2008年全球性的金融危机使美国的律师事务所遭受了前所未有的打击。为了摆脱困境,虚拟律师事务所应运而生,其中以VLP(Virtual Law Partners)最为典型。对此,国内相关研究几乎一片空白,有鉴于此,本文结合美国律师事务所的虚拟化实践,对...2008年全球性的金融危机使美国的律师事务所遭受了前所未有的打击。为了摆脱困境,虚拟律师事务所应运而生,其中以VLP(Virtual Law Partners)最为典型。对此,国内相关研究几乎一片空白,有鉴于此,本文结合美国律师事务所的虚拟化实践,对虚拟律师事务所的界定、可行模式和独特优势进行了初步探讨,以为我国今后律师立法和理论研究提供参考。展开更多
As a major mode choice of commuters for daily travel, bus transit plays an important role in many urban and metropolitan areas. This work proposes a mathematical model to optimize bus service by minimizing total cost ...As a major mode choice of commuters for daily travel, bus transit plays an important role in many urban and metropolitan areas. This work proposes a mathematical model to optimize bus service by minimizing total cost and considering a temporally and directionally variable demand. An integrated bus service, consisting of all-stop and stop-skipping services is proposed and optimized subject to directional frequency conservation, capacity and operable fleet size constraints. Since the research problem is a combinatorial optimization problem, a genetic algorithm is developed to search for the optimal result in a large solution space. The model was successfully implemented on a bus transit route in the City of Chengdu, China, and the optimal solution was proved to be better than the original operation in terms of total cost. The sensitivity of model parameters to some key attributes/variables is analyzed and discussed to explore further the potential of accruing additional benefits or avoiding some of the drawbacks of stop-skipping services.展开更多
文摘2008年全球性的金融危机使美国的律师事务所遭受了前所未有的打击。为了摆脱困境,虚拟律师事务所应运而生,其中以VLP(Virtual Law Partners)最为典型。对此,国内相关研究几乎一片空白,有鉴于此,本文结合美国律师事务所的虚拟化实践,对虚拟律师事务所的界定、可行模式和独特优势进行了初步探讨,以为我国今后律师立法和理论研究提供参考。
基金Project(B01B1203)supported by Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Transportation,ChinaProject(SWJTU09BR141)supported by the Southwest Jiaotong University,China
文摘As a major mode choice of commuters for daily travel, bus transit plays an important role in many urban and metropolitan areas. This work proposes a mathematical model to optimize bus service by minimizing total cost and considering a temporally and directionally variable demand. An integrated bus service, consisting of all-stop and stop-skipping services is proposed and optimized subject to directional frequency conservation, capacity and operable fleet size constraints. Since the research problem is a combinatorial optimization problem, a genetic algorithm is developed to search for the optimal result in a large solution space. The model was successfully implemented on a bus transit route in the City of Chengdu, China, and the optimal solution was proved to be better than the original operation in terms of total cost. The sensitivity of model parameters to some key attributes/variables is analyzed and discussed to explore further the potential of accruing additional benefits or avoiding some of the drawbacks of stop-skipping services.
