多
With the startup and execution of new socialistic countryside construction in Heilongjiang Province,the transition from castoff to resource is strengthened in the countryside,aiming at neat appearance of the countrysi...With the startup and execution of new socialistic countryside construction in Heilongjiang Province,the transition from castoff to resource is strengthened in the countryside,aiming at neat appearance of the countryside,clean production and saving energy.People produce biogas and provide the countryside with new energy by means of turning livestock＇s dejection into resources,composting of the plant and animal＇s leavings in the courtyard and even in the factory.It is helpful for the countryside to conserve the energy and reduce emission of the waste.And it also plays an important role in protecting the eco-environment,beautifying homestead and developing the ecological agriculture and so on.The liquid and solid residue in the biogas production can be reused as fertilizer for crops or food for animals after pretreatment,which is propitious to accelerate the development of the circular economy in Heilongjiang Province.展开更多
This paper, probing into heavy metal control in domestic rubbish by source screening and nutrient element analysis, revealed the feasibility of source control of heavy metals and the suitability of rubbish as turfgras...This paper, probing into heavy metal control in domestic rubbish by source screening and nutrient element analysis, revealed the feasibility of source control of heavy metals and the suitability of rubbish as turfgrass medium. Heavy metals in domestic rubbish were controlled by source screening before composting. The study consisted of a control with garden soil. The contents of main mineral elements and heavy metals in rubbish compost and control were determined by the method of ICP-AES. The results showed that heavy metal concentrations in rubbish were lower than those in garden soil, and little difference occurred between rubbish and garden soil in main mineral element concentrations. Based on this, it was concluded that rubbish compost was favorable for using as turfgrass medium and heavy metal control in rubbish by source screening was effective.展开更多
The research was aimed at studying the effect of adding certain proportion chicken manure to cattle manure on compost below 0℃ with aerobic compost method, which was suitable for northern cold climate. The results in...The research was aimed at studying the effect of adding certain proportion chicken manure to cattle manure on compost below 0℃ with aerobic compost method, which was suitable for northern cold climate. The results indicated that the mixed compost completed 3 days earlier than the single compost, the temperature of the mixed compost rose to 50.7℃ at the 1st day,and achieved its highest temperature 74.4℃ at the 3rd day. The temperature of the single compost rose to 40.0℃ at the 1st day,rose to 55.6℃ at the 3rd day,and achieved its highest temperature 70.1℃ at the 5th day. Adding chicken manure had no impact on the variety trend of the process parameters such as moisture content, pH and C/N ratio, hut increased the variety range of these parameters.展开更多
Researches on models of remediation quickly in soda meadow alkaline soil, and dynamic variation of water-salt in saline soil of Zhaozhou County were studied systematically from 2001 to 2006. Realize the vegetation cov...Researches on models of remediation quickly in soda meadow alkaline soil, and dynamic variation of water-salt in saline soil of Zhaozhou County were studied systematically from 2001 to 2006. Realize the vegetation cover of those years through the artificial planting, mixed seeding lyme grass （Elymus dahuricus Turcz） and melilot in the mode of rotary tillage and deep loosening in lower and medium saline soils. The results showed that there was remarkable relationship between net evaporation （difference of precipitation and evaporation） and total salt content in the soil. The net evaporation could be used as a new method to forecast the dynamics variation of salt to ensure the pasture optimum sowing time. Realize the autumnal vegetation cover of those years through direct planting on the bourgeon layer of soda meadow alkaline soil, on the other hand, the covered pasture made the function of restraining salt and alkaline content to realize the biology reverse succession quickly. Forage seeds were seeded directly on the seeding bed of soda alkaline meadow at the end of July. In fall of the same year, a certain amount of biomass was obtained. The model, which has remarkable economical efficiency and use widely, represented the innovative model for the fast vegetation restoration on the soda alkaline meadow soil.展开更多
Chemical compositions of bovine colostrum and their change after parturition were studied.Fat,total protein,whey proteins,ash and total solid were higher than those in milk and decreased as lactation time was increase...Chemical compositions of bovine colostrum and their change after parturition were studied.Fat,total protein,whey proteins,ash and total solid were higher than those in milk and decreased as lactation time was increased.Lactose was lower than that in milk and moresed with the increase of lactation time.Whey proteins of colostrum such as Ig,β-Lg,BSA,Lf and LP were obviously higher than those in milk and dccrcascd as lactation time was increased.There were high unsaturated fatty acids in colostrum compared with bovine milk.Na,Cl,Fe,Zn,Cr and Mg in colostrum were higher than those in milk.They fell as lactation time was increased.I,K,P,Mn and Cu increased with the increase of lactation time.Co,As and Pb were not dctccrcd by ICP method.展开更多
基金Projects(50978087,50908081)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Static aerobic composting of municipal sewage sludge with forced ventilation or air ventilation using matured compost as bulking conditioner was investigated. Physical and chemical parame ,eters, e.g., temperature, moisture content, VSS, CODcr, pH, and germination index （GI）, were analyzed to characterize the composting process. Fermentation starts quickly in both forced and air ventilation compost heaps and reaches high-temperature stage after 2 d, owing to the bulking function of matured compost. Compared to air ventilation, however, forced ventilation enables the high-temperature stage to last longer for approximately 7 d. The moisture content of both compost bodies decreases from 62% to about 50% as a result of evaporation, and it decreases slightly faster in forced ventilation compost heap after 13 d due to the higher temperature and better ventilation condition. Although no obvious differences of VSS and pH are observed between both compost heaps, the soluble CODcr and GI show differences during the second half period of fermentation. In forced ventilation compost, the soluble CODcr has a small rebound after 13 d, and GI decreases from 46% to 35% but then increases. These results show that in general, the matured compost is a good conditioner and force ventilation with a proper air supply strategy can be more efficient than air ventilation.
基金Project(2005CB724203) supported by the Major State Basic Research and Development Program of ChinaProject(IRT0719) supported by the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University of China+1 种基金Projects(50608029,50808073) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2007185) supported by the Environmental Protection Technology Research Program of Hunan Province,China
文摘The white-rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium), was inoculated during different phases of agricultural waste composting, and its effect on the fluorescence spectroscopy characteristics of humic acid (HA) was studied. The results show that the emission spectra have a sharp peak at 400 nm and a broad shoulder with the maximum centered at 460 nm. The excitation spectra have two peaks and exhibit red shift (shift to longer wavelengths) at 470 nm. The synchronous scan spectra present a number of peaks and shoulders, and the peaks at shorter wavelengths disappear gradually and form a shoulder. At the final stage of composting, the fluorescence spectra have similar shapes, but the fluorescence intensities decrease. P. chrysosporium increases the degree of aromatization and polymerization of HA when it is inoculated during the second fermentation phase, while it does not produce an obvious change on the humification degree of HA when it is inoculated during the first fermentation phase. Compared with the fluorescence spectroscopy characteristics of HA from soil, the structure of HA from compost is simpler and the activity is higher.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Fund of China(31372351,31272484)。
文摘The evolution of metal species during sludge composting in aerobic reactor has been widely investigated,but little is known in large scale.In this study,the transformations of heavy metals speciation(Zn,Cu,Pb and Cd)in the process of sludge composting were studied in a bunker.Physico-chemical parameters,such as pH,moisture content(MC),organic matter(OM),humic acids(HA)and fulvic acids(FA)contents,were determined to evaluate their impacts on the redistribution of Zn,Cu,Pb and Cd in sludge compost.During the composting process,the contents of Cu,Pb,Zn and Cd in oxidizable and residual forms increased,whereas the contents of the exchangeable Cu,Pb,Zn and Cd decreased,with a slight increase in the total heavy metal contents.The contents of Cu,Zn and Cd in carbonate form and the reducible Cu,Zn and Pb falled;however,the content of Pb in carbonate formed and the reducible Cd increased.The results indicated that heavy metals(Zn,Cu,Pb and Cd)in sewage sludge could be passivated during composting process.The heavy metals speciation in the compost correlated with the physico-chemical parameters.In addition,linear regression analysis indicated that the content of mobile Pb could predict the total content of Pb.The contents of the residue fraction for Pb,Zn and Cd were decreased,but those for Ni and Cr were increased;the Cu residue fraction was almost constant.The contents of the total mobile fractions(including fractions 1-4)for Zn and Pb were significantly increased,but the increase of those for Cu and Ni were not so remarkable.There were significant degrees of correlation between heavy metal fractions and changes of some selected parameters(for example,pH,composting temperature and OM content).Only the content of the total mobile fractions for Cu could be predictable from its total content.For the prediction of the total mobile fractions of Zn,Ni,Cd and Cr,the R2 value was significantly increased by the inclusion of other variables such as pH,temperature and OM content.
基金Projects(5110817851108423+2 种基金5103900151378190)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(20100161110012)supported by the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China
文摘The white-rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium(P. chrysosporium), was inoculated during different phases of agricultural waste composting and its effect on the spectroscopic characterization of humic acid(HA) was studied. Three runs were used in this study: Run A was the control without inoculating, and Runs B and C were inoculated P. chrysosporium during the first and the second fermentation phase, respectively. The elemental analysis, ultra-violet spectroscopy(UV), fluorescence spectra, Fourier transform infra-red(FTIR) and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance(13C-NMR) of HA all lead to the same conclusion, that is, the degree of aromatization and polymerization of HA increases after 42 days composting. However, the inoculation during different phases presents different effects. P. chrysosporium increases the degree of aromatization and polymerization of HA when it is inoculated during the second fermentation phase, while it does not produce an obvious change on the humification degree of HA when it is inoculated during the first fermentation phase.
文摘In sewage sludge composting, adding ash from stove （FA20） inactivated active Cu effectively and the results were significantly better than control. For Zn, Mn, Pb and Cd, satisfying results was,achieved by adding ash from stove and phosphorite powder （FA20, PR10）, phosphorite powder and lime （PR15, CL10）, ash from stove and phosphorite powder （FA10, PR10）, and ash from stove and peat （FA20, PT 10）. Based on their effects of inactivating available forms of heavy metals, ash from stove, phosphorite powder and peat were supposed to be effective inactivators with optimum percentages of 20%, 15% and 10% （FA20, PR15, PT10）.
基金Supported by Post-doctoral Management Office of Heilongjiang Province (LBH-Z06161)Key Lab of Utilization and Protection of Black Soil (GXS08-1)
文摘Microbial inoculation agent has been widely used in waste disposal and waste recycling. In this paper, the principle of fermentation in the composting of agricultural waste and the impact of microbial inoculation agent on composting were reviewed.The research and the application of microbial inoculation agent were also introduced. Based on the trend of the research, the promising prospect of microbial inoculation agent was discussed.
基金Supported by Post-doctoral Management Office of Heilongjiang Province (LBH-Z06161)Key Lab of Utilization and Protection of BlackSoil (GXS08-1)Special-fund Project of Harbin Scientific Innovation Talented Person Studies (Youth Scientific Innovation Talented Person)(2009RFQXN098)
文摘The compost of cattle manure was inoculated with complex microbial agent lower than 5 ℃ to explore the application of beneficial microbial agent and maturation accelerator aiming at accelerating the process of compostimg under the low temperature Results showed that adding the maturation accelerator accelerated the process of composting and increased the nitrogen content of composting products. Inoculating the microogannic maturation agent made the composting temperature rise quickly and the maW.ration become better.
基金Supported by Foundation of Heilongjiang Province Educational Committee (11551056)Scientific Fund of Heilongjiang Province for Youth (QC2009C40)+1 种基金Fund of Harbin City Innovative Talent (2009RFQXN096)Heilongjiang Province Postdoctoral Science Foundation
文摘With the startup and execution of new socialistic countryside construction in Heilongjiang Province,the transition from castoff to resource is strengthened in the countryside,aiming at neat appearance of the countryside,clean production and saving energy.People produce biogas and provide the countryside with new energy by means of turning livestock＇s dejection into resources,composting of the plant and animal＇s leavings in the courtyard and even in the factory.It is helpful for the countryside to conserve the energy and reduce emission of the waste.And it also plays an important role in protecting the eco-environment,beautifying homestead and developing the ecological agriculture and so on.The liquid and solid residue in the biogas production can be reused as fertilizer for crops or food for animals after pretreatment,which is propitious to accelerate the development of the circular economy in Heilongjiang Province.
基金NationalNaturalScienceFoundation (59878033)Tianjin Science and Technology Developm entProgram (043100611).
文摘This paper, probing into heavy metal control in domestic rubbish by source screening and nutrient element analysis, revealed the feasibility of source control of heavy metals and the suitability of rubbish as turfgrass medium. Heavy metals in domestic rubbish were controlled by source screening before composting. The study consisted of a control with garden soil. The contents of main mineral elements and heavy metals in rubbish compost and control were determined by the method of ICP-AES. The results showed that heavy metal concentrations in rubbish were lower than those in garden soil, and little difference occurred between rubbish and garden soil in main mineral element concentrations. Based on this, it was concluded that rubbish compost was favorable for using as turfgrass medium and heavy metal control in rubbish by source screening was effective.
基金Supported by Prevent and Cure the Livestock and Poultry Industry Pollution Fund of Exchequer Department National Environmental Protection Department (2004)
文摘The research was aimed at studying the effect of adding certain proportion chicken manure to cattle manure on compost below 0℃ with aerobic compost method, which was suitable for northern cold climate. The results indicated that the mixed compost completed 3 days earlier than the single compost, the temperature of the mixed compost rose to 50.7℃ at the 1st day,and achieved its highest temperature 74.4℃ at the 3rd day. The temperature of the single compost rose to 40.0℃ at the 1st day,rose to 55.6℃ at the 3rd day,and achieved its highest temperature 70.1℃ at the 5th day. Adding chicken manure had no impact on the variety trend of the process parameters such as moisture content, pH and C/N ratio, hut increased the variety range of these parameters.
基金Supported by Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (200903001-06-6)
文摘Researches on models of remediation quickly in soda meadow alkaline soil, and dynamic variation of water-salt in saline soil of Zhaozhou County were studied systematically from 2001 to 2006. Realize the vegetation cover of those years through the artificial planting, mixed seeding lyme grass （Elymus dahuricus Turcz） and melilot in the mode of rotary tillage and deep loosening in lower and medium saline soils. The results showed that there was remarkable relationship between net evaporation （difference of precipitation and evaporation） and total salt content in the soil. The net evaporation could be used as a new method to forecast the dynamics variation of salt to ensure the pasture optimum sowing time. Realize the autumnal vegetation cover of those years through direct planting on the bourgeon layer of soda meadow alkaline soil, on the other hand, the covered pasture made the function of restraining salt and alkaline content to realize the biology reverse succession quickly. Forage seeds were seeded directly on the seeding bed of soda alkaline meadow at the end of July. In fall of the same year, a certain amount of biomass was obtained. The model, which has remarkable economical efficiency and use widely, represented the innovative model for the fast vegetation restoration on the soda alkaline meadow soil.
文摘Chemical compositions of bovine colostrum and their change after parturition were studied.Fat,total protein,whey proteins,ash and total solid were higher than those in milk and decreased as lactation time was increased.Lactose was lower than that in milk and moresed with the increase of lactation time.Whey proteins of colostrum such as Ig,β-Lg,BSA,Lf and LP were obviously higher than those in milk and dccrcascd as lactation time was increased.There were high unsaturated fatty acids in colostrum compared with bovine milk.Na,Cl,Fe,Zn,Cr and Mg in colostrum were higher than those in milk.They fell as lactation time was increased.I,K,P,Mn and Cu increased with the increase of lactation time.Co,As and Pb were not dctccrcd by ICP method.
