Microglia,originating from primitive macrophages in the yolk sac,serves as both immune system defenders and regulators of homeostasis.These cells exhibit two primary polarization states:conventionally activated(M1)and...Microglia,originating from primitive macrophages in the yolk sac,serves as both immune system defenders and regulators of homeostasis.These cells exhibit two primary polarization states:conventionally activated(M1)and alternatively activated(M2).The polarization of microglia plays a crucial role in influencing inflammatory disorders,metabolic imbalances,and neural degeneration.This process is implicated in various aspects of ocular diseases,especially age-related macular degeneration(AMD),including inflammation,oxidative stress and pathological angiogenesis.The distinct functional phenotypes of microglia impact disease progression and prognosis.Thus,regulating the polarization or functional phenotype of microglia at different stages of AMD holds promise for personalized therapeutic approaches.This comprehensive review outlines the involvement of microglia polarization in both physiological and pathological conditions,emphasizing its relevance in AMD.The discussion underscores the potential of polarization as a foundation for personalized treatment strategies for AMD.展开更多
Objective To study the expressions of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 mRNA on cultured rat mesangial cells (MsC) and in human diseased glomeruli, and to explore their significance in the development of glomerulosclerosis. Methods Th...Objective To study the expressions of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 mRNA on cultured rat mesangial cells (MsC) and in human diseased glomeruli, and to explore their significance in the development of glomerulosclerosis. Methods The expressions of MMP-2, TIMP-2, and Col ⅣmRNA on cultured rat MsC stimulated by IL-1 or/and TGF-β1were investigated through Northern blot analysis. The levels of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 mRNA expressions and immunoreacti-vity of PCNA and Col Ⅳin human diseased glomeruli from renal biopsies of lupus nephritis (LN) patients were examined by insituhybridization and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Results The levels of MMP-2, TIMP-2, and Col ⅣmRNA expressions were markedly increased on cultured rat MsC stimulated by IL-1 or/and TGF-β1. Meanwhile, upregulation of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 mRNA expressions was confirmed in diseased glomeruli from patients with various subtypes of LN, and was closely related to the positive cell number of PCNA presentation and deposition of Col Ⅳin glomeruli. Conclusion The results suggest that the over-expressions of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 mRNA on glomerular cells might play a critical role in the development of glomerulosclerosis.展开更多
文摘Microglia,originating from primitive macrophages in the yolk sac,serves as both immune system defenders and regulators of homeostasis.These cells exhibit two primary polarization states:conventionally activated(M1)and alternatively activated(M2).The polarization of microglia plays a crucial role in influencing inflammatory disorders,metabolic imbalances,and neural degeneration.This process is implicated in various aspects of ocular diseases,especially age-related macular degeneration(AMD),including inflammation,oxidative stress and pathological angiogenesis.The distinct functional phenotypes of microglia impact disease progression and prognosis.Thus,regulating the polarization or functional phenotype of microglia at different stages of AMD holds promise for personalized therapeutic approaches.This comprehensive review outlines the involvement of microglia polarization in both physiological and pathological conditions,emphasizing its relevance in AMD.The discussion underscores the potential of polarization as a foundation for personalized treatment strategies for AMD.
基金Supported by Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Develop-ment Funds (01JC14018).
文摘Objective To study the expressions of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 mRNA on cultured rat mesangial cells (MsC) and in human diseased glomeruli, and to explore their significance in the development of glomerulosclerosis. Methods The expressions of MMP-2, TIMP-2, and Col ⅣmRNA on cultured rat MsC stimulated by IL-1 or/and TGF-β1were investigated through Northern blot analysis. The levels of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 mRNA expressions and immunoreacti-vity of PCNA and Col Ⅳin human diseased glomeruli from renal biopsies of lupus nephritis (LN) patients were examined by insituhybridization and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Results The levels of MMP-2, TIMP-2, and Col ⅣmRNA expressions were markedly increased on cultured rat MsC stimulated by IL-1 or/and TGF-β1. Meanwhile, upregulation of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 mRNA expressions was confirmed in diseased glomeruli from patients with various subtypes of LN, and was closely related to the positive cell number of PCNA presentation and deposition of Col Ⅳin glomeruli. Conclusion The results suggest that the over-expressions of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 mRNA on glomerular cells might play a critical role in the development of glomerulosclerosis.
