A 2×2×2 factorial design was adopted to study the effects of temperature, moisture and choline chloride on vitamin A stability in premix. The results indicated that temperature, moisture and choline chloride...A 2×2×2 factorial design was adopted to study the effects of temperature, moisture and choline chloride on vitamin A stability in premix. The results indicated that temperature, moisture and choline chloride damaged vitamin A significantly. The regression equations of vitamin A disappearance rate and storage time were as follows： in room temperature （18±3）℃, y=14.368Ln（x）＋ 4.1425, R^2=0.978; in high temperature （4 ℃ ）, y=22.24Ln （x）＋13.27, R^2=0.9918; in low moisture （2%-3%）, y= 10.408Ln （x）＋9.5418, R^2=-0.9322; in high moisture （8%-9%）, y=26.199Ln（x）＋7.8741, R^2=-0.9949; in the condition of choline chloride flee, y=9.5125Ln（x）＋ 8.9869, R^2=0.9826; supplemented with choline chloride, y=27.094Ln （x）＋8.4276, R^2=0.9984. Temperature had highly significant interaction with moisure and choline chloride on destruction of vitamin A, respectively from the periods of two months storage. However, from the period of the first month storage, the interaction of moisture and choline chloride, as well as the interaction of temperature, moisture and choline destroyed vitamin A remarkably.展开更多
Choline chloride can increase the activities of Hill reaction and ATPase in isolatedchloroplast from wheat leaves. It can also increase the activities of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate car-boxylase (RuBPCase EC 4. 1. 1. 3...Choline chloride can increase the activities of Hill reaction and ATPase in isolatedchloroplast from wheat leaves. It can also increase the activities of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate car-boxylase (RuBPCase EC 4. 1. 1. 39) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(G-3-PDHEC 1. 2. 1. 13) with the method of vacuum infiltration. But higher concentrations of choline chlo-ride tends to inhibite the activities of these enzymes. As a result of choline chloride treatment theamounts of both protein and chlorophyll can be increased, and the photosynthetic rate can beraised,too. The above data suggest that the choline chloride may act on the enzymes involved inlight reaction and dark reaction in the photosynthesis.展开更多
Nicotinic acid (N.C.)and choline were given orally to the periparturient cows to treat and prevent fatty liver.Blood parameters of glucose,β-hydroxybutyrate,albumin,total protein,magnesium,aspartate aminotransferase(...Nicotinic acid (N.C.)and choline were given orally to the periparturient cows to treat and prevent fatty liver.Blood parameters of glucose,β-hydroxybutyrate,albumin,total protein,magnesium,aspartate aminotransferase(AST)and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA)weremeasured.There were no significant differences betWeen the treated and untreated groups in theplasma concentrations of albumin,total, protein and magnesium.Significant decrease in plasmaconcentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate,NEFA and AST were observed in the treated cows followiug administration of N.C.and choline.All the fatty liver cows(100% )treated with N.C.andcholine recovered within 5 weeks after calving compared with 71.4%(5/7) of untreated cows recovered.The incident rate of fatty liver postpartum in the cows with N.C.and cholinc given 2 weeksbefore calving was 30%(3/10),and the affected cows had a range of mild to moderate fatty liverwhilst the incident rate was 50% (5/10)in the untreated cows,which had a range of mild to ofsevere fatty liver.Meanwhile,the treated cows had a significant higher prodection of milk and shorter intervals from calving to uterine involution, to the first postpartum ovulation and to conception.展开更多
The object of this study was to investigate the effects of chromium propionate replacing 25%rumen-protected choline(RPC)on production performance and blood indicators of perinatal dairy cows.According to the principle...The object of this study was to investigate the effects of chromium propionate replacing 25%rumen-protected choline(RPC)on production performance and blood indicators of perinatal dairy cows.According to the principle of ensuring that chromium propionate and RPC were fed 14 days prepartum,27 healthy Holstein cows(age,parity,lactation volume,body condition and expectancy were similar)were randomly divided into three groups(GroupsⅠ,ⅡandⅢ),with nine cows in each group.Cows in GroupⅠwere fed basal diets;cows in GroupⅡwere fed the same basal diets with 10 g•d-1 RPC per cow;and cows in GroupⅢwere fed the same basal diets,but 7.5 g RPC and 2.5 g chromium propionate(4 mg chromium)per cow.The results showed that dry matter intake(DMI)of prepartum in GroupsⅡandⅢwas significantly increased(P<0.05),compared with GroupⅠ;however,there was no significant difference between GroupsⅡandⅢ(P>0.05).The milk fat content in GroupⅢwas significantly higher than that in GroupⅠon the 7th day of postpartum(P<0.05).The urea nitrogen content in GroupsⅡandⅢsignificantly lower than that in GroupⅠon the 21st day of postpartum(P<0.05),but there were no significant difference between GroupsⅡandⅢ(P>0.05).The somatic cell counts in GroupⅢwere significantly lower than those in GroupsⅠandⅡon the 14th and 21st days of postpartum(P<0.05).The contents of the total cholesterol in GroupⅢdecreased significantly compared to GroupⅡon the 7th day of prepartum,on the day of calving and the 7th day of postpartum(P<0.05).The concentration of high-density lipoprotein(HDL)in GroupⅢwas significantly higher than that in GroupⅡon the 7th day of prepartum,on the day of calving and the 7th day of postpartum(P<0.05).On the 7th day of postpartum the concentration of insulin in GroupⅢwas obviously higher than that in GroupⅡ(P<0.05).In summary,replacing 25%of rumen-protected choline with chromium propionate reduced production costs and improved dairy farming benefits.展开更多
基金Supported by National Basic Research Program(2004CB11750-5)
文摘A 2×2×2 factorial design was adopted to study the effects of temperature, moisture and choline chloride on vitamin A stability in premix. The results indicated that temperature, moisture and choline chloride damaged vitamin A significantly. The regression equations of vitamin A disappearance rate and storage time were as follows： in room temperature （18±3）℃, y=14.368Ln（x）＋ 4.1425, R^2=0.978; in high temperature （4 ℃ ）, y=22.24Ln （x）＋13.27, R^2=0.9918; in low moisture （2%-3%）, y= 10.408Ln （x）＋9.5418, R^2=-0.9322; in high moisture （8%-9%）, y=26.199Ln（x）＋7.8741, R^2=-0.9949; in the condition of choline chloride flee, y=9.5125Ln（x）＋ 8.9869, R^2=0.9826; supplemented with choline chloride, y=27.094Ln （x）＋8.4276, R^2=0.9984. Temperature had highly significant interaction with moisure and choline chloride on destruction of vitamin A, respectively from the periods of two months storage. However, from the period of the first month storage, the interaction of moisture and choline chloride, as well as the interaction of temperature, moisture and choline destroyed vitamin A remarkably.
文摘Choline chloride can increase the activities of Hill reaction and ATPase in isolatedchloroplast from wheat leaves. It can also increase the activities of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate car-boxylase (RuBPCase EC 4. 1. 1. 39) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(G-3-PDHEC 1. 2. 1. 13) with the method of vacuum infiltration. But higher concentrations of choline chlo-ride tends to inhibite the activities of these enzymes. As a result of choline chloride treatment theamounts of both protein and chlorophyll can be increased, and the photosynthetic rate can beraised,too. The above data suggest that the choline chloride may act on the enzymes involved inlight reaction and dark reaction in the photosynthesis.
文摘Nicotinic acid (N.C.)and choline were given orally to the periparturient cows to treat and prevent fatty liver.Blood parameters of glucose,β-hydroxybutyrate,albumin,total protein,magnesium,aspartate aminotransferase(AST)and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA)weremeasured.There were no significant differences betWeen the treated and untreated groups in theplasma concentrations of albumin,total, protein and magnesium.Significant decrease in plasmaconcentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate,NEFA and AST were observed in the treated cows followiug administration of N.C.and choline.All the fatty liver cows(100% )treated with N.C.andcholine recovered within 5 weeks after calving compared with 71.4%(5/7) of untreated cows recovered.The incident rate of fatty liver postpartum in the cows with N.C.and cholinc given 2 weeksbefore calving was 30%(3/10),and the affected cows had a range of mild to moderate fatty liverwhilst the incident rate was 50% (5/10)in the untreated cows,which had a range of mild to ofsevere fatty liver.Meanwhile,the treated cows had a significant higher prodection of milk and shorter intervals from calving to uterine involution, to the first postpartum ovulation and to conception.
基金Supported by China Agriculture Research System(CARS-36)。
文摘The object of this study was to investigate the effects of chromium propionate replacing 25%rumen-protected choline(RPC)on production performance and blood indicators of perinatal dairy cows.According to the principle of ensuring that chromium propionate and RPC were fed 14 days prepartum,27 healthy Holstein cows(age,parity,lactation volume,body condition and expectancy were similar)were randomly divided into three groups(GroupsⅠ,ⅡandⅢ),with nine cows in each group.Cows in GroupⅠwere fed basal diets;cows in GroupⅡwere fed the same basal diets with 10 g•d-1 RPC per cow;and cows in GroupⅢwere fed the same basal diets,but 7.5 g RPC and 2.5 g chromium propionate(4 mg chromium)per cow.The results showed that dry matter intake(DMI)of prepartum in GroupsⅡandⅢwas significantly increased(P<0.05),compared with GroupⅠ;however,there was no significant difference between GroupsⅡandⅢ(P>0.05).The milk fat content in GroupⅢwas significantly higher than that in GroupⅠon the 7th day of postpartum(P<0.05).The urea nitrogen content in GroupsⅡandⅢsignificantly lower than that in GroupⅠon the 21st day of postpartum(P<0.05),but there were no significant difference between GroupsⅡandⅢ(P>0.05).The somatic cell counts in GroupⅢwere significantly lower than those in GroupsⅠandⅡon the 14th and 21st days of postpartum(P<0.05).The contents of the total cholesterol in GroupⅢdecreased significantly compared to GroupⅡon the 7th day of prepartum,on the day of calving and the 7th day of postpartum(P<0.05).The concentration of high-density lipoprotein(HDL)in GroupⅢwas significantly higher than that in GroupⅡon the 7th day of prepartum,on the day of calving and the 7th day of postpartum(P<0.05).On the 7th day of postpartum the concentration of insulin in GroupⅢwas obviously higher than that in GroupⅡ(P<0.05).In summary,replacing 25%of rumen-protected choline with chromium propionate reduced production costs and improved dairy farming benefits.
