The determination of synthetic phenolic antioxidants （SPAs） including propyl gallate （PG）, tertiary butyl hydroquinone （TI3HQ）, butylated hydroxyanisole （BHA） and butylated hydroxytoluene （BHT） in food items...The determination of synthetic phenolic antioxidants （SPAs） including propyl gallate （PG）, tertiary butyl hydroquinone （TI3HQ）, butylated hydroxyanisole （BHA） and butylated hydroxytoluene （BHT） in food items is reported using high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. A Cls column is used as the stationary phase, acetonltrile and water：Acetic acid （1%） is used as the mobile phase of gradient elution and the UV detec- tor is set at 280 nm. Under the above conditions, four antioxidents is completely separated within 8 rain. The limit of detection, linear range, and reproducibility of HPLC are evaluated. Isolation parameters of SPAs from different types of food items （cooking oil, margarine and butter, and cheese） are optimized. SPAs are extracted from food items through extraction with methanol/acetonitrile （1 ： 1, in volume）, vortex, ultrasonic treatment and precipitation in a freezer （2 h）. For cooking oil margarine, butter and cheese at 50 and 200 rag/L, recoveries of SPAs are 93.3%0--108.3% （PG）, 85.3~^--108.3~~ （TBHQ）, 96.7~^--101.2~/6 （BHA）, and 73.9^-- 94.6% （BHT）. The method is applied to the determination of SPAs in 38 food items （16 cooking oils, 8 mar- garine, 6 butter and 6 cheese samples）. The levels of SPAs in positive samples are all below the legal limits of China.展开更多
A new silica sol binder was obtained by mixing the acid-modified aluminium sulfate and water glass. The effect of SiO2 concentration in sodium silicate, pH value and polymerization was investigated. The new silica sol...A new silica sol binder was obtained by mixing the acid-modified aluminium sulfate and water glass. The effect of SiO2 concentration in sodium silicate, pH value and polymerization was investigated. The new silica sol binder, which possessed abundant pore volume and suitable acid amount, was an ideal component for preparing cracking catalyst. As a result, the corresponding catalyst comprising the new binder showed excellent performance. Compared with the reference sample, the liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) and propylene yield obtained over this catalyst increased by 3.49 and 1.20 percentage points, respectively. The perfect pore structure and suitable Lewis acid amount of new silica sol were the possible reason leading to its outstanding performance.展开更多
The FCC unit with addition of various inventories of the FP-DSN type sulfur transfer additive was tested in a commercial scale. The effect of the sulfur transfer additive was analyzed by investigating the indicators r...The FCC unit with addition of various inventories of the FP-DSN type sulfur transfer additive was tested in a commercial scale. The effect of the sulfur transfer additive was analyzed by investigating the indicators related with the regenerator flue gas composition,the dry gas composition before desulfurization,the LPG composition before desulfurization,the acid gas,and the yield of gasoline and diesel. The test results indicated that the sulfur was trans ferred from the feed stream into the dry gas,LPG and acid gas,and the sulfur transfer effect was obvious only when the inventory of sulfur transfer additive exceeded over 2.0% of total FCC catalyst inventory.展开更多
The effect of catalyst properties on residue oil hydroconversion was studied at moderate operating conditions(at a temperature of 400 ℃, an initial hydrogen pressure of 10 MPa, and a reaction time of 4 h) in a batch ...The effect of catalyst properties on residue oil hydroconversion was studied at moderate operating conditions(at a temperature of 400 ℃, an initial hydrogen pressure of 10 MPa, and a reaction time of 4 h) in a batch mode slurry phase with different catalyst samples. The results showed that the catalyst acidity had a good effect on residue conversion and MCR(micro carbon residue) conversion but brought about higher coke yield. Residue conversion was thermally induced but the catalyst acidity changed its conversion route. A catalyst with higher metal loading, higher hydrogenation activity and appropriate pore size had higher sulfur and metal removal rate, higher MCR conversion and also a lower coke formation. The activity of spent commercial catalyst AS1 and DS1 was slightly lower than the corresponding fresh ones but was still high enough for residue oil hydroconversion. It assumes that the role of the catalyst is to activate hydrogen species toward reaction with an aromatic carbon radical to yield a cyclohexadienyl type intermediate which will turn into liquid and also to absorb the mesophase which can easily aggregate to form coke.展开更多
Optimization of factors influencing the experiments on reactions involving 8 different chelating agents and soluble Fe(III)/Fe(II) salts was carried out to yield chelated iron complexes. A combination of optimized inf...Optimization of factors influencing the experiments on reactions involving 8 different chelating agents and soluble Fe(III)/Fe(II) salts was carried out to yield chelated iron complexes. A combination of optimized influencing factors has resulted in a Fe chelating capacity of the iron-based desulfurization solution to be equal to 6.83—13.56 g/L at a redox potential of 0.185—0.3. The desulfurization performance of Fe(III)/Fe(II) chelating agents was investigated on a simulated sulfur-containing industrial gas composed of H2 S and N2 in a cross-flow rotating packed bed. Test results have revealed that the proposed iron-based desulfurization solution showed a sulfur removal efficiency of over 99% along with a Fe chelating capacity exceeding 1.35 g/L. This desulfurization technology which has practical application prospect is currently in the phase of commercial scale-up study.展开更多
The composition, characteristics and preparation of ionic liquids are presented. The factors influencing the stability of gasoline and the significance of improving gasoline stability are discussed. A novel way to imp...The composition, characteristics and preparation of ionic liquids are presented. The factors influencing the stability of gasoline and the significance of improving gasoline stability are discussed. A novel way to improve the stability of gasoline by using ionic liquid catalyst is developed. The contents of olefin, basic nitrogen and sulfur in gasoline are determined and the optimal experimental conditions for improving gasoline stability are established.The ionic liquid catalyst, which is environmentally friendly, can reduce the olefin content in gasoline, and such process is noted for mild reaction conditions, simple operation, short reaction time, easy recycling of the ionic liquid catalyst and ready separation of products and catalyst.展开更多
Pd-Ag bimetallic alloy nanoparticles were synthesized by the reverse microemulsion method, and then deposited on A1203 to form the supported catalyst. The nanoparticles of Pd-Ag and Pd-Ag/AI203 samples were characteri...Pd-Ag bimetallic alloy nanoparticles were synthesized by the reverse microemulsion method, and then deposited on A1203 to form the supported catalyst. The nanoparticles of Pd-Ag and Pd-Ag/AI203 samples were characterized by UV/ Vis, HRTEM, EDX, XRD, and XPS. The test results indicated that Pd-Ag bimetallic alloy nanoparticles with a size of about 2 nm and a face-centered cubic （fcc） structure were formed in the measured area of microemulsion. The growth of nanopar- ticles was effectively limited within the droplet of micoremulsion. TEM image exhibited that the Pd-Ag alloy nanoparticles were well-dispersed on the A1203 support. The catalytic performance of various catalysts for selective hydrogenation of acetylene showed that a higher acetylene conversion and selectivity to ethylene upon acetylene hydrogenation was achieved on a nano-sized Pd-Ag bimetallic catalyst with a Pd/Ag alloy supported molar ratio of 1：1.5.展开更多
Phosphorus （P） and metal （M） components were incorporated into promoters for enhancing FCC propylene yield, and the reactive behavior of promoters, before and after modification, were investigated. The results sho...Phosphorus （P） and metal （M） components were incorporated into promoters for enhancing FCC propylene yield, and the reactive behavior of promoters, before and after modification, were investigated. The results showed that both LPG and propylene yields were increased, and propylene selectivity was improved after the incorporation of P or M into the matrix, resulting in an increased C3 to C4 ratio in LPG during FCC process. But the sole incorporation of M into the matrix also led to an increase in coke and H2 yields on the other hand. Simultaneous modification of the matrix by P and M components resulted in more enhancement in propylene yield and selectivity along with little influence on FCC product distribution. Physico-chemical characterizations and model compound reactions were used to assist in analyzing the mechanism for improving propylene selectivity. Two types of active centers could strengthen the oligomerization of C4 olefins in LPG and these oligomers could be further cracked into C3 olefins on ZSM-5 zeolite, therefore maximizing the ratio of C3 to C4 in liquefied petroleum gas obtained during FCC process.展开更多
The influence of the ratio and content of emulsifiers on the stability of anion emulsions for cold strip rolling was investigated in this paper. The present study also investigated the effects of HLB （hydrophile-lipo...The influence of the ratio and content of emulsifiers on the stability of anion emulsions for cold strip rolling was investigated in this paper. The present study also investigated the effects of HLB （hydrophile-lipophile balance） value and emulsifier content on the stability of no-ionic emulsions. Based on the effects of different stabilities and different concentrations of emulsions on the adsorptivity and friction coefficients, good lubricating performance was obtained when the amount of the separated oil and soap （SOS） accounted for 2.5%. The wearing scar of the steel balls also indicated the improvements in tribological properties after using the emulsion. Thus, the preparation of emulsion should be regulated according to different rolling conditions.展开更多
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromochloroaluminate （[bmim]Br-AlCl3） ionic liquid was used as an acid catalyst for removal of trace olefins from the aromatic hydrocarbons. The influence of various reaction parameters s...1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromochloroaluminate （[bmim]Br-AlCl3） ionic liquid was used as an acid catalyst for removal of trace olefins from the aromatic hydrocarbons. The influence of various reaction parameters such as reaction time, temperature, dosage and acid strength of catalyst was investigated. The experimental results demonstrated that the ionic liquid exhibited excellent activity under mild reaction conditions, with the conversion of olefins reaching 98.84% and the bromine index of the aromatics varying from 1129 to 13. On the basis of the results obtained, thereof, a possible reaction mechanism was proposed.展开更多
Alkylation of toluene With 2-chloro-2-methylpropane （t-Bu-C1） to synthesize para-tert-butyltoluene （PTBT） was carded out in the presence of triethylamine hydrochloride-aluminum chloride ionic liquids used as the c...Alkylation of toluene With 2-chloro-2-methylpropane （t-Bu-C1） to synthesize para-tert-butyltoluene （PTBT） was carded out in the presence of triethylamine hydrochloride-aluminum chloride ionic liquids used as the catalyst. The ionic liquids were prepared with different molar ratios of Et3NHC1 to A1CI3, and the effect of the molar ratio between A1C13 and Et3NHC1, the reaction time, the reaction temperature, the ionic liquid dosage, as well as the molar ratio of toluene to chloro- 2-methylpropane on the alkylation reaction of toluene with chloro-2-methyl-propane was investigated. The test results showed that the acidic ionic liquids prepared with Et3NHC1 and A1C13 had good activity and selectivity for the alkylation reaction of toluene with alkyl chloride to produce PTBT. The optimal reaction conditions were specified at an A1C13 to Et3N- HCI ratio of 1.6, a reaction temperature of 20 ℃, a mass fraction of toluene to ionic liquid of 10%, and a chloro-2-methyl- propane to toluene molar ratio of 0.5. Under the suitable reaction conditions, a 98% conversion of chloro-2-methylpropane and an 82.5% selectivity of PTBT were obtained. Ionic liquids could be reused 5 times with its catalytic activity unchanged, and the regenerated ionic liquids can be recycled.展开更多
文摘The determination of synthetic phenolic antioxidants （SPAs） including propyl gallate （PG）, tertiary butyl hydroquinone （TI3HQ）, butylated hydroxyanisole （BHA） and butylated hydroxytoluene （BHT） in food items is reported using high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. A Cls column is used as the stationary phase, acetonltrile and water：Acetic acid （1%） is used as the mobile phase of gradient elution and the UV detec- tor is set at 280 nm. Under the above conditions, four antioxidents is completely separated within 8 rain. The limit of detection, linear range, and reproducibility of HPLC are evaluated. Isolation parameters of SPAs from different types of food items （cooking oil, margarine and butter, and cheese） are optimized. SPAs are extracted from food items through extraction with methanol/acetonitrile （1 ： 1, in volume）, vortex, ultrasonic treatment and precipitation in a freezer （2 h）. For cooking oil margarine, butter and cheese at 50 and 200 rag/L, recoveries of SPAs are 93.3%0--108.3% （PG）, 85.3~^--108.3~~ （TBHQ）, 96.7~^--101.2~/6 （BHA）, and 73.9^-- 94.6% （BHT）. The method is applied to the determination of SPAs in 38 food items （16 cooking oils, 8 mar- garine, 6 butter and 6 cheese samples）. The levels of SPAs in positive samples are all below the legal limits of China.
基金the Department of Science and Technology Management of PetroChina for providing financial support
文摘A new silica sol binder was obtained by mixing the acid-modified aluminium sulfate and water glass. The effect of SiO2 concentration in sodium silicate, pH value and polymerization was investigated. The new silica sol binder, which possessed abundant pore volume and suitable acid amount, was an ideal component for preparing cracking catalyst. As a result, the corresponding catalyst comprising the new binder showed excellent performance. Compared with the reference sample, the liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) and propylene yield obtained over this catalyst increased by 3.49 and 1.20 percentage points, respectively. The perfect pore structure and suitable Lewis acid amount of new silica sol were the possible reason leading to its outstanding performance.
文摘The FCC unit with addition of various inventories of the FP-DSN type sulfur transfer additive was tested in a commercial scale. The effect of the sulfur transfer additive was analyzed by investigating the indicators related with the regenerator flue gas composition,the dry gas composition before desulfurization,the LPG composition before desulfurization,the acid gas,and the yield of gasoline and diesel. The test results indicated that the sulfur was trans ferred from the feed stream into the dry gas,LPG and acid gas,and the sulfur transfer effect was obvious only when the inventory of sulfur transfer additive exceeded over 2.0% of total FCC catalyst inventory.
文摘The effect of catalyst properties on residue oil hydroconversion was studied at moderate operating conditions(at a temperature of 400 ℃, an initial hydrogen pressure of 10 MPa, and a reaction time of 4 h) in a batch mode slurry phase with different catalyst samples. The results showed that the catalyst acidity had a good effect on residue conversion and MCR(micro carbon residue) conversion but brought about higher coke yield. Residue conversion was thermally induced but the catalyst acidity changed its conversion route. A catalyst with higher metal loading, higher hydrogenation activity and appropriate pore size had higher sulfur and metal removal rate, higher MCR conversion and also a lower coke formation. The activity of spent commercial catalyst AS1 and DS1 was slightly lower than the corresponding fresh ones but was still high enough for residue oil hydroconversion. It assumes that the role of the catalyst is to activate hydrogen species toward reaction with an aromatic carbon radical to yield a cyclohexadienyl type intermediate which will turn into liquid and also to absorb the mesophase which can easily aggregate to form coke.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Fundation of China (No.21376229) the Science and Technology Development Plan of Shanxi Province,China (No.20130321035-02)
文摘Optimization of factors influencing the experiments on reactions involving 8 different chelating agents and soluble Fe(III)/Fe(II) salts was carried out to yield chelated iron complexes. A combination of optimized influencing factors has resulted in a Fe chelating capacity of the iron-based desulfurization solution to be equal to 6.83—13.56 g/L at a redox potential of 0.185—0.3. The desulfurization performance of Fe(III)/Fe(II) chelating agents was investigated on a simulated sulfur-containing industrial gas composed of H2 S and N2 in a cross-flow rotating packed bed. Test results have revealed that the proposed iron-based desulfurization solution showed a sulfur removal efficiency of over 99% along with a Fe chelating capacity exceeding 1.35 g/L. This desulfurization technology which has practical application prospect is currently in the phase of commercial scale-up study.
文摘The composition, characteristics and preparation of ionic liquids are presented. The factors influencing the stability of gasoline and the significance of improving gasoline stability are discussed. A novel way to improve the stability of gasoline by using ionic liquid catalyst is developed. The contents of olefin, basic nitrogen and sulfur in gasoline are determined and the optimal experimental conditions for improving gasoline stability are established.The ionic liquid catalyst, which is environmentally friendly, can reduce the olefin content in gasoline, and such process is noted for mild reaction conditions, simple operation, short reaction time, easy recycling of the ionic liquid catalyst and ready separation of products and catalyst.
文摘Pd-Ag bimetallic alloy nanoparticles were synthesized by the reverse microemulsion method, and then deposited on A1203 to form the supported catalyst. The nanoparticles of Pd-Ag and Pd-Ag/AI203 samples were characterized by UV/ Vis, HRTEM, EDX, XRD, and XPS. The test results indicated that Pd-Ag bimetallic alloy nanoparticles with a size of about 2 nm and a face-centered cubic （fcc） structure were formed in the measured area of microemulsion. The growth of nanopar- ticles was effectively limited within the droplet of micoremulsion. TEM image exhibited that the Pd-Ag alloy nanoparticles were well-dispersed on the A1203 support. The catalytic performance of various catalysts for selective hydrogenation of acetylene showed that a higher acetylene conversion and selectivity to ethylene upon acetylene hydrogenation was achieved on a nano-sized Pd-Ag bimetallic catalyst with a Pd/Ag alloy supported molar ratio of 1：1.5.
文摘Phosphorus （P） and metal （M） components were incorporated into promoters for enhancing FCC propylene yield, and the reactive behavior of promoters, before and after modification, were investigated. The results showed that both LPG and propylene yields were increased, and propylene selectivity was improved after the incorporation of P or M into the matrix, resulting in an increased C3 to C4 ratio in LPG during FCC process. But the sole incorporation of M into the matrix also led to an increase in coke and H2 yields on the other hand. Simultaneous modification of the matrix by P and M components resulted in more enhancement in propylene yield and selectivity along with little influence on FCC product distribution. Physico-chemical characterizations and model compound reactions were used to assist in analyzing the mechanism for improving propylene selectivity. Two types of active centers could strengthen the oligomerization of C4 olefins in LPG and these oligomers could be further cracked into C3 olefins on ZSM-5 zeolite, therefore maximizing the ratio of C3 to C4 in liquefied petroleum gas obtained during FCC process.
基金supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program ("863"Program) of China(No.2009AA03Z 339)
文摘The influence of the ratio and content of emulsifiers on the stability of anion emulsions for cold strip rolling was investigated in this paper. The present study also investigated the effects of HLB （hydrophile-lipophile balance） value and emulsifier content on the stability of no-ionic emulsions. Based on the effects of different stabilities and different concentrations of emulsions on the adsorptivity and friction coefficients, good lubricating performance was obtained when the amount of the separated oil and soap （SOS） accounted for 2.5%. The wearing scar of the steel balls also indicated the improvements in tribological properties after using the emulsion. Thus, the preparation of emulsion should be regulated according to different rolling conditions.
基金the Sinopec Zhenhai Refining & Chemical Company for financial support
文摘1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromochloroaluminate （[bmim]Br-AlCl3） ionic liquid was used as an acid catalyst for removal of trace olefins from the aromatic hydrocarbons. The influence of various reaction parameters such as reaction time, temperature, dosage and acid strength of catalyst was investigated. The experimental results demonstrated that the ionic liquid exhibited excellent activity under mild reaction conditions, with the conversion of olefins reaching 98.84% and the bromine index of the aromatics varying from 1129 to 13. On the basis of the results obtained, thereof, a possible reaction mechanism was proposed.
基金the financial support from the Beijing University of Chemical Technologythe Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering and Technology, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, for the analysis of samples
文摘Alkylation of toluene With 2-chloro-2-methylpropane （t-Bu-C1） to synthesize para-tert-butyltoluene （PTBT） was carded out in the presence of triethylamine hydrochloride-aluminum chloride ionic liquids used as the catalyst. The ionic liquids were prepared with different molar ratios of Et3NHC1 to A1CI3, and the effect of the molar ratio between A1C13 and Et3NHC1, the reaction time, the reaction temperature, the ionic liquid dosage, as well as the molar ratio of toluene to chloro- 2-methylpropane on the alkylation reaction of toluene with chloro-2-methyl-propane was investigated. The test results showed that the acidic ionic liquids prepared with Et3NHC1 and A1C13 had good activity and selectivity for the alkylation reaction of toluene with alkyl chloride to produce PTBT. The optimal reaction conditions were specified at an A1C13 to Et3N- HCI ratio of 1.6, a reaction temperature of 20 ℃, a mass fraction of toluene to ionic liquid of 10%, and a chloro-2-methyl- propane to toluene molar ratio of 0.5. Under the suitable reaction conditions, a 98% conversion of chloro-2-methylpropane and an 82.5% selectivity of PTBT were obtained. Ionic liquids could be reused 5 times with its catalytic activity unchanged, and the regenerated ionic liquids can be recycled.
