Congestion pricing is an important component of urban intelligent transport system.The efficiency,equity and the environmental impacts associated with road pricing schemes are key issues that should be considered befo...Congestion pricing is an important component of urban intelligent transport system.The efficiency,equity and the environmental impacts associated with road pricing schemes are key issues that should be considered before such schemes are implemented.This paper focuses on the cordon-based pricing with distance tolls,where the tolls are determined by a nonlinear function of a vehicles' travel distance within a cordon,termed as toll charge function.The optimal tolls can give rise to:1) higher total social benefits,2) better levels of equity,and 3) reduced environmental impacts(e.g.,less emission).Firstly,a deterministic equilibrium(DUE) model with elastic demand is presented to evaluate any given toll charge function.The distance tolls are non-additive,thus a modified path-based gradient projection algorithm is developed to solve the DUE model.Then,to quantitatively measure the equity level of each toll charge function,the Gini coefficient is adopted to measure the equity level of the flows in the entire transport network based on equilibrium flows.The total emission level is used to reflect the impacts of distance tolls on the environment.With these two indexes/measurements for the efficiency,equity and environmental issues as well as the DUE model,a multi-objective bi-level programming model is then developed to determine optimal distance tolls.The multi-objective model is converted to a single level model using the goal programming.A genetic algorithm(GA) is adopted to determine solutions.Finally,a numerical example is presented to verify the methodology.展开更多
文摘混合元胞自动机(Mixed-cell cellular automata,MCCA)模型改进了传统的元胞自动机(Cellular automata,CA)模型,基于现实复杂土地结构引入混合元胞,实现了从定性、静态模拟到定量、动态模拟的跨越。本文首先探究MCCA模型在黑河中游甘临高地区(甘州区、临泽县和高台县)的适用性;之后分别采用多目标线性规划(Multiple-objective programming,MOP)模型、普通线性回归模型预测得到2035年可持续发展(Sustainable development,SUD)情景、基本发展(Basic development,BAD)情景中不同地类面积数值,然后将面积输入MCCA模型中进行不同情景的土地利用空间结构可视化,并开展对比研究。结果表明:各项精度评价指标均表明MCCA模型的模拟精度较高,Kappa系数、混合元胞质量系数(Mixed-cell figure of merit,mcFoM)和平均相对熵(Relative entropy,RE)分别为0.886、0.261和0.508,优于基于纯净元胞的斑块生成土地利用变化模拟(Patch-generating land use simulation model,PLUS)模型,因此MCCA模型适用于研究区土地利用结构模拟。2035年SUD情景中林地范围明显高于BAD情景,生态效益较BAD情景增速快,建设用地和耕地适度扩张,综合效益增速较快。该结果表明耦合MOP和MCCA模型模拟的土地利用优化配置方案能够更好地协调经济与环境的关系,既有利于经济快速发展,又能保护生态环境和维持社会稳定。
基金国家自然科学基金(the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.60272034No.60472099)浙江省自然科学基金(the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province of China under Grant No.Y106080)
基金Projects (61304198,61374195) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProjects (2013M530159,2014T70351) supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
文摘Congestion pricing is an important component of urban intelligent transport system.The efficiency,equity and the environmental impacts associated with road pricing schemes are key issues that should be considered before such schemes are implemented.This paper focuses on the cordon-based pricing with distance tolls,where the tolls are determined by a nonlinear function of a vehicles' travel distance within a cordon,termed as toll charge function.The optimal tolls can give rise to:1) higher total social benefits,2) better levels of equity,and 3) reduced environmental impacts(e.g.,less emission).Firstly,a deterministic equilibrium(DUE) model with elastic demand is presented to evaluate any given toll charge function.The distance tolls are non-additive,thus a modified path-based gradient projection algorithm is developed to solve the DUE model.Then,to quantitatively measure the equity level of each toll charge function,the Gini coefficient is adopted to measure the equity level of the flows in the entire transport network based on equilibrium flows.The total emission level is used to reflect the impacts of distance tolls on the environment.With these two indexes/measurements for the efficiency,equity and environmental issues as well as the DUE model,a multi-objective bi-level programming model is then developed to determine optimal distance tolls.The multi-objective model is converted to a single level model using the goal programming.A genetic algorithm(GA) is adopted to determine solutions.Finally,a numerical example is presented to verify the methodology.
