以美国西部3个著名的国家公园(黄石、洛基山和大峡谷)及其缓冲区为研究对象,以空间分辨率30m的3期美国国家土地覆盖数据库(National Land Cover Databases,NLCD 1992\2001\2006)为数据源,采用森林破碎化分析模型与景观指数相结合的方法...以美国西部3个著名的国家公园(黄石、洛基山和大峡谷)及其缓冲区为研究对象,以空间分辨率30m的3期美国国家土地覆盖数据库(National Land Cover Databases,NLCD 1992\2001\2006)为数据源,采用森林破碎化分析模型与景观指数相结合的方法刻画国家公园及其缓冲区内森林破碎化及干扰模式的时空差异,并有效分离导致森林破碎化的人为干扰和自然干扰贡献份额。结果表明:美国西部国家公园内森林因严格保护而破碎化程度较低且森林状态保持稳定,主要的干扰形式是自然干扰并伴有少量的城市土地利用类型的空间交互。而在缓冲区,由于存在相对宽松的森林经营活动森林破碎化程度较高,森林受自然干扰和人为干扰共同作用,其中农业土地利用扮演主要角色。这些差异主要归因于美国西部陡峻的地形、土地所有权及民众的生活方式。为了有效改善中国森林及国家公园的管理水平,可充分借鉴美国国家公园管理过程中的先进的经营理念、法律依据、管理机制、资金机制和监督机制等,并应在森林经营实践中确保森林保护政策有效执行。展开更多
It is well-known that the IMC-PID controller tuning gives fast and improved set point response but slow disturbance rejection. A modification has been proposed in IMC-PID tuning rule for the improved disturbance rejec...It is well-known that the IMC-PID controller tuning gives fast and improved set point response but slow disturbance rejection. A modification has been proposed in IMC-PID tuning rule for the improved disturbance rejection. For the modified IMC-PID tuning rule, a method has been developed to obtain the IMC-PID setting in closed-loop mode without acquiring detailed information of the process. The proposed method is based on the closed-loop step set point experiment using a proportional only controller with gain K_(c0). It is the direct approach to find the PID controller setting similar to classical Ziegler-Nichols closed-loop method. Based on simulations of a wide range of first-order with delay processes, a simple correlation has been derived to obtain the modified IMC-PID controller settings from closed-loop experiment. In this method, controller gain is a function of the overshoot obtained in the closed loop set point experiment. The integral and derivative time is mainly a function of the time to reach the first peak(overshoot). Simulation has been conducted for the broad class of processes and the controllers were tuned to have the same degree of robustness by measuring the maximum sensitivity, Ms, in order to obtain a reasonable comparison. The PID controller settings obtained in the proposed tuning method show better performance and robustness with other two-step tuning methods for the broad class of processes. It has also been applied to temperature control loop in distillation column model. The result has been compared to the open loop tuning method where it gives robust and fast response.展开更多
The theoretical formulations of Coulomb and Rankine still remain as the fundamental approaches to the analysis of most gravity-type retaining wall,with the assumption that sufficient lateral yield will occur to mobili...The theoretical formulations of Coulomb and Rankine still remain as the fundamental approaches to the analysis of most gravity-type retaining wall,with the assumption that sufficient lateral yield will occur to mobilize fully limited conditions behind the wall.The effects of the magnitude of wall movements and different wall-movement modes are not taken into consideration.The disturbance of backfill is considered to be related to the wall movement under translation mode.On the basis of disturbed state concept(DSC),a general disturbance function was proposed which ranged from-1 to 1.The disturbance variables could be determined from the measured wall movements.A novel approach that related to disturbed degree and the mobilized internal frictional angle of the backfill was also derived.A calculation method benefited from Rankine's theory and the proposed approach was established to predict the magnitude and distribution of earth pressure from the cohesionless backfill under translation mode.The predicted results,including the magnitude and distribution of earth pressure,show good agreement with those of the model test and the finite element method.In addition,the disturbance parameter b was also discussed.展开更多
文摘以美国西部3个著名的国家公园(黄石、洛基山和大峡谷)及其缓冲区为研究对象,以空间分辨率30m的3期美国国家土地覆盖数据库(National Land Cover Databases,NLCD 1992\2001\2006)为数据源,采用森林破碎化分析模型与景观指数相结合的方法刻画国家公园及其缓冲区内森林破碎化及干扰模式的时空差异,并有效分离导致森林破碎化的人为干扰和自然干扰贡献份额。结果表明:美国西部国家公园内森林因严格保护而破碎化程度较低且森林状态保持稳定,主要的干扰形式是自然干扰并伴有少量的城市土地利用类型的空间交互。而在缓冲区,由于存在相对宽松的森林经营活动森林破碎化程度较高,森林受自然干扰和人为干扰共同作用,其中农业土地利用扮演主要角色。这些差异主要归因于美国西部陡峻的地形、土地所有权及民众的生活方式。为了有效改善中国森林及国家公园的管理水平,可充分借鉴美国国家公园管理过程中的先进的经营理念、法律依据、管理机制、资金机制和监督机制等,并应在森林经营实践中确保森林保护政策有效执行。
基金the support provided by King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) through the Science & Technology Unit at King Fahd University of PetroleumMinerals (KFUPM) for funding this work through project number 11-ENE1643-04 as part of the Notional Science Technology and Innovation Plan
文摘It is well-known that the IMC-PID controller tuning gives fast and improved set point response but slow disturbance rejection. A modification has been proposed in IMC-PID tuning rule for the improved disturbance rejection. For the modified IMC-PID tuning rule, a method has been developed to obtain the IMC-PID setting in closed-loop mode without acquiring detailed information of the process. The proposed method is based on the closed-loop step set point experiment using a proportional only controller with gain K_(c0). It is the direct approach to find the PID controller setting similar to classical Ziegler-Nichols closed-loop method. Based on simulations of a wide range of first-order with delay processes, a simple correlation has been derived to obtain the modified IMC-PID controller settings from closed-loop experiment. In this method, controller gain is a function of the overshoot obtained in the closed loop set point experiment. The integral and derivative time is mainly a function of the time to reach the first peak(overshoot). Simulation has been conducted for the broad class of processes and the controllers were tuned to have the same degree of robustness by measuring the maximum sensitivity, Ms, in order to obtain a reasonable comparison. The PID controller settings obtained in the proposed tuning method show better performance and robustness with other two-step tuning methods for the broad class of processes. It has also been applied to temperature control loop in distillation column model. The result has been compared to the open loop tuning method where it gives robust and fast response.
基金Project(50678158) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The theoretical formulations of Coulomb and Rankine still remain as the fundamental approaches to the analysis of most gravity-type retaining wall,with the assumption that sufficient lateral yield will occur to mobilize fully limited conditions behind the wall.The effects of the magnitude of wall movements and different wall-movement modes are not taken into consideration.The disturbance of backfill is considered to be related to the wall movement under translation mode.On the basis of disturbed state concept(DSC),a general disturbance function was proposed which ranged from-1 to 1.The disturbance variables could be determined from the measured wall movements.A novel approach that related to disturbed degree and the mobilized internal frictional angle of the backfill was also derived.A calculation method benefited from Rankine's theory and the proposed approach was established to predict the magnitude and distribution of earth pressure from the cohesionless backfill under translation mode.The predicted results,including the magnitude and distribution of earth pressure,show good agreement with those of the model test and the finite element method.In addition,the disturbance parameter b was also discussed.
