The potential of di-(m-Formylphenol)-1,2-cyclohexandiimine as an environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor for steel was investigated in 1 mol/L HCl using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spe...The potential of di-(m-Formylphenol)-1,2-cyclohexandiimine as an environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor for steel was investigated in 1 mol/L HCl using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and chronoamperometry measurements. All electrochemical measurements suggest that this compound is an excellent corrosion inhibitor for mild steel and the inhibition efficiency increases with the increase in inhibitor concentration. The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of mild steel with the addition of the Schiff base was studied in the temperature range from 25 °C to 65 °C. It is found that the adsorption of this inhibitor follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherms. The value of activation energy and the thermodynamic parameters such as ΔHads, ΔSads, Kads and ΔGads were calculated by the corrosion currents at different temperatures using the adsorption isotherm. The morphology of mild steel surface in the absence and presence of inhibitor was examined by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) images.展开更多
Alloy anodes were studied for pursuing Sn-based microcomposite synthesis, assembly and performance for lithium ion batteries. The self-assembled Sn-Co-C composites with nano-scaled microstructures were prepared via so...Alloy anodes were studied for pursuing Sn-based microcomposite synthesis, assembly and performance for lithium ion batteries. The self-assembled Sn-Co-C composites with nano-scaled microstructures were prepared via solution method and carbothermal technology. The morphology and physical structure were investigated with scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The as-prepared materials were assembled to half cell coin for the purpose of discussing the galvanostatic cycling, cyclic voltammetry and rate-capability performance. Results reveal that nanoscaled CoSn 2 alloys covered with Sn and C layer by layer are wrapped by cross-linked porous carbon network to form spherical microstructure. This distinguishing feature of Sn-Co-C composites provides a possible solution to the problems of Sn particle aggregation and poor electron transport, and has strong effect on improving electrochemical performance.展开更多
A novel kind of waterborne epoxy coating pigmented by nano-sized aluminium powders on high strength steel was formulated. Several coatings with different pigment volume content (PVC) were prepared. The coating morphol...A novel kind of waterborne epoxy coating pigmented by nano-sized aluminium powders on high strength steel was formulated. Several coatings with different pigment volume content (PVC) were prepared. The coating morphology was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the electrochemical properties were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Immersion test and neutral salt spray test were also conducted to investigate the corrosion resistance of the coating. It is demonstrated that the critical pigment volume content (CPVC) value is between 30% and 40%. The coating with PVC of 30% exhibits good corrosion resistance in 3.5% (mass fraction) NaCl solution.展开更多
The initial stage of Ni-TiO2 composite system electrodeposition on glassy carbon electrode from an acidic solution of nickel sulfate was investigated using cyclic voltammetry （CV）, chronoamperometry （CA） and elect...The initial stage of Ni-TiO2 composite system electrodeposition on glassy carbon electrode from an acidic solution of nickel sulfate was investigated using cyclic voltammetry （CV）, chronoamperometry （CA） and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS）. Analysis of current density-time transients was performed using the nonlinear fitting procedure and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was simulated by Z-view software. Besides, the surface morphology of Ni-TiO2 co-deposition at the initial stage was observed by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The results show that, in the case of low overpotential （-790 mV vs SCE）, the presence of TiO2 particles in the plating bath makes the nucleation relaxation time tm^x decreased clearly. Meanwhile, the electro-crystallization of Ni-TiO2 system follows a Scharifker-Hills （SH） progressive nucleation/growth mechanism. While in the case of higher overpotential, the presence of the TiO2 particles in solution makes the nucleation relaxation time tmax increased. At -850 mV （vs SCE）, the co-deposition of Ni-TiO2 system meets SH instantaneous nucleation/growth mechanism. The results of impedance spectra show that the appearance of the characteristic inductive loops represents the nucleation/growth of nickel and the presence of TiO2 particles reduces the charge transfer resistance of solution. The SEM observation confirms that TiO2 particles can be considered as favorable sites for nickel nucleating.展开更多
Li2Fe0.9Mn0.1SiO4/C composites were synthesized by using X-ray diffractometry （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） glucose as carbon source. The samples were characterized by and electrochemical measurements....Li2Fe0.9Mn0.1SiO4/C composites were synthesized by using X-ray diffractometry （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） glucose as carbon source. The samples were characterized by and electrochemical measurements. All Li2Fe0.9Mn0.1SiO4/C composites are of the similar crystal structure. With increasing the carbon content in the range of 5%-20% （mass fraction）, the diffraction peaks in XRD patterns broaden and the particle sizes and the tap density of samples decrease. The Li2Fe0.9Mn0.1SiO4/C composites with carbon content of 14.12% show excellent electrochemical performances with an initial discharge capacity of 154.7 mA.h/g at C/16 rate, and the capacity retention remains 92.2% after 30 cycles.展开更多
The corrosion behavior of tinplate cans containing coffee was investigated using novel electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) and electrochemical noise(EN) sensors.The contents of iron and tin dissolved in cans w...The corrosion behavior of tinplate cans containing coffee was investigated using novel electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) and electrochemical noise(EN) sensors.The contents of iron and tin dissolved in cans were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer(ICP-MS),and the morphology of corroded surface was observed by optical microscopy and scanning probe microscopy(SPM).The results reveal that the coating resistance,charge transfer resistance and noise resistance decrease with the prolongation of storage time.The iron and tin contents in cans increase with the storage time,while the bump height of coating surface increases from 30 nm to 80 nm during the corrosion of twelve months.The existence of deformation would enhance the corrosion process of tinplate cans.Finally,the corrosion mechanism of tinplate cans in coffee was proposed.展开更多
A simple strategy to prepare a hybrid of nanocomposites of anatase TiO2/graphene nanosheets （GNS） as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries was reported.The morphology and crystal structure were studied by X-ray ...A simple strategy to prepare a hybrid of nanocomposites of anatase TiO2/graphene nanosheets （GNS） as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries was reported.The morphology and crystal structure were studied by X-ray diffraction （XRD）,field emission scanning electron microscopy （FE-SEM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）.The electrochemical performance was evaluated by galvanostatic charge-lischarge tests and alternating current （AC） impedance spectroscopy.The results show that the TiO2/GNS electrode exhibit higher electrochemical performance than that of TiO2 electrode regardless of the rate.Even at 500 mA/g,the capacity of TiO2/GNS is 120.3 mAh/g,which is higher than that of TiO2 61.6 mAh/g.The high performance is attributed to the addition of graphene to improve electrical conductivity and reduce polarization.展开更多
Activated carbon fiber/carbon nanotube(ACF/CNT) composites were fabricated by chemical vapor deposition(CVD) process.The effects of pyrolysis temperature on properties of ACF/CNT composites,including BET specific surf...Activated carbon fiber/carbon nanotube(ACF/CNT) composites were fabricated by chemical vapor deposition(CVD) process.The effects of pyrolysis temperature on properties of ACF/CNT composites,including BET specific surface area,mass increment rate and adsorption efficiency for rhodamine B in solution,were investigated by scanning electron microscopy.The results show that the pyrolysis temperature is a key factor affecting the qualities of ACF/CNT composites.The mass increment rate and BET specific surface area sharply decrease with the increase of pyrolysis temperatures from 550 ℃ to 850 ℃ and the minimum diameter of CNTs appears at 750 ℃.The maximum adsorption efficiency of ACF/CNT composites for rhodamine B is obtained at 650 ℃.ACF/CNT composites are expected to be useful in adsorption field.展开更多
High dispersed carbon black was applied for LiFePO4 cathodes as conductive agent.Nano-conductive carbon agent was pre-dispersed with poly acrylic acid(PAA) as dispersant in organic N-methyl-pyrrolidone(NMP) solvent sy...High dispersed carbon black was applied for LiFePO4 cathodes as conductive agent.Nano-conductive carbon agent was pre-dispersed with poly acrylic acid(PAA) as dispersant in organic N-methyl-pyrrolidone(NMP) solvent system.The dispersion property of nano-conductive carbon agent was evaluated using particle size distribution measurements,scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and transmission electron microscope(TEM).LiFePO4 cathode with as-received nano-conductive carbon agent(SP) and LiFePO4 cathode with pre-dispersed nano-conductive carbon agent(SP-PAA) were examined by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),cyclic voltammetry(CV),electrochemical impendence spectroscopy(EIS) and charge/discharge cycling performance.Results show that the dispersion property of carbon black is improved by using PAA as the dispersant.The LiFePO4 cathodes with SP-PAA exhibit improved rate behaviors(4C,135.1 mAh/g) and cycle performance(95%,200 cycles) compared to LiFePO4 cathodes with SP(4C,103.9 mAh/g and 83%,200 cycles).Because pre-dispersed carbon black(SP-PAA) is dispersed homogeneously in the dried composite electrode to form a more uniform conductive network between the active material particles,electrochemical performances of the LiFePO4 cathodes are improved.展开更多
Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4 material was synthesized by a citric acid-assisted sol-gel method. The influence of the stoichiometric ratio value of n(citric acid) to n(Fe2+-Mn2+) on the electrochemical properties of Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5...Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4 material was synthesized by a citric acid-assisted sol-gel method. The influence of the stoichiometric ratio value of n(citric acid) to n(Fe2+-Mn2+) on the electrochemical properties of Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4 was studied. The final sample was identified as Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4 with a Pmn21 monoclinic structure by X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystal phases components and crystal phase structure of the Li2Fe0.5Mn0.4SiO4 material were improved as the increase of the stoichiometric ratio value of n(citric acid) to n(Fe2+-Mn2+). Field-emission scanning electron microscopy verified that the Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4 particles are agglomerates of Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4 primary particles with a geometric mean diameter of 220 nm. The Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4 sample was used as an electrode material for rechargeable lithium ion batteries, and the electrochemical measurements were carried out at room temperature. The Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4 electrode delivered a first discharge capacity of 230.1 mAh/g at the current density of 10 mA/g in first cycle and about 162 mAh/g after 20 cycles at the current density of 20 mA/g.展开更多
The surface morphology of alloy layer of tinplate was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy. By using the layer on layer debonding technology of glow discharge spectrum, the contents of C and O at the bound...The surface morphology of alloy layer of tinplate was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy. By using the layer on layer debonding technology of glow discharge spectrum, the contents of C and O at the boundary of alloy layer and black plate were analyzed. And the corrosion characteristic of cavity of tinplate alloy layer was studied on-line and in-situ by means of electrochemical atomic force microscope. The corrosion depth of cavity of alloy layer in-situ after different corrosion time was measured. The results show that the cavity of alloy layer is a critical factor causing rapid decline of corrosion resistance of tinplate, and the formation of cavity of alloy layer is due to incorrect pretreatment of black plate before electrotinning. The cavity of alloy layer is the internal factor causing pitting corrosion of tinplate when the tinplate is applied to food packaging material. And the dynamic equation of pitting corrosion generated in the cavity of alloy layer conforms to logarithm law.展开更多
Ru O2·n H2O film was deposited on tantalum foils by electrodeposition and heat treatment using Ru Cl3·3H2O as precursor.Surface morphology, composition change and cyclic voltammetry from precursor to amorpho...Ru O2·n H2O film was deposited on tantalum foils by electrodeposition and heat treatment using Ru Cl3·3H2O as precursor.Surface morphology, composition change and cyclic voltammetry from precursor to amorphous and crystalline RuO2·n H2O films were studied by X-ray diffractometer, Fourier transformation infrared spectrometer, differential thermal analyzer, scanning electron microscope and electrochemical analyzer, respectively. The results show that the precursor was transformed gradually from amorphous to crystalline phase with temperature. When heat treated at 300 °C for 2h, RuO2·n H2O electrode surface gains mass of2.5 mg/cm2 with specific capacitance of 782 F/g. Besides, it is found that the specific capacitance of the film decreased by roughly20% with voltage scan rate increasing from 5 to 250 m V/s.展开更多
文摘The potential of di-(m-Formylphenol)-1,2-cyclohexandiimine as an environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor for steel was investigated in 1 mol/L HCl using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and chronoamperometry measurements. All electrochemical measurements suggest that this compound is an excellent corrosion inhibitor for mild steel and the inhibition efficiency increases with the increase in inhibitor concentration. The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of mild steel with the addition of the Schiff base was studied in the temperature range from 25 °C to 65 °C. It is found that the adsorption of this inhibitor follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherms. The value of activation energy and the thermodynamic parameters such as ΔHads, ΔSads, Kads and ΔGads were calculated by the corrosion currents at different temperatures using the adsorption isotherm. The morphology of mild steel surface in the absence and presence of inhibitor was examined by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) images.
基金Projects(51074185, 51274240) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
文摘Alloy anodes were studied for pursuing Sn-based microcomposite synthesis, assembly and performance for lithium ion batteries. The self-assembled Sn-Co-C composites with nano-scaled microstructures were prepared via solution method and carbothermal technology. The morphology and physical structure were investigated with scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The as-prepared materials were assembled to half cell coin for the purpose of discussing the galvanostatic cycling, cyclic voltammetry and rate-capability performance. Results reveal that nanoscaled CoSn 2 alloys covered with Sn and C layer by layer are wrapped by cross-linked porous carbon network to form spherical microstructure. This distinguishing feature of Sn-Co-C composites provides a possible solution to the problems of Sn particle aggregation and poor electron transport, and has strong effect on improving electrochemical performance.
基金Project(51001007) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2011ZE51057) supported by the Aero Science Foundation of China
文摘A novel kind of waterborne epoxy coating pigmented by nano-sized aluminium powders on high strength steel was formulated. Several coatings with different pigment volume content (PVC) were prepared. The coating morphology was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the electrochemical properties were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Immersion test and neutral salt spray test were also conducted to investigate the corrosion resistance of the coating. It is demonstrated that the critical pigment volume content (CPVC) value is between 30% and 40%. The coating with PVC of 30% exhibits good corrosion resistance in 3.5% (mass fraction) NaCl solution.
基金Project(MKPT-04-106) supported by the Project of National Defense of China
文摘The initial stage of Ni-TiO2 composite system electrodeposition on glassy carbon electrode from an acidic solution of nickel sulfate was investigated using cyclic voltammetry （CV）, chronoamperometry （CA） and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS）. Analysis of current density-time transients was performed using the nonlinear fitting procedure and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was simulated by Z-view software. Besides, the surface morphology of Ni-TiO2 co-deposition at the initial stage was observed by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The results show that, in the case of low overpotential （-790 mV vs SCE）, the presence of TiO2 particles in the plating bath makes the nucleation relaxation time tm^x decreased clearly. Meanwhile, the electro-crystallization of Ni-TiO2 system follows a Scharifker-Hills （SH） progressive nucleation/growth mechanism. While in the case of higher overpotential, the presence of the TiO2 particles in solution makes the nucleation relaxation time tmax increased. At -850 mV （vs SCE）, the co-deposition of Ni-TiO2 system meets SH instantaneous nucleation/growth mechanism. The results of impedance spectra show that the appearance of the characteristic inductive loops represents the nucleation/growth of nickel and the presence of TiO2 particles reduces the charge transfer resistance of solution. The SEM observation confirms that TiO2 particles can be considered as favorable sites for nickel nucleating.
基金Project(50302016) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Li2Fe0.9Mn0.1SiO4/C composites were synthesized by using X-ray diffractometry （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） glucose as carbon source. The samples were characterized by and electrochemical measurements. All Li2Fe0.9Mn0.1SiO4/C composites are of the similar crystal structure. With increasing the carbon content in the range of 5%-20% （mass fraction）, the diffraction peaks in XRD patterns broaden and the particle sizes and the tap density of samples decrease. The Li2Fe0.9Mn0.1SiO4/C composites with carbon content of 14.12% show excellent electrochemical performances with an initial discharge capacity of 154.7 mA.h/g at C/16 rate, and the capacity retention remains 92.2% after 30 cycles.
基金Project(2011CB610500)supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of ChinaProject(13JCZDJC29500)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin Municipality,ChinaProject(20130032110029)supported by the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education,China
文摘The corrosion behavior of tinplate cans containing coffee was investigated using novel electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) and electrochemical noise(EN) sensors.The contents of iron and tin dissolved in cans were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer(ICP-MS),and the morphology of corroded surface was observed by optical microscopy and scanning probe microscopy(SPM).The results reveal that the coating resistance,charge transfer resistance and noise resistance decrease with the prolongation of storage time.The iron and tin contents in cans increase with the storage time,while the bump height of coating surface increases from 30 nm to 80 nm during the corrosion of twelve months.The existence of deformation would enhance the corrosion process of tinplate cans.Finally,the corrosion mechanism of tinplate cans in coffee was proposed.
基金Project(Y4110230)supported by Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,ChinaProject(51204146,51101140)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2012M521197)supported by Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China
文摘A simple strategy to prepare a hybrid of nanocomposites of anatase TiO2/graphene nanosheets （GNS） as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries was reported.The morphology and crystal structure were studied by X-ray diffraction （XRD）,field emission scanning electron microscopy （FE-SEM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）.The electrochemical performance was evaluated by galvanostatic charge-lischarge tests and alternating current （AC） impedance spectroscopy.The results show that the TiO2/GNS electrode exhibit higher electrochemical performance than that of TiO2 electrode regardless of the rate.Even at 500 mA/g,the capacity of TiO2/GNS is 120.3 mAh/g,which is higher than that of TiO2 61.6 mAh/g.The high performance is attributed to the addition of graphene to improve electrical conductivity and reduce polarization.
基金Project(50802115) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2010FJ4075) supported by the Science and Technology Plan of Hunan ProvinceProject(CDJJ-10010205) supported by Changsha University
文摘Activated carbon fiber/carbon nanotube(ACF/CNT) composites were fabricated by chemical vapor deposition(CVD) process.The effects of pyrolysis temperature on properties of ACF/CNT composites,including BET specific surface area,mass increment rate and adsorption efficiency for rhodamine B in solution,were investigated by scanning electron microscopy.The results show that the pyrolysis temperature is a key factor affecting the qualities of ACF/CNT composites.The mass increment rate and BET specific surface area sharply decrease with the increase of pyrolysis temperatures from 550 ℃ to 850 ℃ and the minimum diameter of CNTs appears at 750 ℃.The maximum adsorption efficiency of ACF/CNT composites for rhodamine B is obtained at 650 ℃.ACF/CNT composites are expected to be useful in adsorption field.
基金Project(51204211) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2012M521543) supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
文摘High dispersed carbon black was applied for LiFePO4 cathodes as conductive agent.Nano-conductive carbon agent was pre-dispersed with poly acrylic acid(PAA) as dispersant in organic N-methyl-pyrrolidone(NMP) solvent system.The dispersion property of nano-conductive carbon agent was evaluated using particle size distribution measurements,scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and transmission electron microscope(TEM).LiFePO4 cathode with as-received nano-conductive carbon agent(SP) and LiFePO4 cathode with pre-dispersed nano-conductive carbon agent(SP-PAA) were examined by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),cyclic voltammetry(CV),electrochemical impendence spectroscopy(EIS) and charge/discharge cycling performance.Results show that the dispersion property of carbon black is improved by using PAA as the dispersant.The LiFePO4 cathodes with SP-PAA exhibit improved rate behaviors(4C,135.1 mAh/g) and cycle performance(95%,200 cycles) compared to LiFePO4 cathodes with SP(4C,103.9 mAh/g and 83%,200 cycles).Because pre-dispersed carbon black(SP-PAA) is dispersed homogeneously in the dried composite electrode to form a more uniform conductive network between the active material particles,electrochemical performances of the LiFePO4 cathodes are improved.
基金Projects(13A047,10B054)supported by the Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department,ChinaProjects(2011GK2002,2011FJ3160)supported by the Planned Science and Technology Project of Hunan Province,China
文摘Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4 material was synthesized by a citric acid-assisted sol-gel method. The influence of the stoichiometric ratio value of n(citric acid) to n(Fe2+-Mn2+) on the electrochemical properties of Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4 was studied. The final sample was identified as Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4 with a Pmn21 monoclinic structure by X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystal phases components and crystal phase structure of the Li2Fe0.5Mn0.4SiO4 material were improved as the increase of the stoichiometric ratio value of n(citric acid) to n(Fe2+-Mn2+). Field-emission scanning electron microscopy verified that the Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4 particles are agglomerates of Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4 primary particles with a geometric mean diameter of 220 nm. The Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4 sample was used as an electrode material for rechargeable lithium ion batteries, and the electrochemical measurements were carried out at room temperature. The Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4 electrode delivered a first discharge capacity of 230.1 mAh/g at the current density of 10 mA/g in first cycle and about 162 mAh/g after 20 cycles at the current density of 20 mA/g.
文摘The surface morphology of alloy layer of tinplate was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy. By using the layer on layer debonding technology of glow discharge spectrum, the contents of C and O at the boundary of alloy layer and black plate were analyzed. And the corrosion characteristic of cavity of tinplate alloy layer was studied on-line and in-situ by means of electrochemical atomic force microscope. The corrosion depth of cavity of alloy layer in-situ after different corrosion time was measured. The results show that the cavity of alloy layer is a critical factor causing rapid decline of corrosion resistance of tinplate, and the formation of cavity of alloy layer is due to incorrect pretreatment of black plate before electrotinning. The cavity of alloy layer is the internal factor causing pitting corrosion of tinplate when the tinplate is applied to food packaging material. And the dynamic equation of pitting corrosion generated in the cavity of alloy layer conforms to logarithm law.
基金Project(S2013040015492)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,ChinaProject(2007AA03Z240)supported by Hi-tech Research and Development Program of China
文摘Ru O2·n H2O film was deposited on tantalum foils by electrodeposition and heat treatment using Ru Cl3·3H2O as precursor.Surface morphology, composition change and cyclic voltammetry from precursor to amorphous and crystalline RuO2·n H2O films were studied by X-ray diffractometer, Fourier transformation infrared spectrometer, differential thermal analyzer, scanning electron microscope and electrochemical analyzer, respectively. The results show that the precursor was transformed gradually from amorphous to crystalline phase with temperature. When heat treated at 300 °C for 2h, RuO2·n H2O electrode surface gains mass of2.5 mg/cm2 with specific capacitance of 782 F/g. Besides, it is found that the specific capacitance of the film decreased by roughly20% with voltage scan rate increasing from 5 to 250 m V/s.
