金属激光增材制造过程中,热应力导致零件发生形变;气孔与熔合不良等缺陷降低零件的拉伸以及疲劳性能;熔池内的凝固微观组织,尤其是柱状晶等轴晶转变(Columnar to Equiaxed Transition,CET)是影响零件性能的重要因素。针对上述3个方面,...金属激光增材制造过程中,热应力导致零件发生形变;气孔与熔合不良等缺陷降低零件的拉伸以及疲劳性能;熔池内的凝固微观组织,尤其是柱状晶等轴晶转变(Columnar to Equiaxed Transition,CET)是影响零件性能的重要因素。针对上述3个方面,回顾了金属激光增材制造数值模拟的发展历史,对其研究现状和存在问题进行了评述,阐述了金属激光增材制造过程中所采用的数值模型和数值方法,包括热应力分析的有限元(Finite Element Method,FEM)方法、模拟熔池金属液流动的计算流体力学方法(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD),以及凝固微观组织模拟的相场法(Phase Field,PF)和元胞自动机方法(Cellular Automaton,CA)。在此基础上对金属激光增材制造过程数值模拟的前景及趋势进行了展望。展开更多
The performance of a material is directly affected by its microstructural development during the solidification phase. Discrete cellular automaton (CA) models are widelyused in materials science to simulate and predic...The performance of a material is directly affected by its microstructural development during the solidification phase. Discrete cellular automaton (CA) models are widelyused in materials science to simulate and predict microstructural growth. This review comprehensively explains the developments and applications of CA in solidification structure simulation, including the theoretical underpinnings, computational procedures, software development, and recent advances. Summarizes the potential and limitations of cellular automata in understanding microstructure evolution during solidification, explores the evolution of microstructures during solidification, and adds to our existing knowledge of cellular automaton theory. Finally, the research trend in simulating the evolution of the solidification microstructure using cellular automaton theory is explored.展开更多
3D microstructures of Fe–6.5%Si(mass fraction) alloys prepared under different cooling conditions were simulated via finite element-cellular automaton(CAFE) method. The simulated results were compared to experimental...3D microstructures of Fe–6.5%Si(mass fraction) alloys prepared under different cooling conditions were simulated via finite element-cellular automaton(CAFE) method. The simulated results were compared to experimental results and found to be in accordance. Variations in the temperature field and solid-liquid region, which plays important roles in determining solidification structures, were also examined under various cooling conditions. The proposed model was utilized to determine the effects of Gaussian distribution parameters to find that the lower the mean undercooling, the higher the equiaxed crystal zone ratio; also, the larger the maximum nucleation density, the smaller the grain size. The influence of superheat on solidification structure and columnar to equiaxed transition(CET) in the cast ingot was also investigated to find that decrease in superheat from 52 K to 20 K causes the equiaxed crystal zone ratio to increase from 58.13% to 65.6%, the mean gain radius to decrease from 2.102 mm to 1.871 mm, and the CET to occur ahead of schedule. To this effect, low superheat casting is beneficial to obtain finer equiaxed gains and higher equiaxed dendrite zone ratio in Fe–6.5%Si alloy cast ingots.展开更多
文摘金属激光增材制造过程中,热应力导致零件发生形变;气孔与熔合不良等缺陷降低零件的拉伸以及疲劳性能;熔池内的凝固微观组织,尤其是柱状晶等轴晶转变(Columnar to Equiaxed Transition,CET)是影响零件性能的重要因素。针对上述3个方面,回顾了金属激光增材制造数值模拟的发展历史,对其研究现状和存在问题进行了评述,阐述了金属激光增材制造过程中所采用的数值模型和数值方法,包括热应力分析的有限元(Finite Element Method,FEM)方法、模拟熔池金属液流动的计算流体力学方法(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD),以及凝固微观组织模拟的相场法(Phase Field,PF)和元胞自动机方法(Cellular Automaton,CA)。在此基础上对金属激光增材制造过程数值模拟的前景及趋势进行了展望。
文摘The performance of a material is directly affected by its microstructural development during the solidification phase. Discrete cellular automaton (CA) models are widelyused in materials science to simulate and predict microstructural growth. This review comprehensively explains the developments and applications of CA in solidification structure simulation, including the theoretical underpinnings, computational procedures, software development, and recent advances. Summarizes the potential and limitations of cellular automata in understanding microstructure evolution during solidification, explores the evolution of microstructures during solidification, and adds to our existing knowledge of cellular automaton theory. Finally, the research trend in simulating the evolution of the solidification microstructure using cellular automaton theory is explored.
基金Project(2012AA03A505)supported by the High-Tech Research and Development Program of ChinaProject(51474023)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘3D microstructures of Fe–6.5%Si(mass fraction) alloys prepared under different cooling conditions were simulated via finite element-cellular automaton(CAFE) method. The simulated results were compared to experimental results and found to be in accordance. Variations in the temperature field and solid-liquid region, which plays important roles in determining solidification structures, were also examined under various cooling conditions. The proposed model was utilized to determine the effects of Gaussian distribution parameters to find that the lower the mean undercooling, the higher the equiaxed crystal zone ratio; also, the larger the maximum nucleation density, the smaller the grain size. The influence of superheat on solidification structure and columnar to equiaxed transition(CET) in the cast ingot was also investigated to find that decrease in superheat from 52 K to 20 K causes the equiaxed crystal zone ratio to increase from 58.13% to 65.6%, the mean gain radius to decrease from 2.102 mm to 1.871 mm, and the CET to occur ahead of schedule. To this effect, low superheat casting is beneficial to obtain finer equiaxed gains and higher equiaxed dendrite zone ratio in Fe–6.5%Si alloy cast ingots.
