2009年8月ETSI颁布的DRM(Digital Radio Mondiale)标准将调频段DRM数字广播囊括其中,介绍该标准中调频段DRM数字广播的优势与信道部分的技术特性。调频段DRM数字广播通过信道编码技术、信道复用、OFDM调制等技术,实现调频段广播信号的传...2009年8月ETSI颁布的DRM(Digital Radio Mondiale)标准将调频段DRM数字广播囊括其中,介绍该标准中调频段DRM数字广播的优势与信道部分的技术特性。调频段DRM数字广播通过信道编码技术、信道复用、OFDM调制等技术,实现调频段广播信号的传输,与DAB相比可快速而平滑地实现FM波段广播由模拟向数字的过渡。展开更多
It is well known that the overbreak caused by the blasting damage during tunnel excavation increases costs associated with filling the collapsed area with shotcrete and results in filing of a claim by the contractor. ...It is well known that the overbreak caused by the blasting damage during tunnel excavation increases costs associated with filling the collapsed area with shotcrete and results in filing of a claim by the contractor. This paper outlines a new approach for prediction the overbreak depth during tunnel construction. Hence, firstly excavation damage zone(EDZ) are determined by average specific charge in each zone. Numerical modelling is used to simulate the EDZ around tunnel boundary and the overbreak depth are calculated by the rock strength factor. The predicted overbreak depth compared with observed field data from a case study. The results show that there exists an approximately up to 40% difference between the prediction and the observed volume of overbreak depth. Therefore, the method can be well used to predict the overbreak depth to estimate more precision of shotcrete and concrete volumes in tunnelling cost during design phase.展开更多
文摘2009年8月ETSI颁布的DRM(Digital Radio Mondiale)标准将调频段DRM数字广播囊括其中,介绍该标准中调频段DRM数字广播的优势与信道部分的技术特性。调频段DRM数字广播通过信道编码技术、信道复用、OFDM调制等技术,实现调频段广播信号的传输,与DAB相比可快速而平滑地实现FM波段广播由模拟向数字的过渡。
文摘It is well known that the overbreak caused by the blasting damage during tunnel excavation increases costs associated with filling the collapsed area with shotcrete and results in filing of a claim by the contractor. This paper outlines a new approach for prediction the overbreak depth during tunnel construction. Hence, firstly excavation damage zone(EDZ) are determined by average specific charge in each zone. Numerical modelling is used to simulate the EDZ around tunnel boundary and the overbreak depth are calculated by the rock strength factor. The predicted overbreak depth compared with observed field data from a case study. The results show that there exists an approximately up to 40% difference between the prediction and the observed volume of overbreak depth. Therefore, the method can be well used to predict the overbreak depth to estimate more precision of shotcrete and concrete volumes in tunnelling cost during design phase.
