Pinus radiata was introduced to the summer rainfall environments of Sichuan Province, China in the 1990s as a part of an afforestation pmgram for soil and water conservation in the arid and semi-arid river valley area...Pinus radiata was introduced to the summer rainfall environments of Sichuan Province, China in the 1990s as a part of an afforestation pmgram for soil and water conservation in the arid and semi-arid river valley area of Aba Prefecture. Within this region a total area of 26 000 ha have been identified through climate matching as suitable and a further 63 000 ha potentially suitable for environmental plantings of P. radiata. The plantations are being established in widely separated small patches on steep and degraded slopes along the dry river valley The newly introduced P. radiata are exposed to two kinds of forest health risks： they may be attacked by （a） indigenous pathogens and pests against which they may not possess any resistance or （b） by inadvertently introduced foreign pests or pathogens. This paper presents a survey of the potential damaging pests and a preliminary assessment of forest health risks facing the P. radiata plantations over a much longer timeframe than the initial phase of introduction and early plantation establishment. An empirical appmach was adopted to evaluate forest health risks by a combination of literature review, examination of historical records of pest and disease outbreaks in the surrounding conifemus forests, field surveys and inspections, specimen collection and identification, and most importantly, expert analysis of the likelihood of attack by specific pests and pathogens and the subsequent impact of such attacks. The assessment identified some specific forest health risks to the long-term success of P. radiata introduction in this area. These risks are closely associated with the indigenous pests and pathogens of the two native pine species, P. tabulaeformis and P. armondii since these pests and pathogens are considered more likely to establish on P. radiata over time. Exotic pests and pathogens are of a quarantine concern at present. Based on the results of assessment, recommendations are pmvided to improve forest vigour and to reduce the forest health risks posed by indigenous as well as exotic pests and pathogens to the introduced P. radiata. Ways to increase the ability to manage the forest health risks once a particular pest infestation and disease eventuates are also recommended. Although detrimental to the survival and growth of the introduced P. radiata, the impact of identified forest health risks are not considered to be fatal to the long term success ofP. radiata in this area.展开更多
In term of the features of 3G system, a novel AMR link adaptation strategy for 3G system is proposed. The impacts of AMR codec modes and power control on traffic quality of service are taken into account in the strate...In term of the features of 3G system, a novel AMR link adaptation strategy for 3G system is proposed. The impacts of AMR codec modes and power control on traffic quality of service are taken into account in the strategy at the same time. By synthetically comparing the signal-to-interference ratio value with the switching threshold and comparing the transmission power with its threshold, radio resource management can always keep each link on its proper codec mode with the corresponding optimal power level to achieve both robust speech quality and link capacity enhancement. Based on the WCDMA FDD uplink link-level simulation platform, AMR link adaptation platform is constructed. Simulation results show that the algorithm can track the fast change of channel conditions and select the most robust codec mode, thus the synthetic speech quality of AMR is better than that of signal mode during a wide range of channel conditions. The result will provide a reference strategy for AMR link adaptation of 3G system.展开更多
The key technologies involved in the evolution of the Cloud-based Radio Access Network(C-RAN) are discussed in this paper. Taking the Frameless Network Architecture(FNA) as a starting point, a cell-lessbased network t...The key technologies involved in the evolution of the Cloud-based Radio Access Network(C-RAN) are discussed in this paper. Taking the Frameless Network Architecture(FNA) as a starting point, a cell-lessbased network topology for a multi-tier Heterogeneous Network(Het Net) and ultra-dense network is proposed. The FNA network topology modeling is researched with centralized processing and distributed antenna deployments. The Antenna Element(AE) is released as a new dimensional radio resource that is included in the centralized Radio Resource Management(RRM) processes. This contributes to the on-demand user-centric serving-set associations with cell-edge effect elimination. The Control Plane(CP) and User Plane(UP) separation and adaptation are introduced for energy efficiency improvements. The centralized RRM and different optimization goals are discussed for fully exploring the merits from the centralized computing of C-RAN. Considering the complexity, near-optimal approaches for specific users' Quality-of-Service(Qo S) requirements are addressed. Finally, based on the research highlighted above, the way forward of C-RAN evolution is discussed.展开更多
Software-Defined Network （SDN） empowers the evolution of Internet with the OpenFlow, Network Virtualization and Service Slicing strategies. With the fast increasing requirements of Mobile Internet services, the Inte...Software-Defined Network （SDN） empowers the evolution of Internet with the OpenFlow, Network Virtualization and Service Slicing strategies. With the fast increasing requirements of Mobile Internet services, the Internet and Mobile Networks go to the convergence. Mobile Networks can also get benefits from the SDN evolution to fulfill the 5th Generation （5G） capacity booming. The article implements SDN into Frameless Network Architecture （FNA） for 5G Mobile Network evolution with proposed Mobile-oriented OpenFlow Protocol （MOFP）. The Control Plane/User Plane （CP/UP） separation and adaptation strategy is proposed to support the User-Centric scenario in FNA. The traditional Base Station is separated with Central Processing Entity （CPE） and Antenna Element （AE） to perform the OpenFlow and Network Virtualization. The AEs are released as new resources for serving users. The mobile-oriented Service Slicing with different Quality of Service （QoS） classification is proposed and Resource Pooling based Virtualized Radio Resource Management （VRRM） is optimized for the Service Slicing strategy with resource-limited feature in Mobile Networks. The capacity gains are provided to show the merits of SDN based FNA. And the MiniNet based Trial Network with Service Slicing is implemented with experimental results.展开更多
Background： Laparoendoscopic single-site surgery （LESS） may serve as a potential alternative to conventional laparoscopy and is developing quickly, but still in its infancy. The study is to present our two-year exp...Background： Laparoendoscopic single-site surgery （LESS） may serve as a potential alternative to conventional laparoscopy and is developing quickly, but still in its infancy. The study is to present our two-year experience in transumbilical LESS simple nephrectomy （LESS-SN） for non-functioning kidney, in an effort to evaluate its feasibility, clinical outcomes and potential advantages. Methods： From December 2008 to December 2010, a total of 11 patients with body mass index （BMI）≤30 underwent transumbilical TriPortTM LESS-SN by a single experienced urologist at our institution. The indications for nephrectomy included nonfunctioning kidney associated with ureteropelvic junction stricture （n=l）, ureteral calculi （n=6）, tuberculosis （n=3）, and ureteral stricture （n=l）. Patient demographics perioperative and follow-up data were prospectively collected and analyzed. Results： Ten procedures were successfully completed with one patient converted to open surgery due to uncontrollable bleeding. The mean operative time was 189.2 （ranging 100-320 min） with an estimated blood loss of 204.5 （ranging 50-1 000 ml）. There were two complications of bleeding （1- intra-, 1- post-）. The mean hospitalization after surgery was 7.9 d （ranging 4-17 d） With a regular follow-up of 1, 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery, all patients remained symptom-free with an intra-umbilical scar. Conclusion： Transumbilical LESS simple nephrectomy for nonfunctioning kidney can be accomplished with favorable surgical outcomes and a superiority of cosmesis. However, cases with chronic inflammation are not suitable for initial up-take and should only be attempted by the very experienced laparoscopist.展开更多
The traffic with tidal phenomenon in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks(HWNs)has radically increased the complexity of radio resource management and its performance analysis.In this paper,a Simplified Dynamic Hierarchy R...The traffic with tidal phenomenon in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks(HWNs)has radically increased the complexity of radio resource management and its performance analysis.In this paper,a Simplified Dynamic Hierarchy Resource Management(SDHRM)algorithm exploiting the resources dynamically and intelligently is proposed with the consideration of tidal traffic.In network-level resource allocation,the proposed algorithm first adopts wavelet neural network to forecast the traffic of each sub-area and then allocates the resources to those sub-areas to maximise the network utility.In connection-level network selection,based on the above resource allocation and the pre-defined QoS requirement,three typical network selection policies are provided to assign traffic flow to the most appropriate network.Furthermore,based on multidimensional Markov model,we analyse the performance of SDHRM in HWNs with heavy tailed traffic.Numerical results show that our theoretical values coincide with the simulation results and the SDHRM can improve the resource utilization.展开更多
This article describes the investigation of hazardous waste (HW) in the Three Gorges Area of Chongqing region, which indicates that by May 2002, the dumped HW therein amounted to 14 600 t and was mainly distributed in...This article describes the investigation of hazardous waste (HW) in the Three Gorges Area of Chongqing region, which indicates that by May 2002, the dumped HW therein amounted to 14 600 t and was mainly distributed in five districts and counties with 11 000 t in Fuling, 1 650 t in Fengdu, 950 t in Wanzhou; 630 t in Wushan and 430 t in Yunyang. The total amount was composed of 9 670 t chromic residue, 2 310 t waste oil and residue, 410 t waste (false) fertilizer, 28 t waste chemical medicine, 26 t waste materials and 2 200 t other things including acid residue, waste asbestos, fluorine silicate, pigment, additive, waste acid, alkali, nitric acid, vitriol, lead mud, storage battery, calcium carbide, potassium cyanide, polluted soil, discard dynamite, waste packing barrel of cyanides, etc. In all of the HW, 578 t can be treated by chemical neutralization and stabilization technology such as redox, chemical precipitation, acid and alkali neutralization, etc., and the rest is temporarily untreatble and should be removed and piled at a temporary storage site above the 177 m water level of the dam with an aim to be transported to a future disposal site for innocuous treatment.展开更多
In the trust management scheme of the distributed cognitive radio networks, the absence of the central control devices cause many problems such as a lack of standardized control for trust computation, and the absence ...In the trust management scheme of the distributed cognitive radio networks, the absence of the central control devices cause many problems such as a lack of standardized control for trust computation, and the absence of the decision makers in trust evaluation and collaborative decision making. A trust management mechanism based on the jury system for distributed cognitive radio networks is proposed in this paper. The "jury user" is designed to collaboratively examine the reputation of the cognitive user in the networks and to perform data fusion and spectrum allocation for distributed cognitive radio networks. Simulation analysis results show that the proposed scheme can ensure accuracy and fairness in trust evaluation and improve effectiveness and flexibility of spectrum allocation.展开更多
文摘Pinus radiata was introduced to the summer rainfall environments of Sichuan Province, China in the 1990s as a part of an afforestation pmgram for soil and water conservation in the arid and semi-arid river valley area of Aba Prefecture. Within this region a total area of 26 000 ha have been identified through climate matching as suitable and a further 63 000 ha potentially suitable for environmental plantings of P. radiata. The plantations are being established in widely separated small patches on steep and degraded slopes along the dry river valley The newly introduced P. radiata are exposed to two kinds of forest health risks： they may be attacked by （a） indigenous pathogens and pests against which they may not possess any resistance or （b） by inadvertently introduced foreign pests or pathogens. This paper presents a survey of the potential damaging pests and a preliminary assessment of forest health risks facing the P. radiata plantations over a much longer timeframe than the initial phase of introduction and early plantation establishment. An empirical appmach was adopted to evaluate forest health risks by a combination of literature review, examination of historical records of pest and disease outbreaks in the surrounding conifemus forests, field surveys and inspections, specimen collection and identification, and most importantly, expert analysis of the likelihood of attack by specific pests and pathogens and the subsequent impact of such attacks. The assessment identified some specific forest health risks to the long-term success of P. radiata introduction in this area. These risks are closely associated with the indigenous pests and pathogens of the two native pine species, P. tabulaeformis and P. armondii since these pests and pathogens are considered more likely to establish on P. radiata over time. Exotic pests and pathogens are of a quarantine concern at present. Based on the results of assessment, recommendations are pmvided to improve forest vigour and to reduce the forest health risks posed by indigenous as well as exotic pests and pathogens to the introduced P. radiata. Ways to increase the ability to manage the forest health risks once a particular pest infestation and disease eventuates are also recommended. Although detrimental to the survival and growth of the introduced P. radiata, the impact of identified forest health risks are not considered to be fatal to the long term success ofP. radiata in this area.
文摘In term of the features of 3G system, a novel AMR link adaptation strategy for 3G system is proposed. The impacts of AMR codec modes and power control on traffic quality of service are taken into account in the strategy at the same time. By synthetically comparing the signal-to-interference ratio value with the switching threshold and comparing the transmission power with its threshold, radio resource management can always keep each link on its proper codec mode with the corresponding optimal power level to achieve both robust speech quality and link capacity enhancement. Based on the WCDMA FDD uplink link-level simulation platform, AMR link adaptation platform is constructed. Simulation results show that the algorithm can track the fast change of channel conditions and select the most robust codec mode, thus the synthetic speech quality of AMR is better than that of signal mode during a wide range of channel conditions. The result will provide a reference strategy for AMR link adaptation of 3G system.
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China No.2014AA01A701Nature and Science Foundation of China under Grants No.61471068,61421061+2 种基金Beijing Nova Programme No.Z131101000413030International Collaboration Project No.2015DFT10160National Major Project No.2016ZX03001009-003
文摘The key technologies involved in the evolution of the Cloud-based Radio Access Network(C-RAN) are discussed in this paper. Taking the Frameless Network Architecture(FNA) as a starting point, a cell-lessbased network topology for a multi-tier Heterogeneous Network(Het Net) and ultra-dense network is proposed. The FNA network topology modeling is researched with centralized processing and distributed antenna deployments. The Antenna Element(AE) is released as a new dimensional radio resource that is included in the centralized Radio Resource Management(RRM) processes. This contributes to the on-demand user-centric serving-set associations with cell-edge effect elimination. The Control Plane(CP) and User Plane(UP) separation and adaptation are introduced for energy efficiency improvements. The centralized RRM and different optimization goals are discussed for fully exploring the merits from the centralized computing of C-RAN. Considering the complexity, near-optimal approaches for specific users' Quality-of-Service(Qo S) requirements are addressed. Finally, based on the research highlighted above, the way forward of C-RAN evolution is discussed.
基金This material is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.61001116 and 61121001,Beijing Nova Programme No.Z131101000413030,the National Major Project No.2013ZX03003002 and Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University No.IRT1049
文摘Software-Defined Network （SDN） empowers the evolution of Internet with the OpenFlow, Network Virtualization and Service Slicing strategies. With the fast increasing requirements of Mobile Internet services, the Internet and Mobile Networks go to the convergence. Mobile Networks can also get benefits from the SDN evolution to fulfill the 5th Generation （5G） capacity booming. The article implements SDN into Frameless Network Architecture （FNA） for 5G Mobile Network evolution with proposed Mobile-oriented OpenFlow Protocol （MOFP）. The Control Plane/User Plane （CP/UP） separation and adaptation strategy is proposed to support the User-Centric scenario in FNA. The traditional Base Station is separated with Central Processing Entity （CPE） and Antenna Element （AE） to perform the OpenFlow and Network Virtualization. The AEs are released as new resources for serving users. The mobile-oriented Service Slicing with different Quality of Service （QoS） classification is proposed and Resource Pooling based Virtualized Radio Resource Management （VRRM） is optimized for the Service Slicing strategy with resource-limited feature in Mobile Networks. The capacity gains are provided to show the merits of SDN based FNA. And the MiniNet based Trial Network with Service Slicing is implemented with experimental results.
基金Supported by the Military Major Project for Clinical High-tech and Innovative Technology of China (2010gxjs057)the Municipal Hospitals’ Project for Emerging and Frontier Technology of Shanghai (SHDC12010115)the Project for the Key Discipline of Shanghai
文摘Background： Laparoendoscopic single-site surgery （LESS） may serve as a potential alternative to conventional laparoscopy and is developing quickly, but still in its infancy. The study is to present our two-year experience in transumbilical LESS simple nephrectomy （LESS-SN） for non-functioning kidney, in an effort to evaluate its feasibility, clinical outcomes and potential advantages. Methods： From December 2008 to December 2010, a total of 11 patients with body mass index （BMI）≤30 underwent transumbilical TriPortTM LESS-SN by a single experienced urologist at our institution. The indications for nephrectomy included nonfunctioning kidney associated with ureteropelvic junction stricture （n=l）, ureteral calculi （n=6）, tuberculosis （n=3）, and ureteral stricture （n=l）. Patient demographics perioperative and follow-up data were prospectively collected and analyzed. Results： Ten procedures were successfully completed with one patient converted to open surgery due to uncontrollable bleeding. The mean operative time was 189.2 （ranging 100-320 min） with an estimated blood loss of 204.5 （ranging 50-1 000 ml）. There were two complications of bleeding （1- intra-, 1- post-）. The mean hospitalization after surgery was 7.9 d （ranging 4-17 d） With a regular follow-up of 1, 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery, all patients remained symptom-free with an intra-umbilical scar. Conclusion： Transumbilical LESS simple nephrectomy for nonfunctioning kidney can be accomplished with favorable surgical outcomes and a superiority of cosmesis. However, cases with chronic inflammation are not suitable for initial up-take and should only be attempted by the very experienced laparoscopist.
基金ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work was supported by the National Na- tural Science Foundation of China under Gra- nts No. 61172079, 61231008, No. 61201141, No. 61301176 the National Basic Research Program of China （973 Program） under Grant No. 2009CB320404+2 种基金 the 111 Project under Gr- ant No. B08038 the National Science and Tec- hnology Major Project under Grant No. 2012- ZX03002009-003, No. 2012ZX03004002-003 and the Shaanxi Province Science and Techno- logy Research and Development Program un- der Grant No. 2011KJXX-40.
文摘The traffic with tidal phenomenon in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks(HWNs)has radically increased the complexity of radio resource management and its performance analysis.In this paper,a Simplified Dynamic Hierarchy Resource Management(SDHRM)algorithm exploiting the resources dynamically and intelligently is proposed with the consideration of tidal traffic.In network-level resource allocation,the proposed algorithm first adopts wavelet neural network to forecast the traffic of each sub-area and then allocates the resources to those sub-areas to maximise the network utility.In connection-level network selection,based on the above resource allocation and the pre-defined QoS requirement,three typical network selection policies are provided to assign traffic flow to the most appropriate network.Furthermore,based on multidimensional Markov model,we analyse the performance of SDHRM in HWNs with heavy tailed traffic.Numerical results show that our theoretical values coincide with the simulation results and the SDHRM can improve the resource utilization.
文摘This article describes the investigation of hazardous waste (HW) in the Three Gorges Area of Chongqing region, which indicates that by May 2002, the dumped HW therein amounted to 14 600 t and was mainly distributed in five districts and counties with 11 000 t in Fuling, 1 650 t in Fengdu, 950 t in Wanzhou; 630 t in Wushan and 430 t in Yunyang. The total amount was composed of 9 670 t chromic residue, 2 310 t waste oil and residue, 410 t waste (false) fertilizer, 28 t waste chemical medicine, 26 t waste materials and 2 200 t other things including acid residue, waste asbestos, fluorine silicate, pigment, additive, waste acid, alkali, nitric acid, vitriol, lead mud, storage battery, calcium carbide, potassium cyanide, polluted soil, discard dynamite, waste packing barrel of cyanides, etc. In all of the HW, 578 t can be treated by chemical neutralization and stabilization technology such as redox, chemical precipitation, acid and alkali neutralization, etc., and the rest is temporarily untreatble and should be removed and piled at a temporary storage site above the 177 m water level of the dam with an aim to be transported to a future disposal site for innocuous treatment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61172068
文摘In the trust management scheme of the distributed cognitive radio networks, the absence of the central control devices cause many problems such as a lack of standardized control for trust computation, and the absence of the decision makers in trust evaluation and collaborative decision making. A trust management mechanism based on the jury system for distributed cognitive radio networks is proposed in this paper. The "jury user" is designed to collaboratively examine the reputation of the cognitive user in the networks and to perform data fusion and spectrum allocation for distributed cognitive radio networks. Simulation analysis results show that the proposed scheme can ensure accuracy and fairness in trust evaluation and improve effectiveness and flexibility of spectrum allocation.
