量子计算机的深入研究已经威胁到基于离散对数和大整数分解问题的传统公钥密码,美国国家标准与技术研究院(National Institute of Standards and Technology,NIST)于2017年开始了后量子密码算法征集,希望从全球提交的算法中评选出可以...量子计算机的深入研究已经威胁到基于离散对数和大整数分解问题的传统公钥密码,美国国家标准与技术研究院(National Institute of Standards and Technology,NIST)于2017年开始了后量子密码算法征集,希望从全球提交的算法中评选出可以代替传统公钥密码的后量子公钥密码标准。在征集的后量子密码算法中,基于格的密码算法占比最多,基于格的密码算法具有抵抗量子算法攻击、困难问题存在“最坏情形”到“平均情形”的安全归约、计算简单等优势,是后量子密码算法中最具应用前景的密码算法。目前为止,提交的基于格的密钥封装算法均需要去随机化、误差采样等操作。去随机化即将底层概率性加密算法,通过引入随机喻言机模型(Random Oracle Model,ROM),将加密算法转化为确定性算法,以实现量子随机喻言机模型下的安全归约。误差采样指模空间上的离散高斯采样,在基于格的公钥加密中,通常需要特殊的算法设计,以满足加密算法性能与安全性需求。去随机化和误差采样操作既降低了算法运行效率,又增加了遭受侧信道攻击的风险。本文基于格的单向陷门函数,设计并实现了高效密钥封装算法,算法避免了去随机化和误差采样等操作,从算法设计层面提升了方案的效率。首先,本文提出了针对密钥封装算法设计场景的格上单向陷门优化技术,显著减小了格陷门的长度;其次,基于优化的格上陷门单向函数,构造了高效的量子随机喻言机模型(Quantum Random Oracle Model,QROM)下选择密文攻击不可区分安全(Indistinguishability against Chosen Ciphertext,IND-CCA)的密钥封装方案;最后,对密钥封装方案进行了攻击分析和实用参数设置分析,并对方案进行了软件实现和性能分析。展开更多
Quantum cryptography and quantum search algorithm are considered as two important research topics in quantum information science.An asymmetrical quantum encryption protocol based on the properties of quantum one-way f...Quantum cryptography and quantum search algorithm are considered as two important research topics in quantum information science.An asymmetrical quantum encryption protocol based on the properties of quantum one-way function and quantum search algorithm is proposed.Depending on the no-cloning theorem and trapdoor one-way functions of the publickey,the eavesdropper cannot extract any private-information from the public-keys and the ciphertext.Introducing key-generation randomized logarithm to improve security of our proposed protocol,i.e.,one privatekey corresponds to an exponential number of public-keys.Using unitary operations and the single photon measurement,secret messages can be directly sent from the sender to the receiver.The security of the proposed protocol is proved that it is informationtheoretically secure.Furthermore,compared the symmetrical Quantum key distribution,the proposed protocol is not only efficient to reduce additional communication,but also easier to carry out in practice,because no entangled photons and complex operations are required.展开更多
文摘量子计算机的深入研究已经威胁到基于离散对数和大整数分解问题的传统公钥密码,美国国家标准与技术研究院(National Institute of Standards and Technology,NIST)于2017年开始了后量子密码算法征集,希望从全球提交的算法中评选出可以代替传统公钥密码的后量子公钥密码标准。在征集的后量子密码算法中,基于格的密码算法占比最多,基于格的密码算法具有抵抗量子算法攻击、困难问题存在“最坏情形”到“平均情形”的安全归约、计算简单等优势,是后量子密码算法中最具应用前景的密码算法。目前为止,提交的基于格的密钥封装算法均需要去随机化、误差采样等操作。去随机化即将底层概率性加密算法,通过引入随机喻言机模型(Random Oracle Model,ROM),将加密算法转化为确定性算法,以实现量子随机喻言机模型下的安全归约。误差采样指模空间上的离散高斯采样,在基于格的公钥加密中,通常需要特殊的算法设计,以满足加密算法性能与安全性需求。去随机化和误差采样操作既降低了算法运行效率,又增加了遭受侧信道攻击的风险。本文基于格的单向陷门函数,设计并实现了高效密钥封装算法,算法避免了去随机化和误差采样等操作,从算法设计层面提升了方案的效率。首先,本文提出了针对密钥封装算法设计场景的格上单向陷门优化技术,显著减小了格陷门的长度;其次,基于优化的格上陷门单向函数,构造了高效的量子随机喻言机模型(Quantum Random Oracle Model,QROM)下选择密文攻击不可区分安全(Indistinguishability against Chosen Ciphertext,IND-CCA)的密钥封装方案;最后,对密钥封装方案进行了攻击分析和实用参数设置分析,并对方案进行了软件实现和性能分析。
基金This work was supported in part by the program for Innovation Team Building at Institutions of Higher Education in Chongqing under Grant No.KJTD201310，the Scientific and Technological Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission of China under Grant KJ120513，Natural Science Foundation Project of CQ CSTC of P.R.China under Grant No.cstc2011jjA40031
文摘Quantum cryptography and quantum search algorithm are considered as two important research topics in quantum information science.An asymmetrical quantum encryption protocol based on the properties of quantum one-way function and quantum search algorithm is proposed.Depending on the no-cloning theorem and trapdoor one-way functions of the publickey,the eavesdropper cannot extract any private-information from the public-keys and the ciphertext.Introducing key-generation randomized logarithm to improve security of our proposed protocol,i.e.,one privatekey corresponds to an exponential number of public-keys.Using unitary operations and the single photon measurement,secret messages can be directly sent from the sender to the receiver.The security of the proposed protocol is proved that it is informationtheoretically secure.Furthermore,compared the symmetrical Quantum key distribution,the proposed protocol is not only efficient to reduce additional communication,but also easier to carry out in practice,because no entangled photons and complex operations are required.
