A unitized regenerative fuel cell(URFC)is a device that may function reversibly as either a fuel cell(FC)or water elec-trolysis(WE).An important component of this device is the Membrane electrode assembly(MEA).Therefo...A unitized regenerative fuel cell(URFC)is a device that may function reversibly as either a fuel cell(FC)or water elec-trolysis(WE).An important component of this device is the Membrane electrode assembly(MEA).Therefore,this study aimed to compare the performance outcomes of MEA using electrodes with single and three catalyst layers.This study measured Electrochemical Surface Area(ECSA),Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy(EIS),X-ray Diffraction analysis(XRD),and X-ray Fluorescence(XRF).Furthermore,the round-trip efficiency(RTE)of the MEA,as w ell as the performance in FC and WE mode,was measured.In comparison,The ECSA values of Pt-Ru/C and Pt/C with three catalyst layers were higher than the single catalyst layer.This result was supported by electrode characterization data for XRD and XRF.The respective electrical conductivity values of Pt-Ru/C and Pt/C with three catalyst layers are also higher than the single cata-lyst layer,and the performance of URFC using MEA with three catalyst layers has the highest value of RTE among the MEA performances of URFC,which is 100%at a current density of 4 mA·cm-2.展开更多
Massive vanadium additions as hard phases in powder metallurgy high-speed steels(PM HSS)lead to higher cost and bad machinability.In this study,ultrahigh alloy PM HSS with CPM121(10W-5Mo-4Cr-10V-9Co,wt.%)as the basic ...Massive vanadium additions as hard phases in powder metallurgy high-speed steels(PM HSS)lead to higher cost and bad machinability.In this study,ultrahigh alloy PM HSS with CPM121(10W-5Mo-4Cr-10V-9Co,wt.%)as the basic composition,was directly compacted and activation sintered with near-full density(>99.0%)using pre-oxidized and ball-mixed element and carbide powders.Niobium-alloyed steels(w(V)+w(Nb)=10 wt.%)show higher hardness and wear resistance,superior secondary-hardening ability and temper resistance.But excess niobium addition(>5 wt.%)leads to coarsened carbides and deteriorated toughness.EPMA results proved that niobium tends to distribute in MC carbides and forces element W to form M6C and WC carbides.Further,the role of rotary forging on properties of niobium-alloyed steels(S3)was researched.After rotary forging with deformation of 40%,the bending strength and fracture toughness of niobium-alloyed steels could be further improved by 20.74%and 43.86%compared with those of sample S3 without rotary forging,respectively.展开更多
The hybrid flow shop scheduling problem with unrelated parallel machine is a typical NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem, and it exists widely in chemical, manufacturing and pharmaceutical industry. In this wor...The hybrid flow shop scheduling problem with unrelated parallel machine is a typical NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem, and it exists widely in chemical, manufacturing and pharmaceutical industry. In this work, a novel mathematic model for the hybrid flow shop scheduling problem with unrelated parallel machine(HFSPUPM) was proposed. Additionally, an effective hybrid estimation of distribution algorithm was proposed to solve the HFSPUPM, taking advantage of the features in the mathematic model. In the optimization algorithm, a new individual representation method was adopted. The(EDA) structure was used for global search while the teaching learning based optimization(TLBO) strategy was used for local search. Based on the structure of the HFSPUPM, this work presents a series of discrete operations. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid algorithm compared with other algorithms.展开更多
The microstructure evolutions of two A1-Zn-Mg alloys, one of which was alloyed with Sc and Zr, and the kinetics of A13（SCl-xZrx） precipitates in the A1-Zn-Mg alloy during homogenization were investigated. Both alloy...The microstructure evolutions of two A1-Zn-Mg alloys, one of which was alloyed with Sc and Zr, and the kinetics of A13（SCl-xZrx） precipitates in the A1-Zn-Mg alloy during homogenization were investigated. Both alloys under as-cast condition with supersaturated, non-equilibrium T（Mg32（A1, Zn）49） phase and impurities phase were displayed. When the homogenization temperatures are below 350 ~C, Zn and Mg atoms precipitate from matrix; however, when the temperatures are above 400 ~C, T phase dissolves into matrix, enhancing solid-solution strengthening. Kinetics of A13（Scl.xZrx） precipitates was studied based on Jmat Pro software calculation and the difference values between the hardness of the two alloys in each homogenization condition. The calculations predict that the Sc and Zr solubilities in ct-A1 decline with the presence of Mg and Zn. Investigation of the difference values reveals that when the temperature is between 300 ~C and 350 ~C, the nucleation rate of A13（Sc1-xZrx） precipitates is the highest and the strengthening effect from A13（SCl_xZrx） precipitates is the best. After homogenization at 470℃ for 12 h, non-equilibrium T phase disappears, while impurity phase remains. The mean diameter of A13（Scl_xZrx） precipitates is around 18 urn. Ideas about better fulfilling the potentials of Sc and Zr were proposed at last.展开更多
基金support from the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia under grant HICOE-2023-005.
文摘A unitized regenerative fuel cell(URFC)is a device that may function reversibly as either a fuel cell(FC)or water elec-trolysis(WE).An important component of this device is the Membrane electrode assembly(MEA).Therefore,this study aimed to compare the performance outcomes of MEA using electrodes with single and three catalyst layers.This study measured Electrochemical Surface Area(ECSA),Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy(EIS),X-ray Diffraction analysis(XRD),and X-ray Fluorescence(XRF).Furthermore,the round-trip efficiency(RTE)of the MEA,as w ell as the performance in FC and WE mode,was measured.In comparison,The ECSA values of Pt-Ru/C and Pt/C with three catalyst layers were higher than the single catalyst layer.This result was supported by electrode characterization data for XRD and XRF.The respective electrical conductivity values of Pt-Ru/C and Pt/C with three catalyst layers are also higher than the single cata-lyst layer,and the performance of URFC using MEA with three catalyst layers has the highest value of RTE among the MEA performances of URFC,which is 100%at a current density of 4 mA·cm-2.
基金Projects(51771237,51704257)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2019JJ60019)supported by the Joint Fund of Hunan Province,ChinaProject(17QDZ25)supported by the School Level Fund of Xiangtan University,China。
文摘Massive vanadium additions as hard phases in powder metallurgy high-speed steels(PM HSS)lead to higher cost and bad machinability.In this study,ultrahigh alloy PM HSS with CPM121(10W-5Mo-4Cr-10V-9Co,wt.%)as the basic composition,was directly compacted and activation sintered with near-full density(>99.0%)using pre-oxidized and ball-mixed element and carbide powders.Niobium-alloyed steels(w(V)+w(Nb)=10 wt.%)show higher hardness and wear resistance,superior secondary-hardening ability and temper resistance.But excess niobium addition(>5 wt.%)leads to coarsened carbides and deteriorated toughness.EPMA results proved that niobium tends to distribute in MC carbides and forces element W to form M6C and WC carbides.Further,the role of rotary forging on properties of niobium-alloyed steels(S3)was researched.After rotary forging with deformation of 40%,the bending strength and fracture toughness of niobium-alloyed steels could be further improved by 20.74%and 43.86%compared with those of sample S3 without rotary forging,respectively.
基金Projects(61573144,61773165,61673175,61174040)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(222201717006)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China
文摘The hybrid flow shop scheduling problem with unrelated parallel machine is a typical NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem, and it exists widely in chemical, manufacturing and pharmaceutical industry. In this work, a novel mathematic model for the hybrid flow shop scheduling problem with unrelated parallel machine(HFSPUPM) was proposed. Additionally, an effective hybrid estimation of distribution algorithm was proposed to solve the HFSPUPM, taking advantage of the features in the mathematic model. In the optimization algorithm, a new individual representation method was adopted. The(EDA) structure was used for global search while the teaching learning based optimization(TLBO) strategy was used for local search. Based on the structure of the HFSPUPM, this work presents a series of discrete operations. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid algorithm compared with other algorithms.
基金Project(JPPT-115-2-948) supported by the National Civilian Matched Project of China
文摘The microstructure evolutions of two A1-Zn-Mg alloys, one of which was alloyed with Sc and Zr, and the kinetics of A13（SCl-xZrx） precipitates in the A1-Zn-Mg alloy during homogenization were investigated. Both alloys under as-cast condition with supersaturated, non-equilibrium T（Mg32（A1, Zn）49） phase and impurities phase were displayed. When the homogenization temperatures are below 350 ~C, Zn and Mg atoms precipitate from matrix; however, when the temperatures are above 400 ~C, T phase dissolves into matrix, enhancing solid-solution strengthening. Kinetics of A13（Scl.xZrx） precipitates was studied based on Jmat Pro software calculation and the difference values between the hardness of the two alloys in each homogenization condition. The calculations predict that the Sc and Zr solubilities in ct-A1 decline with the presence of Mg and Zn. Investigation of the difference values reveals that when the temperature is between 300 ~C and 350 ~C, the nucleation rate of A13（Sc1-xZrx） precipitates is the highest and the strengthening effect from A13（SCl_xZrx） precipitates is the best. After homogenization at 470℃ for 12 h, non-equilibrium T phase disappears, while impurity phase remains. The mean diameter of A13（Scl_xZrx） precipitates is around 18 urn. Ideas about better fulfilling the potentials of Sc and Zr were proposed at last.
