Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter(BCDOM),an essential component of biochar,plays a vital role in regulating the physicochemical and biological properties of soils during biochar application.However,the influenc...Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter(BCDOM),an essential component of biochar,plays a vital role in regulating the physicochemical and biological properties of soils during biochar application.However,the influence of BCDOM on soil organisms has not been clearly explained.Hence,this review aims to discuss the factors affecting BCDOM and its interaction with soil substances including organic pollutants,heavy metals,and microorganisms.Results displayed that the quantity of BCDOM ranges from 0.17 to 37.03 mg/g,which was influenced by feedstock,preparation methods of biochar,and extraction methods.With the decrease in lignin content of feedstocks,carbonization temperature,and acidity of extraction solution,the content of BCDOM increased.Through complexation and adsorption,protein-like components in BCDOM interact with heavy metals,promoting the adsorption and immobilization of heavy metals onto biochar.Furthermore,BCDOM enhances the adsorption of organic pollutants by biochar throughπ−πinteractions,hydrogen bonding,and redox processes.More importantly,BCDOM promotes plant growth by enhancing microbial activities,providing nutrients,and improving soil properties.However,the transport and fate of BCDOM in soil have not been well studied,and more researches are needed to explore the interaction mechanisms between BCDOM and soil organisms.展开更多
The effects of cyanidation conditions on gold dissolution were studied by artificial neural network （ANN） modeling. Eighty-five datasets were used to estimate the gold dissolution. Six input parameters, time, solid ...The effects of cyanidation conditions on gold dissolution were studied by artificial neural network （ANN） modeling. Eighty-five datasets were used to estimate the gold dissolution. Six input parameters, time, solid percentage, P50 of particle, NaCN content in cyanide media, temperature of solution and pH value were used. For selecting the best model, the outputs of models were compared with measured data. A fourth-layer ANN is found to be optimum with architecture of twenty, fifteen, ten and five neurons in the first, second, third and fourth hidden layers, respectively, and one neuron in output layer. The results of artificial neural network show that the square correlation coefficients （R2） of training, testing and validating data achieve 0.999 1, 0.996 4 and 0.9981, respectively. Sensitivity analysis shows that the highest and lowest effects on the gold dissolution rise from time and pH, respectively It is verified that the predicted values of ANN coincide well with the experimental results.展开更多
Kinetic parameters of the electrode reactions were measured by investigating steady-state current-potential behaviors. The results show that the apparent transfer coefficient of anodic process is 0.0582, diffusion coe...Kinetic parameters of the electrode reactions were measured by investigating steady-state current-potential behaviors. The results show that the apparent transfer coefficient of anodic process is 0.0582, diffusion coefficient of thiourea gold complex is 6.04×10~ -6 cm^2/s,anodic reaction order of thiourea is 2.0183, and anodic reaction order of OH^- is 0.0166. The theoretical kinetics equation of gold dissolving in alkaline thiourea solution is deduced, which indicates that anodic reaction order of thiourea is 2, and anodic reaction order of OH^- is 0. The theoretical values of the kinetic parameters are consistent with experimental values very well. The correctness of the mechanism is further demonstrated using apparent transfer coefficient according to the electrochemical dynamic equation of multi-electron reaction.展开更多
For developing new binder phase with high performance, Co-Ni-Fe alloy was used as binder in cemented carbides. The mechanical properties of WC-CoNiFe and WC-Co cemented carbides with different grain sizes were studied...For developing new binder phase with high performance, Co-Ni-Fe alloy was used as binder in cemented carbides. The mechanical properties of WC-CoNiFe and WC-Co cemented carbides with different grain sizes were studied. The results show that the reprecipitation of WC-CoNiFe is inhibited compared with that of WC-Co during sintering process, and the grains in WC-CoNiFe cemented carbides are more of smooth shape, resulting in a slightly lower hardness and higher transverse rupture strength. With the increase of the grain size, the hardness of the two cemented carbides decreases, and the transverse rupture strength increases. However, the slope values of K in Hall-Petch relationship are higher in WC-CoNiFe than those in WC-Co, indicating the high toughness of medium entropy alloy Co-Ni-Fe.展开更多
Reaction mechanism of gold dissolving in alkaline thiourea solution was studied by electrochemical methods, such as cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry, AC impedance, linear sweep voltammetry. Apparent activation ...Reaction mechanism of gold dissolving in alkaline thiourea solution was studied by electrochemical methods, such as cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry, AC impedance, linear sweep voltammetry. Apparent activation energy of anodic process of gold electrode dissolving in alkaline thiourea solution is 14.91 kJ/moh Rate determining step is the process of gold thiourea complex diffusing away from electrode surface to solution. The results of AC impedance and chronopotentiometry indicate that thiourea adsorbs on gold electrode surface before dissolving in solution. There does not exist proceeding chemical reactions. Formamidine disulfide, the decomposed product of thiourea, does not participate the process of gold dissolution and thiourea complex. Species with electro-activity produced in the process of electrode reaction adsorbs on the electrode surface. In alkaline thiourea solution, gold dissolving mechanism undergoes the following courses： adsorption of thiourea on electrode surface; charge transfer from gold atom to thiourea molecule; Au[SC（NH2）2]ads^＋ receiving a thiourea molecule and forming stable Au[SC（NH2）2]2^＋; and then Au[SC（NH2）2]2^＋ diffusing away from the electrode surface to solution, the last step is the rate-determining one.展开更多
The gold dissolution in anoxic cyanide solution in the presence of chalcopyrite was studied with a rotating disc electrode.It was found that the presence of chalcopyrite reduced and enhanced the dissolution activity o...The gold dissolution in anoxic cyanide solution in the presence of chalcopyrite was studied with a rotating disc electrode.It was found that the presence of chalcopyrite reduced and enhanced the dissolution activity of pure gold in the low and high potential regions,respectively.The dissolution of gold was diffusion-controlled at low potentials(≤177 mV)and low cyanide concentrations(≤980 mg/L);however,above the cyanide concentration of 980 mg/L,the current density of gold decreased and the dissolution of gold changed from diffusion-control to electrochemical reaction-control.At high potentials(>177 mV),gold dissolution was always controlled by diffusion.In cyanide solution containing chalcopyrite,appropriate increase of pH value and temperature could accelerate the dissolution of gold,but high pH value would promote the generation of passivation,which was harmful for the dissolution of gold in cyanide solution.展开更多
A kinetic study on the sulfuric acid leaching of multi-metal oxide, which is the product of multi-metal copper alloy with iron trioxide roasted in oxygen, was carried out. The effects of leaching time, stirring speed,...A kinetic study on the sulfuric acid leaching of multi-metal oxide, which is the product of multi-metal copper alloy with iron trioxide roasted in oxygen, was carried out. The effects of leaching time, stirring speed, sulfuric acid concentration, reaction temperature, and particle size of the multi-metal oxide on the kinetics and mechanism of copper extraction were studied. It was found that the reaction kinetic model about the copper extraction from multi-metal oxide follows the mixed kinetic shrinking core mode： 1/31n（1-X）＋（1-X）-l/3-1=680.5C（H2SO4）0.4297dp0.75115exp（-Ea/RT）t.展开更多
基金Project(2020YFC1908802)supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China。
文摘Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter(BCDOM),an essential component of biochar,plays a vital role in regulating the physicochemical and biological properties of soils during biochar application.However,the influence of BCDOM on soil organisms has not been clearly explained.Hence,this review aims to discuss the factors affecting BCDOM and its interaction with soil substances including organic pollutants,heavy metals,and microorganisms.Results displayed that the quantity of BCDOM ranges from 0.17 to 37.03 mg/g,which was influenced by feedstock,preparation methods of biochar,and extraction methods.With the decrease in lignin content of feedstocks,carbonization temperature,and acidity of extraction solution,the content of BCDOM increased.Through complexation and adsorption,protein-like components in BCDOM interact with heavy metals,promoting the adsorption and immobilization of heavy metals onto biochar.Furthermore,BCDOM enhances the adsorption of organic pollutants by biochar throughπ−πinteractions,hydrogen bonding,and redox processes.More importantly,BCDOM promotes plant growth by enhancing microbial activities,providing nutrients,and improving soil properties.However,the transport and fate of BCDOM in soil have not been well studied,and more researches are needed to explore the interaction mechanisms between BCDOM and soil organisms.
文摘The effects of cyanidation conditions on gold dissolution were studied by artificial neural network （ANN） modeling. Eighty-five datasets were used to estimate the gold dissolution. Six input parameters, time, solid percentage, P50 of particle, NaCN content in cyanide media, temperature of solution and pH value were used. For selecting the best model, the outputs of models were compared with measured data. A fourth-layer ANN is found to be optimum with architecture of twenty, fifteen, ten and five neurons in the first, second, third and fourth hidden layers, respectively, and one neuron in output layer. The results of artificial neural network show that the square correlation coefficients （R2） of training, testing and validating data achieve 0.999 1, 0.996 4 and 0.9981, respectively. Sensitivity analysis shows that the highest and lowest effects on the gold dissolution rise from time and pH, respectively It is verified that the predicted values of ANN coincide well with the experimental results.
基金Project(50004009) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Kinetic parameters of the electrode reactions were measured by investigating steady-state current-potential behaviors. The results show that the apparent transfer coefficient of anodic process is 0.0582, diffusion coefficient of thiourea gold complex is 6.04×10~ -6 cm^2/s,anodic reaction order of thiourea is 2.0183, and anodic reaction order of OH^- is 0.0166. The theoretical kinetics equation of gold dissolving in alkaline thiourea solution is deduced, which indicates that anodic reaction order of thiourea is 2, and anodic reaction order of OH^- is 0. The theoretical values of the kinetic parameters are consistent with experimental values very well. The correctness of the mechanism is further demonstrated using apparent transfer coefficient according to the electrochemical dynamic equation of multi-electron reaction.
基金Project(51671217)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2016YFB0700302)supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan of China。
文摘For developing new binder phase with high performance, Co-Ni-Fe alloy was used as binder in cemented carbides. The mechanical properties of WC-CoNiFe and WC-Co cemented carbides with different grain sizes were studied. The results show that the reprecipitation of WC-CoNiFe is inhibited compared with that of WC-Co during sintering process, and the grains in WC-CoNiFe cemented carbides are more of smooth shape, resulting in a slightly lower hardness and higher transverse rupture strength. With the increase of the grain size, the hardness of the two cemented carbides decreases, and the transverse rupture strength increases. However, the slope values of K in Hall-Petch relationship are higher in WC-CoNiFe than those in WC-Co, indicating the high toughness of medium entropy alloy Co-Ni-Fe.
基金Project(50004009) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Reaction mechanism of gold dissolving in alkaline thiourea solution was studied by electrochemical methods, such as cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry, AC impedance, linear sweep voltammetry. Apparent activation energy of anodic process of gold electrode dissolving in alkaline thiourea solution is 14.91 kJ/moh Rate determining step is the process of gold thiourea complex diffusing away from electrode surface to solution. The results of AC impedance and chronopotentiometry indicate that thiourea adsorbs on gold electrode surface before dissolving in solution. There does not exist proceeding chemical reactions. Formamidine disulfide, the decomposed product of thiourea, does not participate the process of gold dissolution and thiourea complex. Species with electro-activity produced in the process of electrode reaction adsorbs on the electrode surface. In alkaline thiourea solution, gold dissolving mechanism undergoes the following courses： adsorption of thiourea on electrode surface; charge transfer from gold atom to thiourea molecule; Au[SC（NH2）2]ads^＋ receiving a thiourea molecule and forming stable Au[SC（NH2）2]2^＋; and then Au[SC（NH2）2]2^＋ diffusing away from the electrode surface to solution, the last step is the rate-determining one.
基金Project(51474169)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(18JS061)supported by the Key Laboratory Research Project of Education Department in Shaanxi Province,China。
文摘The gold dissolution in anoxic cyanide solution in the presence of chalcopyrite was studied with a rotating disc electrode.It was found that the presence of chalcopyrite reduced and enhanced the dissolution activity of pure gold in the low and high potential regions,respectively.The dissolution of gold was diffusion-controlled at low potentials(≤177 mV)and low cyanide concentrations(≤980 mg/L);however,above the cyanide concentration of 980 mg/L,the current density of gold decreased and the dissolution of gold changed from diffusion-control to electrochemical reaction-control.At high potentials(>177 mV),gold dissolution was always controlled by diffusion.In cyanide solution containing chalcopyrite,appropriate increase of pH value and temperature could accelerate the dissolution of gold,but high pH value would promote the generation of passivation,which was harmful for the dissolution of gold in cyanide solution.
基金Project(2011AA061003)supported by Hi-Tech Research and Development Program of China
文摘A kinetic study on the sulfuric acid leaching of multi-metal oxide, which is the product of multi-metal copper alloy with iron trioxide roasted in oxygen, was carried out. The effects of leaching time, stirring speed, sulfuric acid concentration, reaction temperature, and particle size of the multi-metal oxide on the kinetics and mechanism of copper extraction were studied. It was found that the reaction kinetic model about the copper extraction from multi-metal oxide follows the mixed kinetic shrinking core mode： 1/31n（1-X）＋（1-X）-l/3-1=680.5C（H2SO4）0.4297dp0.75115exp（-Ea/RT）t.
