Long-rod penetration in a wide range ol" velocity means that the initial impact velocity varies in a range from tens of meters per second to several kilometers per second.The long rods maintain rigid state when t...Long-rod penetration in a wide range ol" velocity means that the initial impact velocity varies in a range from tens of meters per second to several kilometers per second.The long rods maintain rigid state when the impact velocity is low,the nose of rod deforms and even is blunted when the velocity gets higher,and the nose erodes and fails to lead to the consumption of long projectile when the velocity is very high clue to instantaneous high pressure.That is,from low velocity to high velocity,the projectile undergoes rigid rods,deforming non-erosive rods,and erosive rods.Because of the complicated changes of the projectile,no well-established theoretical model and numerical simulation have been used to study the transition zone.Based on the analysis of penetration behavior in the transition zone,a phenomenological model to describe target resistance and a formula to calculate penetration depth in transition zone are proposed,and a method to obtain the boundary velocity of transition zone is determined.A combined theoretical analysis model for three response regions is built by analyzing the characteristics in these regions.The penetration depth predicted by this combined model is in good agreement with experimental result.展开更多
基于2010~2019年ERA5单层再分析资料,结合安徽省淮南森林观测站2016年5月1日至2017年4月30日的大气边界层塔(PBL塔)观测资料,驱动陆面模式CLM4.5(Community Land Model Version 4.5),模拟了淮南山地森林下垫面上的陆面过程,并比较分析...基于2010~2019年ERA5单层再分析资料,结合安徽省淮南森林观测站2016年5月1日至2017年4月30日的大气边界层塔(PBL塔)观测资料,驱动陆面模式CLM4.5(Community Land Model Version 4.5),模拟了淮南山地森林下垫面上的陆面过程,并比较分析了不同驱动场对其影响,同时设计了土壤质地对土壤湿度影响的三个模拟试验。结果表明,CLM4.5对淮南森林陆气交换过程表现了较好的模拟性能,PBL塔观测资料驱动的总体模拟效果优于ERA5再分析资料的。在辐射模拟方面,CLM4.5利用ERA5资料和PBL塔观测资料,都很好地模拟了辐射分量,特别是PBL塔观测资料驱动的全年模拟结果与观测相关系数达0.97以上,均方根误差在25.056 W m^(-2)以下。ERA5再分析资料强迫模拟的相关系数略低,但也达到了0.92,均方根误差在29.939 W m^(-2)以下。在土壤温度模拟方面,相关系数都达到0.98以上;土壤湿度模拟的相关系数都在0.86以上,但系统性偏高;对感热通量的模拟全年平均的相关系数分别为0.72和0.78。实测的三层土壤质地加上深层给定的土壤质地的数据对土壤湿度的模拟结果与观测最为接近,土壤质地的准确描述可以大幅提高土壤湿度的模拟。本研究发现ERA5单层再分析资料在淮南森林站精度较好,可以应用于该山地森林区域陆—气交换过程的模拟研究。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11302031,11371069,11372053)
文摘Long-rod penetration in a wide range ol" velocity means that the initial impact velocity varies in a range from tens of meters per second to several kilometers per second.The long rods maintain rigid state when the impact velocity is low,the nose of rod deforms and even is blunted when the velocity gets higher,and the nose erodes and fails to lead to the consumption of long projectile when the velocity is very high clue to instantaneous high pressure.That is,from low velocity to high velocity,the projectile undergoes rigid rods,deforming non-erosive rods,and erosive rods.Because of the complicated changes of the projectile,no well-established theoretical model and numerical simulation have been used to study the transition zone.Based on the analysis of penetration behavior in the transition zone,a phenomenological model to describe target resistance and a formula to calculate penetration depth in transition zone are proposed,and a method to obtain the boundary velocity of transition zone is determined.A combined theoretical analysis model for three response regions is built by analyzing the characteristics in these regions.The penetration depth predicted by this combined model is in good agreement with experimental result.
文摘基于2010~2019年ERA5单层再分析资料,结合安徽省淮南森林观测站2016年5月1日至2017年4月30日的大气边界层塔(PBL塔)观测资料,驱动陆面模式CLM4.5(Community Land Model Version 4.5),模拟了淮南山地森林下垫面上的陆面过程,并比较分析了不同驱动场对其影响,同时设计了土壤质地对土壤湿度影响的三个模拟试验。结果表明,CLM4.5对淮南森林陆气交换过程表现了较好的模拟性能,PBL塔观测资料驱动的总体模拟效果优于ERA5再分析资料的。在辐射模拟方面,CLM4.5利用ERA5资料和PBL塔观测资料,都很好地模拟了辐射分量,特别是PBL塔观测资料驱动的全年模拟结果与观测相关系数达0.97以上,均方根误差在25.056 W m^(-2)以下。ERA5再分析资料强迫模拟的相关系数略低,但也达到了0.92,均方根误差在29.939 W m^(-2)以下。在土壤温度模拟方面,相关系数都达到0.98以上;土壤湿度模拟的相关系数都在0.86以上,但系统性偏高;对感热通量的模拟全年平均的相关系数分别为0.72和0.78。实测的三层土壤质地加上深层给定的土壤质地的数据对土壤湿度的模拟结果与观测最为接近,土壤质地的准确描述可以大幅提高土壤湿度的模拟。本研究发现ERA5单层再分析资料在淮南森林站精度较好,可以应用于该山地森林区域陆—气交换过程的模拟研究。
