Hard coal mining in the German Ruhr district has a tradition of more than 200 years. Starting in the south near the river Ruhr with mining of seams near to the surface, mining wandered to the north with coal seams dee...Hard coal mining in the German Ruhr district has a tradition of more than 200 years. Starting in the south near the river Ruhr with mining of seams near to the surface, mining wandered to the north with coal seams deeper and deeper. In the same way all environmental effects of mining wandered from south to north, as there are abandoned mining sites, contaminated areas, burning mining dumps, subsided areas and gas accesses at day ground. This all happened in a very high populated area with more than four million inhabitants. Therefore Germany has a long tradition in solving environmental problems of mining activities. The very good interaction of mine authority, mining companies and the mine workers’ union is the main reason why the problems of decreasing mining activities in Germany were solved without economic, environmental or social hazards.展开更多
Surface mining activities may introduce damages to nearby infrastructure. Concerns are put forward by the power company about structural integrity of electric power transmission structures in areas where coal mining a...Surface mining activities may introduce damages to nearby infrastructure. Concerns are put forward by the power company about structural integrity of electric power transmission structures in areas where coal mining activities cause strong ground vibrations. Common practice in the power industry is to limit ground motion by specifying maximum Peak Particle Velocity. So far, there is a lack of industry-wide recognized guidelines on how ground vibration limits should be set for the transmission structures. In order to develop a defense strategy to protect power transmission lines against strong ground motions in mining areas, a systematic research work was conducted to establish strong ground vibration characteristics and to study impacts of ground excitations on transmission pole structures. Ground movements were recorded using geophones and wireless tri-axial sensing units. The process of generating ground motion response spectra via analyzing actual ground motion measurements is described in the paper. These spectra developed based on peak particle velocities were used as a basis for spectral analysis performed using validated Finite Element models to obtain structural displacements, reactions and stress states of the transmission pole structures in the mining sites. A quantitative ground motion limit was established by comparing structural responses with the corresponding design requirements.展开更多
A discrete elemental method was used to study the thickness of conglomerate layer in a full thick seam mining activities under the influence of the law, pointing out the thickness of the conglomerate at different seam...A discrete elemental method was used to study the thickness of conglomerate layer in a full thick seam mining activities under the influence of the law, pointing out the thickness of the conglomerate at different seam mining, and during the destruction and instability of existing state of laws. At 21141 thick seam mining, the face toward the direction of separation between the thick layer of conglomerate rock and the next bit after reaching its maximum capacity due to pull from the bottom of the plastic zone, formed a stratified and hierarchical down collapse. The shape of caving area is a ''triangular block'', the length of the plastic zone and face advancement from the linear fit between the height of the plastic zone and the advancing face is a quadratic function of distance, while the top layer of thick gravel layer is the overall bending subsidence trend. Tilting the direction of the face, a thick gob of collapsed conglomerate layer is formed in the coal gob entity on both sides of the thick conglomerate at the top of the overall fracture morphology performance, thus forming a mutual extrusion of articulated block structure. The instability, separation and balance of the thick conglomerate layer in the hinged block stope stress leads to abnormal occurrence of rock burst induced by face as the major factor in the accident. This research reveals the form of stress distribution in the destroyed layer of the thick conglomerate rock, analyzes the stope law of coupling for the pressure burst behavior law for the mining work face, and the choice of preventive measures to provide a theoretical basis and implementation.展开更多
A method of forecasting total seismic energy induced by longwall exploitation, based on changes in ground subsidence, is presented in the form of a linear regression model with one with one independent variable. In th...A method of forecasting total seismic energy induced by longwall exploitation, based on changes in ground subsidence, is presented in the form of a linear regression model with one with one independent variable. In the method, ground subsidence is described with a cross-section area of a subsidence trough Pw along a line of observations in the direction of an advancing longwall front, approximately along the axis of the longwall area. Total seismic energy is determined on the basis of seismic energy data of tremors induced by exploitation. The presentation consists of a detailed method and evaluation of its predictive ability for the area of longwall exploitation within the region of one of the coal mines in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. This method can be used for forecasting the total seismic energy released by tremors within the area directly connected with the exploitation, in which the seismic activity induced by this exploitation occurs. The estimation of the parameters of the determined model should each time be carried out with investigations of the correctness of the model. The method cannot be applied when the number of recorded phenomena is small and when there is insufficient data to make it possible to calculate the index Pw.展开更多
文摘Hard coal mining in the German Ruhr district has a tradition of more than 200 years. Starting in the south near the river Ruhr with mining of seams near to the surface, mining wandered to the north with coal seams deeper and deeper. In the same way all environmental effects of mining wandered from south to north, as there are abandoned mining sites, contaminated areas, burning mining dumps, subsided areas and gas accesses at day ground. This all happened in a very high populated area with more than four million inhabitants. Therefore Germany has a long tradition in solving environmental problems of mining activities. The very good interaction of mine authority, mining companies and the mine workers’ union is the main reason why the problems of decreasing mining activities in Germany were solved without economic, environmental or social hazards.
文摘Surface mining activities may introduce damages to nearby infrastructure. Concerns are put forward by the power company about structural integrity of electric power transmission structures in areas where coal mining activities cause strong ground vibrations. Common practice in the power industry is to limit ground motion by specifying maximum Peak Particle Velocity. So far, there is a lack of industry-wide recognized guidelines on how ground vibration limits should be set for the transmission structures. In order to develop a defense strategy to protect power transmission lines against strong ground motions in mining areas, a systematic research work was conducted to establish strong ground vibration characteristics and to study impacts of ground excitations on transmission pole structures. Ground movements were recorded using geophones and wireless tri-axial sensing units. The process of generating ground motion response spectra via analyzing actual ground motion measurements is described in the paper. These spectra developed based on peak particle velocities were used as a basis for spectral analysis performed using validated Finite Element models to obtain structural displacements, reactions and stress states of the transmission pole structures in the mining sites. A quantitative ground motion limit was established by comparing structural responses with the corresponding design requirements.
基金provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 90510002)the Science and Technology Research of the Ministry of Education of China(No. 306008)
文摘A discrete elemental method was used to study the thickness of conglomerate layer in a full thick seam mining activities under the influence of the law, pointing out the thickness of the conglomerate at different seam mining, and during the destruction and instability of existing state of laws. At 21141 thick seam mining, the face toward the direction of separation between the thick layer of conglomerate rock and the next bit after reaching its maximum capacity due to pull from the bottom of the plastic zone, formed a stratified and hierarchical down collapse. The shape of caving area is a ''triangular block'', the length of the plastic zone and face advancement from the linear fit between the height of the plastic zone and the advancing face is a quadratic function of distance, while the top layer of thick gravel layer is the overall bending subsidence trend. Tilting the direction of the face, a thick gob of collapsed conglomerate layer is formed in the coal gob entity on both sides of the thick conglomerate at the top of the overall fracture morphology performance, thus forming a mutual extrusion of articulated block structure. The instability, separation and balance of the thick conglomerate layer in the hinged block stope stress leads to abnormal occurrence of rock burst induced by face as the major factor in the accident. This research reveals the form of stress distribution in the destroyed layer of the thick conglomerate rock, analyzes the stope law of coupling for the pressure burst behavior law for the mining work face, and the choice of preventive measures to provide a theoretical basis and implementation.
文摘A method of forecasting total seismic energy induced by longwall exploitation, based on changes in ground subsidence, is presented in the form of a linear regression model with one with one independent variable. In the method, ground subsidence is described with a cross-section area of a subsidence trough Pw along a line of observations in the direction of an advancing longwall front, approximately along the axis of the longwall area. Total seismic energy is determined on the basis of seismic energy data of tremors induced by exploitation. The presentation consists of a detailed method and evaluation of its predictive ability for the area of longwall exploitation within the region of one of the coal mines in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. This method can be used for forecasting the total seismic energy released by tremors within the area directly connected with the exploitation, in which the seismic activity induced by this exploitation occurs. The estimation of the parameters of the determined model should each time be carried out with investigations of the correctness of the model. The method cannot be applied when the number of recorded phenomena is small and when there is insufficient data to make it possible to calculate the index Pw.
