Anisotropic strength and deformability of the rock mass with non-persistent joints are governed by cracking process of the rock bridges. The dependence of cracking process of jointed rock masses on the two important g...Anisotropic strength and deformability of the rock mass with non-persistent joints are governed by cracking process of the rock bridges. The dependence of cracking process of jointed rock masses on the two important geometrical parameters, joint orientation and joint persistence, was studied systematically by carrying out a series of uniaxial compression tests on gypsum specimens with regularly arranged multiple parallel pre-existing joints. According to crack position, mechanism and temporal sequence, seven types of crack initiations and sixteen types of crack coalescences, were identified. It was observed that both tensile cracks and shear cracks can emanate from the pre-existing joints as well as the matrix. Vertical joints were included and coplanar tensile cracks initiation and coalescence were observed accordingly. For specimen with joint inclination angle ,8=75~, it was found that collinear joints can be linked not only by coplanar shear cracks but also by mixed tensile-shear cracks, and that a pair of them can form a small rotation block. Seven failure modes, including axial cleavage, crushing, crushing and rotation of new blocks, stepped failure, stepped failure and rotation of new blocks, shear failure along a single plane and shear failure along multiple planes, were observed. These modes shift gradually in accordance with the combined variation of joint orientation and joint persistence. It is concluded that cracking process and failure modes are more strongly affected by joint orientation than by joint persistence, especially when joint inclination angle is larger than 45~. Finally, variations of macroscopic mechanical behaviors with the two geometrical parameters, such as patterns of the complete axial stress-axial strain curves, peak strength and elastic modulus, are summarized and their mechanisms are successfully explained according to their different cracking process.展开更多
The stability of cemented backfill mass is important to keep miners and equipment safe in underground backfill miming.The stress-strain behavior, resistivity and thermal infrared(TIR) characteristics of backfill mass ...The stability of cemented backfill mass is important to keep miners and equipment safe in underground backfill miming.The stress-strain behavior, resistivity and thermal infrared(TIR) characteristics of backfill mass under uniaxial compression were investigated. The monitoring system consisted of a TIR observation system, a stress-strain monitoring system and a resistivity measurement system. Precursory information for impending failure of cemented backfill mass was collected, including TIR, strain and resistivity precursors. The sensitivity and difference of different monitoring information to the same failure event were compared.The results show that the time-space evolution process of the resistivity and TIR is basically the same as the whole process from compression deformation to failure of backfill mass, and the time variation of resistivity and TIR is obviously characterized by stage.The resistivity precursor turns out earlier than the TIR and the strain. The resistivity relation with loading compression is anti-symmetry, decreasing as the compression stress increases before the peak strength of backfill mass. However, when the backfill mass enters into the phase of failure, the resistivity starts to increase as the stress increases. The change of the resistivity growth direction can be regarded as the resistivity-caution-point for the failure of backfill mass under uniaxial compression. It is also indicated that the TIR information mainly represents the surface temperature evolution in the process of compression before the backfill enters into the plastic-yield state. It can be a valuable tool to obtain the precursors for failure of cemented backfill mass for backfill mines.展开更多
A new analytical study on stresses around a post-tensioned anchor in rocks with two perpendicular joint sets is presented. The assumptions of orthotropic elastic rock with plane strain conditions are made in derivatio...A new analytical study on stresses around a post-tensioned anchor in rocks with two perpendicular joint sets is presented. The assumptions of orthotropic elastic rock with plane strain conditions are made in derivation of the formulations. A tri-linear bond-slip constitutive law is used for modeling the tendon-grout interface behavior and debonding of this interface. The bearing plate width is also considered in the analysis. The obtained solutions are in the integral forms and numerical techniques that have been used for evaluation. In the illustrative example given, the major principal stress is compressive in the anchor free zone and compressive stress concentrations of 815 k Pa and 727 k Pa(for the anchor load of 300 k N) are observed under the bearing plate and the bond length proximal end, respectively. However, large values of tensile stresses with the maximum of-434 k Pa are formed at the bond length distal end. The results obtained using the proposed solution are compared very those of numerical method(FEM).展开更多
Q345E as one of typical low alloy steels is widely used in manufacturing basic components in many fields because of its eminent formability under elevated temperature. In this work, the deformation behavior of Q345E s...Q345E as one of typical low alloy steels is widely used in manufacturing basic components in many fields because of its eminent formability under elevated temperature. In this work, the deformation behavior of Q345E steel was investigated by hot compression experiments on Gleeble-3500 thermo-mechanical simulator with the temperature ranging from 850 ℃ to 1150 ℃ and strain rate ranging from 0.01 s-1 to 10 s-1. The experimental results indicate that dynamic softening of Q345E benefits from increasing deformation temperature and decreasing strain rate. The mathematical relationship between dynamic softening degree and deformation conditions is established to predict the dynamic softening degree quantitatively, which is further proved by some optical microstructures of Q345E. In addition, the experimental results also reveal that the stress level decreases with increasing deformation temperature and decreasing strain rate. The constitutive equation for flow stress of Q345E is formulated by Arrihenius equation and the modified Zener-Hollomon parameter considering the compensation of both strain and strain rate. The flow stress values predicted by the constitutive equation agree well with the experimental values, realizing the accurate prediction of the flow stress of Q345E steel under hot deformation.展开更多
In order to describe the three-stage creep behavior of compressed asphalt mastic, a visco-elastoplastic damage constitutive model is proposed in this work. The model parameters are treated as quadratic polynomial func...In order to describe the three-stage creep behavior of compressed asphalt mastic, a visco-elastoplastic damage constitutive model is proposed in this work. The model parameters are treated as quadratic polynomial functions with respect to stress and temperature. A series of uniaxial compressive creep experiments are performed at various stress and temperature conditions in order to determine these parameter functions, and then the proposed model is validated by comparison between the predictions and experiments at the other loading conditions. It is shown that very small permanent deformation at low stress and temperature increases rapidly with elevated stress or temperature and the damage may initiate in the stationary stage but mainly develops in the accelerated stage. Compared with the visco-elastoplastic models without damage, the predictions from the proposed model is in better agreement with the experiments, and can better capture the rate-dependency in creep responses of asphalt mastic especially below its softening point of 47 ℃展开更多
基金Project(11102224)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2009QL05)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China
文摘Anisotropic strength and deformability of the rock mass with non-persistent joints are governed by cracking process of the rock bridges. The dependence of cracking process of jointed rock masses on the two important geometrical parameters, joint orientation and joint persistence, was studied systematically by carrying out a series of uniaxial compression tests on gypsum specimens with regularly arranged multiple parallel pre-existing joints. According to crack position, mechanism and temporal sequence, seven types of crack initiations and sixteen types of crack coalescences, were identified. It was observed that both tensile cracks and shear cracks can emanate from the pre-existing joints as well as the matrix. Vertical joints were included and coplanar tensile cracks initiation and coalescence were observed accordingly. For specimen with joint inclination angle ,8=75~, it was found that collinear joints can be linked not only by coplanar shear cracks but also by mixed tensile-shear cracks, and that a pair of them can form a small rotation block. Seven failure modes, including axial cleavage, crushing, crushing and rotation of new blocks, stepped failure, stepped failure and rotation of new blocks, shear failure along a single plane and shear failure along multiple planes, were observed. These modes shift gradually in accordance with the combined variation of joint orientation and joint persistence. It is concluded that cracking process and failure modes are more strongly affected by joint orientation than by joint persistence, especially when joint inclination angle is larger than 45~. Finally, variations of macroscopic mechanical behaviors with the two geometrical parameters, such as patterns of the complete axial stress-axial strain curves, peak strength and elastic modulus, are summarized and their mechanisms are successfully explained according to their different cracking process.
基金Projects(51504256,51004109)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(zdsys006)supported by State Key Laboratory of Safety and Health for Metal Mines,ChinaProject(2013BAB02B04)supported by the National Science and Technology Support Plan,China
文摘The stability of cemented backfill mass is important to keep miners and equipment safe in underground backfill miming.The stress-strain behavior, resistivity and thermal infrared(TIR) characteristics of backfill mass under uniaxial compression were investigated. The monitoring system consisted of a TIR observation system, a stress-strain monitoring system and a resistivity measurement system. Precursory information for impending failure of cemented backfill mass was collected, including TIR, strain and resistivity precursors. The sensitivity and difference of different monitoring information to the same failure event were compared.The results show that the time-space evolution process of the resistivity and TIR is basically the same as the whole process from compression deformation to failure of backfill mass, and the time variation of resistivity and TIR is obviously characterized by stage.The resistivity precursor turns out earlier than the TIR and the strain. The resistivity relation with loading compression is anti-symmetry, decreasing as the compression stress increases before the peak strength of backfill mass. However, when the backfill mass enters into the phase of failure, the resistivity starts to increase as the stress increases. The change of the resistivity growth direction can be regarded as the resistivity-caution-point for the failure of backfill mass under uniaxial compression. It is also indicated that the TIR information mainly represents the surface temperature evolution in the process of compression before the backfill enters into the plastic-yield state. It can be a valuable tool to obtain the precursors for failure of cemented backfill mass for backfill mines.
文摘A new analytical study on stresses around a post-tensioned anchor in rocks with two perpendicular joint sets is presented. The assumptions of orthotropic elastic rock with plane strain conditions are made in derivation of the formulations. A tri-linear bond-slip constitutive law is used for modeling the tendon-grout interface behavior and debonding of this interface. The bearing plate width is also considered in the analysis. The obtained solutions are in the integral forms and numerical techniques that have been used for evaluation. In the illustrative example given, the major principal stress is compressive in the anchor free zone and compressive stress concentrations of 815 k Pa and 727 k Pa(for the anchor load of 300 k N) are observed under the bearing plate and the bond length proximal end, respectively. However, large values of tensile stresses with the maximum of-434 k Pa are formed at the bond length distal end. The results obtained using the proposed solution are compared very those of numerical method(FEM).
基金Project(51135007)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(IRT13087)supported by the Innovative Research Team Development Program of Ministry of Education of China+1 种基金Project(2012-86)supported by the High-end Talent Leading Program of Hubei Province,ChinaProject(2012-P08)supported by State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die&Mould Technology,China
文摘Q345E as one of typical low alloy steels is widely used in manufacturing basic components in many fields because of its eminent formability under elevated temperature. In this work, the deformation behavior of Q345E steel was investigated by hot compression experiments on Gleeble-3500 thermo-mechanical simulator with the temperature ranging from 850 ℃ to 1150 ℃ and strain rate ranging from 0.01 s-1 to 10 s-1. The experimental results indicate that dynamic softening of Q345E benefits from increasing deformation temperature and decreasing strain rate. The mathematical relationship between dynamic softening degree and deformation conditions is established to predict the dynamic softening degree quantitatively, which is further proved by some optical microstructures of Q345E. In addition, the experimental results also reveal that the stress level decreases with increasing deformation temperature and decreasing strain rate. The constitutive equation for flow stress of Q345E is formulated by Arrihenius equation and the modified Zener-Hollomon parameter considering the compensation of both strain and strain rate. The flow stress values predicted by the constitutive equation agree well with the experimental values, realizing the accurate prediction of the flow stress of Q345E steel under hot deformation.
基金Project(2011CB013800)supported by the National Basic Research Program of ChinaProject(10672063)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(Y201119)supported by the Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Systems Science in Metallurgical Process,China
文摘In order to describe the three-stage creep behavior of compressed asphalt mastic, a visco-elastoplastic damage constitutive model is proposed in this work. The model parameters are treated as quadratic polynomial functions with respect to stress and temperature. A series of uniaxial compressive creep experiments are performed at various stress and temperature conditions in order to determine these parameter functions, and then the proposed model is validated by comparison between the predictions and experiments at the other loading conditions. It is shown that very small permanent deformation at low stress and temperature increases rapidly with elevated stress or temperature and the damage may initiate in the stationary stage but mainly develops in the accelerated stage. Compared with the visco-elastoplastic models without damage, the predictions from the proposed model is in better agreement with the experiments, and can better capture the rate-dependency in creep responses of asphalt mastic especially below its softening point of 47 ℃
