Laboratory tests under different constraint conditions were carried out to obtain the soil-water retention curves(SWRCs) of highly-compacted confined/unconfined Gaomiaozi(GMZ) bentonite at 20,40 and 80 ℃,respectively...Laboratory tests under different constraint conditions were carried out to obtain the soil-water retention curves(SWRCs) of highly-compacted confined/unconfined Gaomiaozi(GMZ) bentonite at 20,40 and 80 ℃,respectively. The effect of temperature on the soil-water characteristics of the highly-compacted GMZ bentonite was analyzed. The results show that the water retention capacity of the highly-compacted GMZ bentonite decreases as the temperature increases under unconfined and confined conditions. At a certain temperature,the constraint conditions have little influence on the water retention capacity of the compacted bentonite at high suction,but the water retention capacity of the confined specimen is lower than that of the unconfined specimen at low suction. Under unconfined conditions,the hysteretic behaviour of the compacted bentonite decreases with increasing temperature. At high suction(>4 MPa) ,the hysteretic behaviour of the unconfined bentonite tends to increase with the decrease of the suction. In summary,the hysteretic behaviour of the compacted bentonite is not significant.展开更多
The adsorption of the bentonite toward Ni(II) from aqueous solution was studied to obtain optimum conditions,equilibrium model,thermodynamic and kinetic parameters.Statistical method was used to evaluate maximum amoun...The adsorption of the bentonite toward Ni(II) from aqueous solution was studied to obtain optimum conditions,equilibrium model,thermodynamic and kinetic parameters.Statistical method was used to evaluate maximum amount of adsorbed Ni(II).In this work,p H of solution during stirring,contact time,initial Ni(II) concentration,particle size of bentonite and amount of bentonite were considered as effective parameters which should be examined.The increase of temperature has negative effect on the Ni(II) adsorption.The equilibrium data were correlated well with Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models the correlation coefficients of which are(R^2) 0.994 and 0.971,respectively.This model indicates heterogeneous and chemical absorption or ion exchange process.The values of thermodynamic parameters such as ΔH°,ΔS° and ΔG° of nickel adsorption reveal that it is a spontaneous,exothermic and associative process.The experimental data fit the pseudo-second-order kinetic very well with correlation coefficient(R^2) more than 0.995.展开更多
Soil-bentonite （SB） vertical slurry cutoff wall is a useful treatment for urban industrial contaminated sites. Due to the clay-heavy metal interaction, significant changes would occur in the engineering behavior of ...Soil-bentonite （SB） vertical slurry cutoff wall is a useful treatment for urban industrial contaminated sites. Due to the clay-heavy metal interaction, significant changes would occur in the engineering behavior of SB cutoff walls. However, previous study is limited to kaolinitic soils or montmorillonitic soils along using solidum chloride and/or calcium chloride as target contaminant. In this work, a series of oedometer tests were conducted to investigate the effects of lead （Pb） on the compressibility and the permeability of kaolin-bentonite （KB） mixtures, a simplified model of in-situ SB cutoff wall backfills. In addition, sedimentation tests were conducted to interpret the mechanism controlling the change of compressibility and permeability from the perspective of soil fabric. The Pb-contaminated KB mixtures for oedometer tests and sedimentation tests were prepared with bentonite contents of 0, 5%, 10%, and 15% by dry mass, and they were mixed with pre-determined volume of lead nitrate solution based on designed Pb concentration and solid-to-solution ratio. The Pb concentration was controlled as 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10, and 50 mg/g with a solid-to-solution ratio of approximate 0.5. The prepared KB mixtures with bentonite contents of 0, 5%, and 10% were chosen for the sedimentation tests. They were freeze-dried and mixed with DDI with a solid-to-solution ratio of 10 g/100 mL. The results indicate that pH, compressibility, and permeability of KB mixture changed considerably with respect to Pb concentration. It is concluded that the fabric of KB mixture, depending on the particle-particle interaction subjected to different ranges of pH and Pb concentration, governs the sedimentation behavior and permeability. The results of liquid limit （WE） cannot be explained in terms of the sedimentation behavior since it is only ionic-dependent.展开更多
Laboratory swelling deformation tests were carried out on compacted GMZ bentonite and bentonite-sand mixtures with 30%and 50%sand contents at 20,40,60,80 and 90°C with infiltration of distilled water.Influence of...Laboratory swelling deformation tests were carried out on compacted GMZ bentonite and bentonite-sand mixtures with 30%and 50%sand contents at 20,40,60,80 and 90°C with infiltration of distilled water.Influence of temperature,initial dry density,and quartz sand content on the swelling deformation characteristic of compacted bentonite specimens was analyzed.Results indicate that the swelling deformation process is accelerated,and the maximum swelling strain increases with the increase in temperature,while the maximum swelling strain tends to be stable with increasing temperature.In the meantime,the temperature effects depend on both of the sand content and the initial dry density of the specimens,the increases of the maximum swelling strain induced by increasing temperature,are enlarged by increasing sand content or initial dry density.Adding of quartz sand to bentonite not only influences the integrality of bentonite specimen,but also increase the microfissuring in area on quartz sand,which are advantageous to the heat transfer,leading to the increase of swelling deformation capacity of the specimen.The increased dry density relatively increases the bentonite content,so the swelling property is enhanced.However,no change on mineral composition of bentonite was observed when temperature was changed from 20 to 90°C.展开更多
In the present work, a novel heterogeneous photo-Fenton catalyst was prepared by iron and cerium pillared bentonite. The catalyst Fe-Ce/bentonite was characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, X-ray fluorescence （XR...In the present work, a novel heterogeneous photo-Fenton catalyst was prepared by iron and cerium pillared bentonite. The catalyst Fe-Ce/bentonite was characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, X-ray fluorescence （XRF）, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller （BET） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） methods. It is found that Fe and Ce intercalate into the silicate layers of bentonite successfully. Tetracycline was removed by heterogeneous photo-Fenton reaction using the catalyst in this work. The effects of different reaction systems, hydrogen peroxide concentration, initial pH, catalyst dosage, UV power and introduction of different anions on degradation were investigated in details. The stability of catalyst was investigated through recycling experiment. The results show that removal rate of tetracycline is 98.13% under the conditions of 15 mmol/L H202, 0.50 g/L catalyst dosage, initial pH 3.0, 11 W UV lamp power and 60 min reaction time. However, the removal rate decreases after adding some anions. The hydroxyl radical plays an important role in heterogeneous photo-assisted Fenton degradation of tetracycline. The catalyst is very stable and can be recycled many times.展开更多
Nanocomposites of zinc/bentonite clay were synthesized for use as an antibacterial material by a quick and simple alkaline ion exchange method. The synthesis of zinc doped bentonite nanocomposite was accomplished by p...Nanocomposites of zinc/bentonite clay were synthesized for use as an antibacterial material by a quick and simple alkaline ion exchange method. The synthesis of zinc doped bentonite nanocomposite was accomplished by placing bentonite in a melting bath of ZnSO4 for 10, 20, 40, 60 and 90 rain. The complexes were characterized by XRD, SEM and DRS. XRD analyses and SEM observations confirmed the diffusion of zinc to the clay surfaces. Antibacterial activity tests against Escherichia coli showed that bentonite did not present any antibacterial properties, but after alkaline ion exchange treatment, inhibition was noted. The highest antibacterial activity was observed with ZnO/bentonite composite alkaline ion exchange for 60 and 90 rain. Interestingly, the leaching test indicated that ZnO/bentonite did not present any risk for drinking water treatment.展开更多
A laboratory one-dimensional consolidation apparatus was employed to research the swelling stress and volume of the sand-bentonite mixture under immersed conditions. The stress-strain characteristics of mixtures under...A laboratory one-dimensional consolidation apparatus was employed to research the swelling stress and volume of the sand-bentonite mixture under immersed conditions. The stress-strain characteristics of mixtures under varied mixing ratios and loading statuses were analyzed. Based on the results of tests, the mechanism of mixture swelling and collapsing was further discussed. The results show that mixtures with low sand ratios are suitable as hydraulic barrier or containment barriers of general landfills, geological repository and other hydraulic infrastructure works.展开更多
Bentonite has been considered as the buffer material for embedding canisters with high-level radioactive waste(HLW)in the deep geology repositories.GMZ bentonite deposit which is located in Xinghe County,Inner Mongoli...Bentonite has been considered as the buffer material for embedding canisters with high-level radioactive waste(HLW)in the deep geology repositories.GMZ bentonite deposit which is located in Xinghe County,Inner Mongolia has been proposed as buffer/backfill material for HLW repository in China.Liquid limit of natural Na-bentonite GMZ01 and commercial Na-bentonite MX80 which were previously put in the oven at 80℃and 95℃,and exposed to water for different times were measured.The liquid limit of GMZ01 increased slightly at the beginning,and then decreased as the heating time increased.展开更多
After the sewage treatment, putting the wet sludge in which the heavy metal content is extremely low, corrupt and broken straw, bentonite, urea in proportioning according to the certain ratio, mixing well-distributed,...After the sewage treatment, putting the wet sludge in which the heavy metal content is extremely low, corrupt and broken straw, bentonite, urea in proportioning according to the certain ratio, mixing well-distributed, taking the shape of Nitrogen slow-release fertilizers, doing the dynamic bioleaching test by the method of Artificial rainfall simulation, researching the slow-release characteristic, water retention. When the mass ratio of the wet sludge whose water content is 82.5%: bentonite: corrupt and broken straw: urea is 62.5: 12.5: 12.5: 12.5, drip washing the 10g Nitrogen slow-release fertilizers by the 80ml distilled water after 48h, the residue rate of urea is 29.63%; Under the room temperature of 25 ℃, 77%RH, moisture evaporate 46.32% after 60 h. The results demonstrate that the slow-release fertilizer has a good release-effect of nitrogen and water conservation effect. It provides the basic for the development and application of the sewage in the aspect of Nitrogen slow-release fertilizers.展开更多
The Chinese government has decided that the installed capacity of nuclear power plants(NPP)will reach 40 GW by the year of 2020,while other 18 GW under construction,and the electricity produced by NPPs will make up 4%...The Chinese government has decided that the installed capacity of nuclear power plants(NPP)will reach 40 GW by the year of 2020,while other 18 GW under construction,and the electricity produced by NPPs will make up 4%of the whole installed capacity.In such case,the spent fuel generated from those NPPs will reach 82630 tons by 2050.The Chinese policy is that,the spent fuel from light water reactors will be reprocessed first.展开更多
Bentonites consisting mainly of montmorillonite are widely utilized in various applications. However, natural bentonites contain many kinds of impurities such as quartz, cristobalite, feldspar, zeolite, calcite etc., ...Bentonites consisting mainly of montmorillonite are widely utilized in various applications. However, natural bentonites contain many kinds of impurities such as quartz, cristobalite, feldspar, zeolite, calcite etc., which can decrease the performance of bentonite. Furthermore, quartz and cristobalite are carcinogenic. Therefore purification of bentonite is critical to its applications. Among the impurities in bentonite, cristobalite is the most difficult one to get rid of because of its tiny particle size and aggregation state.展开更多
Background Cotton charcoal rot disease,caused by Macrophomina phaseolina,is a major threat to cotton production in Israel and globally,leading to severe yield loss due to post-flowering plant collapse.Current manageme...Background Cotton charcoal rot disease,caused by Macrophomina phaseolina,is a major threat to cotton production in Israel and globally,leading to severe yield loss due to post-flowering plant collapse.Current management relies heavily on chemical fungicides.However,rising environmental concerns and fungicide resistance underscore the need for sustainable alternatives.This study evaluated novel clay-based formulations for the controlled release of azoxystrobin(AS).The approach aims to protect cotton during the sensitive early growth stages when pathogen penetration and colonization occur.Two types of clay carriers—bentonite(montmorillonite)and sepiolite—were tested for their ability to deliver AS effectively.Results While seedlings grown in the greenhouse showed minimal visible symptoms at the disease latent stage,quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that both formulations effectively suppressed root infection,reducing M.phaseolina DNA levels by 81%.In a full-season open-enclosure trial,bentonite-AS treatment exhibited reduced efficacy,possibly due to phytotoxicity at the tested concentration.In contrast,the sepiolite-AS treatment increased flower bud number by 87%and reduced pathogen infection by up to 92%at 68 days post-sowing,although these effects were not statistically significant due to high variability.At harvest,sepiolite-AS and bentonite alone increased shoot dry weight per plant by 129%and 128%,respectively,and reduced pathogen DNA levels by 63%and 69%,respectively.Conclusion Overall,although environmental variability led to statistical insignificance,the findings support the clay-AS approach,especially sepiolite,as an effective means to prevent early infection and reduce late-season disease outbreaks.This formulation holds promise for seed coating or sowing strip applications,offering a practical,eco-friendly approach that can be integrated with biological control to reduce chemical inputs across diverse cultivation systems.展开更多
基金Projects(40772180, 40572161, 40802064) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject ([2007]831) supported by Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense of China+3 种基金Project(07JJ4012) supported by Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(20080430680) supported by China Postdoctoral Science FoundationProject(08R214155) supported by Shanghai Postdoctoral Scientific Program of ChinaProject(B308) supported by Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project of China
文摘Laboratory tests under different constraint conditions were carried out to obtain the soil-water retention curves(SWRCs) of highly-compacted confined/unconfined Gaomiaozi(GMZ) bentonite at 20,40 and 80 ℃,respectively. The effect of temperature on the soil-water characteristics of the highly-compacted GMZ bentonite was analyzed. The results show that the water retention capacity of the highly-compacted GMZ bentonite decreases as the temperature increases under unconfined and confined conditions. At a certain temperature,the constraint conditions have little influence on the water retention capacity of the compacted bentonite at high suction,but the water retention capacity of the confined specimen is lower than that of the unconfined specimen at low suction. Under unconfined conditions,the hysteretic behaviour of the compacted bentonite decreases with increasing temperature. At high suction(>4 MPa) ,the hysteretic behaviour of the unconfined bentonite tends to increase with the decrease of the suction. In summary,the hysteretic behaviour of the compacted bentonite is not significant.
文摘The adsorption of the bentonite toward Ni(II) from aqueous solution was studied to obtain optimum conditions,equilibrium model,thermodynamic and kinetic parameters.Statistical method was used to evaluate maximum amount of adsorbed Ni(II).In this work,p H of solution during stirring,contact time,initial Ni(II) concentration,particle size of bentonite and amount of bentonite were considered as effective parameters which should be examined.The increase of temperature has negative effect on the Ni(II) adsorption.The equilibrium data were correlated well with Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models the correlation coefficients of which are(R^2) 0.994 and 0.971,respectively.This model indicates heterogeneous and chemical absorption or ion exchange process.The values of thermodynamic parameters such as ΔH°,ΔS° and ΔG° of nickel adsorption reveal that it is a spontaneous,exothermic and associative process.The experimental data fit the pseudo-second-order kinetic very well with correlation coefficient(R^2) more than 0.995.
基金Project(51278100) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProjects(BK2010060, BK2012022) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, ChinaProject(103) supported by the Scientific Innovation Research of University Graduate Students of Jiangsu Province, China
文摘Soil-bentonite （SB） vertical slurry cutoff wall is a useful treatment for urban industrial contaminated sites. Due to the clay-heavy metal interaction, significant changes would occur in the engineering behavior of SB cutoff walls. However, previous study is limited to kaolinitic soils or montmorillonitic soils along using solidum chloride and/or calcium chloride as target contaminant. In this work, a series of oedometer tests were conducted to investigate the effects of lead （Pb） on the compressibility and the permeability of kaolin-bentonite （KB） mixtures, a simplified model of in-situ SB cutoff wall backfills. In addition, sedimentation tests were conducted to interpret the mechanism controlling the change of compressibility and permeability from the perspective of soil fabric. The Pb-contaminated KB mixtures for oedometer tests and sedimentation tests were prepared with bentonite contents of 0, 5%, 10%, and 15% by dry mass, and they were mixed with pre-determined volume of lead nitrate solution based on designed Pb concentration and solid-to-solution ratio. The Pb concentration was controlled as 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10, and 50 mg/g with a solid-to-solution ratio of approximate 0.5. The prepared KB mixtures with bentonite contents of 0, 5%, and 10% were chosen for the sedimentation tests. They were freeze-dried and mixed with DDI with a solid-to-solution ratio of 10 g/100 mL. The results indicate that pH, compressibility, and permeability of KB mixture changed considerably with respect to Pb concentration. It is concluded that the fabric of KB mixture, depending on the particle-particle interaction subjected to different ranges of pH and Pb concentration, governs the sedimentation behavior and permeability. The results of liquid limit （WE） cannot be explained in terms of the sedimentation behavior since it is only ionic-dependent.
基金Project (41402260) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject (20136101120006) supported by the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education,China
文摘Laboratory swelling deformation tests were carried out on compacted GMZ bentonite and bentonite-sand mixtures with 30%and 50%sand contents at 20,40,60,80 and 90°C with infiltration of distilled water.Influence of temperature,initial dry density,and quartz sand content on the swelling deformation characteristic of compacted bentonite specimens was analyzed.Results indicate that the swelling deformation process is accelerated,and the maximum swelling strain increases with the increase in temperature,while the maximum swelling strain tends to be stable with increasing temperature.In the meantime,the temperature effects depend on both of the sand content and the initial dry density of the specimens,the increases of the maximum swelling strain induced by increasing temperature,are enlarged by increasing sand content or initial dry density.Adding of quartz sand to bentonite not only influences the integrality of bentonite specimen,but also increase the microfissuring in area on quartz sand,which are advantageous to the heat transfer,leading to the increase of swelling deformation capacity of the specimen.The increased dry density relatively increases the bentonite content,so the swelling property is enhanced.However,no change on mineral composition of bentonite was observed when temperature was changed from 20 to 90°C.
基金Project(51004053)supported by National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2009J01033)supported by Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,China+2 种基金Project(3502Z20116008)supported by the Science and Technology Research Project of Xiamen City,ChinaProject(JA11146)supported by Program for Fostering Distinguished Young Scholars in University of Fujian Province,ChinaProject(2011B003)supported by the Foundation for Young Professors of Jimei University,China
文摘In the present work, a novel heterogeneous photo-Fenton catalyst was prepared by iron and cerium pillared bentonite. The catalyst Fe-Ce/bentonite was characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, X-ray fluorescence （XRF）, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller （BET） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） methods. It is found that Fe and Ce intercalate into the silicate layers of bentonite successfully. Tetracycline was removed by heterogeneous photo-Fenton reaction using the catalyst in this work. The effects of different reaction systems, hydrogen peroxide concentration, initial pH, catalyst dosage, UV power and introduction of different anions on degradation were investigated in details. The stability of catalyst was investigated through recycling experiment. The results show that removal rate of tetracycline is 98.13% under the conditions of 15 mmol/L H202, 0.50 g/L catalyst dosage, initial pH 3.0, 11 W UV lamp power and 60 min reaction time. However, the removal rate decreases after adding some anions. The hydroxyl radical plays an important role in heterogeneous photo-assisted Fenton degradation of tetracycline. The catalyst is very stable and can be recycled many times.
文摘Nanocomposites of zinc/bentonite clay were synthesized for use as an antibacterial material by a quick and simple alkaline ion exchange method. The synthesis of zinc doped bentonite nanocomposite was accomplished by placing bentonite in a melting bath of ZnSO4 for 10, 20, 40, 60 and 90 rain. The complexes were characterized by XRD, SEM and DRS. XRD analyses and SEM observations confirmed the diffusion of zinc to the clay surfaces. Antibacterial activity tests against Escherichia coli showed that bentonite did not present any antibacterial properties, but after alkaline ion exchange treatment, inhibition was noted. The highest antibacterial activity was observed with ZnO/bentonite composite alkaline ion exchange for 60 and 90 rain. Interestingly, the leaching test indicated that ZnO/bentonite did not present any risk for drinking water treatment.
文摘A laboratory one-dimensional consolidation apparatus was employed to research the swelling stress and volume of the sand-bentonite mixture under immersed conditions. The stress-strain characteristics of mixtures under varied mixing ratios and loading statuses were analyzed. Based on the results of tests, the mechanism of mixture swelling and collapsing was further discussed. The results show that mixtures with low sand ratios are suitable as hydraulic barrier or containment barriers of general landfills, geological repository and other hydraulic infrastructure works.
文摘Bentonite has been considered as the buffer material for embedding canisters with high-level radioactive waste(HLW)in the deep geology repositories.GMZ bentonite deposit which is located in Xinghe County,Inner Mongolia has been proposed as buffer/backfill material for HLW repository in China.Liquid limit of natural Na-bentonite GMZ01 and commercial Na-bentonite MX80 which were previously put in the oven at 80℃and 95℃,and exposed to water for different times were measured.The liquid limit of GMZ01 increased slightly at the beginning,and then decreased as the heating time increased.
文摘After the sewage treatment, putting the wet sludge in which the heavy metal content is extremely low, corrupt and broken straw, bentonite, urea in proportioning according to the certain ratio, mixing well-distributed, taking the shape of Nitrogen slow-release fertilizers, doing the dynamic bioleaching test by the method of Artificial rainfall simulation, researching the slow-release characteristic, water retention. When the mass ratio of the wet sludge whose water content is 82.5%: bentonite: corrupt and broken straw: urea is 62.5: 12.5: 12.5: 12.5, drip washing the 10g Nitrogen slow-release fertilizers by the 80ml distilled water after 48h, the residue rate of urea is 29.63%; Under the room temperature of 25 ℃, 77%RH, moisture evaporate 46.32% after 60 h. The results demonstrate that the slow-release fertilizer has a good release-effect of nitrogen and water conservation effect. It provides the basic for the development and application of the sewage in the aspect of Nitrogen slow-release fertilizers.
文摘The Chinese government has decided that the installed capacity of nuclear power plants(NPP)will reach 40 GW by the year of 2020,while other 18 GW under construction,and the electricity produced by NPPs will make up 4%of the whole installed capacity.In such case,the spent fuel generated from those NPPs will reach 82630 tons by 2050.The Chinese policy is that,the spent fuel from light water reactors will be reprocessed first.
文摘Bentonites consisting mainly of montmorillonite are widely utilized in various applications. However, natural bentonites contain many kinds of impurities such as quartz, cristobalite, feldspar, zeolite, calcite etc., which can decrease the performance of bentonite. Furthermore, quartz and cristobalite are carcinogenic. Therefore purification of bentonite is critical to its applications. Among the impurities in bentonite, cristobalite is the most difficult one to get rid of because of its tiny particle size and aggregation state.
基金supported by a one-year research grant (2023) from ICA Israel (Jewish Colonization Association)a two-year grant (2023–2024) from Migal–Galilee Research Institute (Israel)
文摘Background Cotton charcoal rot disease,caused by Macrophomina phaseolina,is a major threat to cotton production in Israel and globally,leading to severe yield loss due to post-flowering plant collapse.Current management relies heavily on chemical fungicides.However,rising environmental concerns and fungicide resistance underscore the need for sustainable alternatives.This study evaluated novel clay-based formulations for the controlled release of azoxystrobin(AS).The approach aims to protect cotton during the sensitive early growth stages when pathogen penetration and colonization occur.Two types of clay carriers—bentonite(montmorillonite)and sepiolite—were tested for their ability to deliver AS effectively.Results While seedlings grown in the greenhouse showed minimal visible symptoms at the disease latent stage,quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that both formulations effectively suppressed root infection,reducing M.phaseolina DNA levels by 81%.In a full-season open-enclosure trial,bentonite-AS treatment exhibited reduced efficacy,possibly due to phytotoxicity at the tested concentration.In contrast,the sepiolite-AS treatment increased flower bud number by 87%and reduced pathogen infection by up to 92%at 68 days post-sowing,although these effects were not statistically significant due to high variability.At harvest,sepiolite-AS and bentonite alone increased shoot dry weight per plant by 129%and 128%,respectively,and reduced pathogen DNA levels by 63%and 69%,respectively.Conclusion Overall,although environmental variability led to statistical insignificance,the findings support the clay-AS approach,especially sepiolite,as an effective means to prevent early infection and reduce late-season disease outbreaks.This formulation holds promise for seed coating or sowing strip applications,offering a practical,eco-friendly approach that can be integrated with biological control to reduce chemical inputs across diverse cultivation systems.
