Using a dynamic laser monitoring technique,the solubility of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one(NTO)was investigated in two different binary systems,namely hydroxylamine nitrate(HAN)-water and boric acid(HB)-water ranging f...Using a dynamic laser monitoring technique,the solubility of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one(NTO)was investigated in two different binary systems,namely hydroxylamine nitrate(HAN)-water and boric acid(HB)-water ranging from 278.15 K to 318.15 K.The solubility in each system was found to be positively correlated with temperature.Furthermore,solubility data were analyzed using four equations:the modified Apelblat equation,Van’t Hoff equation,λh equation and CNIBS/R-K equations,and they provided satisfactory results for both two systems.The average root-mean-square deviation(105RMSD)values for these models were less than 13.93.Calculations utilizing the Van’t Hoff equation and Gibbs equations facilitated the derivation of apparent thermodynamic properties of NTO dissolution in the two systems,including values for Gibbs free energy,enthalpy and entropy.The%ζ_(H)is larger than%ζ_(TS),and all the%ζ_(H)data are≥58.63%,indicating that the enthalpy make a greater contribution than entropy to theΔG_(soln)^(Θ).展开更多
The microstructures and thermodynamic properties of mixed systems comprising pyridinium ionic liquid[HPy][BF_(4)]and acetonitrile at different mole fractions were studied using molecular dynamics simulation in this wo...The microstructures and thermodynamic properties of mixed systems comprising pyridinium ionic liquid[HPy][BF_(4)]and acetonitrile at different mole fractions were studied using molecular dynamics simulation in this work.The following properties were determined:density,self-diffusion coefficient,excess molar volume,and radial distribution function.The results show that with an increase in the mole fraction of[HPy][BF_(4)],the self-diffusion coefficient decreases.Additionally,the excess molar volume initially decreases,reaches a minimum,and then increases.The rules of radial distribution functions(RDFs)of characteristic atoms are different.With increasing the mole fraction of[HPy][BF_(4)],the first peak of the RDFs of HA1-F decreases,while that of CT6-CT6 rises at first and then decreases.This indicates that the solvent molecules affect the polar and non-polar regions of[HPy][BF_(4)]differently.展开更多
The aging characteristics of lithium-ion battery(LIB)under fast charging is investigated based on an electrochemical-thermal-mechanical(ETM)coupling model.Firstly,the ETM coupling model is established by COMSOL Multip...The aging characteristics of lithium-ion battery(LIB)under fast charging is investigated based on an electrochemical-thermal-mechanical(ETM)coupling model.Firstly,the ETM coupling model is established by COMSOL Multiphysics.Subsequently,a long cycle test was conducted to explore the aging characteristics of LIB.Specifically,the effects of charging(C)rate and cycle number on battery aging are analyzed in terms of nonuniform distribution of solid electrolyte interface(SEI),SEI formation,thermal stability and stress characteristics.The results indicate that the increases in C rate and cycling led to an increase in the degree of nonuniform distribution of SEI,and thus a consequent increase in the capacity loss due to the SEI formation.Meanwhile,the increases in C rate and cycle number also led to an increase in the heat generation and a decrease in the heat dissipation rate of the battery,respectively,which result in a decrease in the thermal stability of the electrode materials.In addition,the von Mises stress of the positive electrode material is higher than that of the negative electrode material as the cycling proceeds,with the positive electrode material exhibiting tensile deformation and the negative electrode material exhibiting compressive deformation.The available lithium ion concentration of the positive electrode is lower than that of the negative electrode,proving that the tensile-type fracture occurring in the positive material under long cycling dominated the capacity loss process.The aforementioned studies are helpful for researchers to further explore the aging behavior of LIB under fast charging and take corresponding preventive measures.展开更多
In this study,circular dichroism(CD)and molecular dynamics(MD)simulation were used to investigate the thermal unfolding pathway of staphylococcal enterotoxin B(SEB)at temperatures of 298–371 and 298–500 K,and the re...In this study,circular dichroism(CD)and molecular dynamics(MD)simulation were used to investigate the thermal unfolding pathway of staphylococcal enterotoxin B(SEB)at temperatures of 298–371 and 298–500 K,and the relationship between the experimental and simulation results were explored.Our computational findings on the secondary structure of SEB showed that at room temperature,the CD spectroscopic results were highly consistent with the MD results.Moreover,under heating conditions,the changing trends of helix,sheet and random coil obtained by CD spectral fitting were highly consistent with those obtained by MD.In order to gain a deeper understanding of the thermal stability mechanism of SEB,the MD trajectories were analyzed in terms of root mean square deviation(RMSD),secondary structure assignment(SSA),radius of gyration(R_(g)),free energy surfaces(FES),solvent-accessible surface area(SASA),hydrogen bonds and salt bridges.The results showed that at low heating temperature,domain Ⅰ without loops(omitting the mobile loop region)mainly relied on hydrophobic interaction to maintain its thermal stability,whereas the thermal stability of domain Ⅱ was mainly controlled by salt bridges and hydrogen bonds.Under high heating temperature conditions,the hydrophobic interactions in domain Ⅰ without loops were destroyed and the secondary structure was almost completely lost,while domain Ⅱ could still rely on salt bridges as molecular staples to barely maintain the stability of the secondary structure.These results help us to understand the thermodynamic and kinetic mechanisms that maintain the thermal stability of SEB at the molecular level,and provide a direction for establishing safer and more effective food sterilization processes.展开更多
(Gd,Lu)_(2)O_(3)∶Eu scintillation ceramics have promising applications in the high-energy X-ray imaging.Eu0.1Gd0.6Lu1.3O3 nano-powders with pure phase were prepared from the precursor calcined at 1050℃for 4 h by the...(Gd,Lu)_(2)O_(3)∶Eu scintillation ceramics have promising applications in the high-energy X-ray imaging.Eu0.1Gd0.6Lu1.3O3 nano-powders with pure phase were prepared from the precursor calcined at 1050℃for 4 h by the co-precipitation method.Using the synthesized nano-powders as initial material,Eu_(0.1)Gd_(0.6)Lu_(1.3)O_(3)ceramics were fabri-cated by vacuum pre-sintering at different temperatures for 2 h and hot isostatic pressing(HIP)at 1750℃for 3 h in ar-gon.The influence of pre-sintering temperature on the microstructure,optical and luminescence properties was investi-gated.The Eu_(0.1)Gd_(0.6)Lu_(1.3)O_(3)ceramics pre-sintered at 1625℃for 2 h combined with HIP post-treatment show the high-est in-line transmittance of 75.2%at 611 nm.The photoluminescence(PL)and X-ray excited luminescence(XEL)spectra of the Eu_(0.1)Gd_(0.6)Lu_(1.3)O_(3)transparent ceramics demonstrate a strong red emission peak at 611 nm due to the^(5)D_(0)→^(7)F_(2) transition of Eu^(3+).The PL,PLE and XEL intensities of the HIP post-treated Eu_(0.1)Gd_(0.6)Lu_(1.3)O_(3)ceramics show a trend of first ascending and then descending with the increase of pre-sintering temperature.The thermally stimulated lumines-cence(TSL)curve of the HIP post-treated Eu_(0.1)Gd_(0.6)Lu_(1.3)O_(3)ceramics presents one high peak at 178 K and two peaks with lower intensities at 253 K and 320 K.The peak at 320 K may be related to oxygen vacancies,and the lumines-cence peak at 178 K is related to defects caused by the valence state changes of Eu^(3+)ions.展开更多
With the entropy generation minimization （EGM） method, the thermodynamical performance optimization in a thermoelectric refrigeration system is studied. The optimization is affected by the irreversibility of heat tr...With the entropy generation minimization （EGM） method, the thermodynamical performance optimization in a thermoelectric refrigeration system is studied. The optimization is affected by the irreversibility of heat transfer caused by finite temperature differences, the heat leak between external heat reservoirs and the internal dissipation of working fluids. EGM is taken as an objective function for the optimization. The objective function and design parameters are obtained. Optimal performance curves are presented by thermal and electronic parameters. Effects of these parameters on general and optimal performances are investigated. Results are helpful in determining optimal design conditions in real thermoelectric refrigeration systems.展开更多
A mathematical model of principal elements of the aircraft hydraulic system is presented based on the heat transfer theory. The dynamic heat transfer process of the hydraulic oil and the pump shells within an aircraft...A mathematical model of principal elements of the aircraft hydraulic system is presented based on the heat transfer theory. The dynamic heat transfer process of the hydraulic oil and the pump shells within an aircraft hydraulic system are analyzed by the difference method. A kind of means for the prediction to variational trends of the aircraft hydraulic system temperature is provided during operation. The numerical prediction and simulation under the operational conditions are presented for ground trial running and the decelerated operation in flight. Computational results show that there is a good coincidence between the experimental data and the numerical predictions.展开更多
A numerical method is developed based on an unstructured mesh to compute an ionized hypersonic flowfield with radiation in the thermo-chemical nonequilibrium. The flowfield is described by multi-species NavierStocks e...A numerical method is developed based on an unstructured mesh to compute an ionized hypersonic flowfield with radiation in the thermo-chemical nonequilibrium. The flowfield is described by multi-species NavierStocks equations. The chemical model includes 11 species （O2, N2, O, N, NO, NO^＋ , N^＋ , O^＋, N2^＋ , O2^＋, e^- ） and 20 reactions. For simulating the thermal non-equilibrium effect, the two-temperature model is considered. The finite volume method （FVM） used for the spatial and directional discretization of radiative transfer equation（RTE） is described for unstructured grids. The numerical code can handle different kinds of species and radiative bands in a gas thermodynamicly described by two temperatures. In particular, the Delta, Epsilon, Beta prime, and Gamma prime bands of NO are choosen and the distribution of the radiation intensity is obtained.展开更多
The two kinds of rigid polyurethane （PU） foams were prepared with respectively adding the refined alkali lignin and alkali lignin modified by 3-chloro-1,2-epoxypropane to be instead of 15% of the polyether glycol in...The two kinds of rigid polyurethane （PU） foams were prepared with respectively adding the refined alkali lignin and alkali lignin modified by 3-chloro-1,2-epoxypropane to be instead of 15% of the polyether glycol in weight. The indexes of mechanical performance, apparent density, thermal stability and aging resistance were separately tested for the prepared PU foams. The results show that the mechanical property, thermal insulation and thermal stability for PU foam with modified alkali lignin are excellent among two kinds of PU foams and control samples. The additions of the refined alkali lignin and modified alkali lignin to PU foam have little effect on the natural aging or heat aging resistance except for decreasing hot alkali resistance apparently. Additionally, the thermal conductivity of modified alkali lignin PU foam is lowest among two kinds of PU foams and control samples. The alkali lignin PU foam modified by 3-chloro-1,2-epoxypropane could be applied in the heat preservation field.展开更多
The entropy increase (EI) and the entropy increase per unit time (EIPUT) of the solute zone are chosen as new criteria of separation efficiency in chromatography and electrophoresis. It is verified by grand canonical ...The entropy increase (EI) and the entropy increase per unit time (EIPUT) of the solute zone are chosen as new criteria of separation efficiency in chromatography and electrophoresis. It is verified by grand canonical ensemble (GCE) that the kinetic energy distribution of the solute is a common characteristic of the entropy and the distribution of solute zones.Under the assumptions. EI of the solute system is directly proportional to the logarithm of the difference between one and one half of the substantial separation ratio. the ratio of moles of a sparated solute to its total moles. and EIPUT is direchy proportional to corrected separation rate of separation system. EI or EIPUT is a important bridge between separation efficiency of chromatography or electrophoresis and operating parameters, especially. when nonequilibriumthermodynamics(NET) would be adopted.展开更多
Statistical expression of vapour pressure equations of metals is derived from the Debye model.The statistical distribution of T_(-p) ensemble is presented in an in-elab- orate mode and the partition function is define...Statistical expression of vapour pressure equations of metals is derived from the Debye model.The statistical distribution of T_(-p) ensemble is presented in an in-elab- orate mode and the partition function is defined.The vapour pressure of eleven metals have been calculated with the Debye equation and compared with those given by the E- instein equation and empirical equation.Comparison of results of calculation from dif- ferent methods show their evident accordance within the same orders of magnitude.展开更多
A positive grid bias and a negative substrate bias voltages are applied to the self-made hot filament chemical vapor deposited （HFCVD） system. The high quality nanocrystalline diamond （NCD） film is successfully de...A positive grid bias and a negative substrate bias voltages are applied to the self-made hot filament chemical vapor deposited （HFCVD） system. The high quality nanocrystalline diamond （NCD） film is successfully deposited by double bias voltage nucleation and grid bias voltage growth. The Micro-Raman XRD SEM and AFM are used to investigate the diamond grain size, microstructure, surface morphology, and nucleation density. Results show that the obtained NCD has grain size of about 20 nm. The effect of grid bias voltage on the nucleation and the diamond growth is studied. Experimental results and theoretical analysis show that the positive grid bias increases the plasma density near the hot filaments, enhances the diamond nucleation, keeps the nanometer size of the diamond grains, and improves the quality of diamond film.展开更多
In HFCVD system the substrate temperature is a key factor which deeply affects the quality of diamond films. Th e magnitude and the variation of the substrate temperature must be limited in a suitable range to depo...In HFCVD system the substrate temperature is a key factor which deeply affects the quality of diamond films. Th e magnitude and the variation of the substrate temperature must be limited in a suitable range to deposit diamond films of uniform thickness over large areas. In this paper, the hot filament parameters are investigated on the basi s of GAs to realize a good substrate temperature profile. Computer simulations d emonstrate that on parameters optimized by GAs a uniform substrate temperatur e field can be formed over a relatively large circle area with R s=10 cm.展开更多
The mathematical model of 4He quantum interferometer gyroscope is presented. The model includes the driven equation, the current equation and the position equation. Therefore, it can sufficiently describe the gyro- sc...The mathematical model of 4He quantum interferometer gyroscope is presented. The model includes the driven equation, the current equation and the position equation. Therefore, it can sufficiently describe the gyro- scope system. The driven equation shows the thermally driven gyroscope can work for a long time but the pres- sure driven one cannot. From the current equation, the superfluid currents passing through the weak link contain the AC currents which show the rotation flux, and other currents caused by drive. As shown in the position equa- tion, the displacement of diaphragm is the only detectable parameter in the gyroscope system. The model is tested by the simulations based on experimental parameters, and can be used to research performance of the gyroscope and analyse the gyroscope error.展开更多
By the theory of symmetries and conserved quantities, the exact invariants and adiabatic invariants of nonholonomic variable mass systems are studied. The perturbation problem of symmetries for the nonholonomic variab...By the theory of symmetries and conserved quantities, the exact invariants and adiabatic invariants of nonholonomic variable mass systems are studied. The perturbation problem of symmetries for the nonholonomic variable mass systems under small excitation is discussed. The concept of high order adiabatic invariant is presented, and the form of exact invariants and adiabatic invariants as well as the conditions for their existence are given. Then the corresponding inverse problem is studied.展开更多
文摘Using a dynamic laser monitoring technique,the solubility of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one(NTO)was investigated in two different binary systems,namely hydroxylamine nitrate(HAN)-water and boric acid(HB)-water ranging from 278.15 K to 318.15 K.The solubility in each system was found to be positively correlated with temperature.Furthermore,solubility data were analyzed using four equations:the modified Apelblat equation,Van’t Hoff equation,λh equation and CNIBS/R-K equations,and they provided satisfactory results for both two systems.The average root-mean-square deviation(105RMSD)values for these models were less than 13.93.Calculations utilizing the Van’t Hoff equation and Gibbs equations facilitated the derivation of apparent thermodynamic properties of NTO dissolution in the two systems,including values for Gibbs free energy,enthalpy and entropy.The%ζ_(H)is larger than%ζ_(TS),and all the%ζ_(H)data are≥58.63%,indicating that the enthalpy make a greater contribution than entropy to theΔG_(soln)^(Θ).
文摘The microstructures and thermodynamic properties of mixed systems comprising pyridinium ionic liquid[HPy][BF_(4)]and acetonitrile at different mole fractions were studied using molecular dynamics simulation in this work.The following properties were determined:density,self-diffusion coefficient,excess molar volume,and radial distribution function.The results show that with an increase in the mole fraction of[HPy][BF_(4)],the self-diffusion coefficient decreases.Additionally,the excess molar volume initially decreases,reaches a minimum,and then increases.The rules of radial distribution functions(RDFs)of characteristic atoms are different.With increasing the mole fraction of[HPy][BF_(4)],the first peak of the RDFs of HA1-F decreases,while that of CT6-CT6 rises at first and then decreases.This indicates that the solvent molecules affect the polar and non-polar regions of[HPy][BF_(4)]differently.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12272217)。
文摘The aging characteristics of lithium-ion battery(LIB)under fast charging is investigated based on an electrochemical-thermal-mechanical(ETM)coupling model.Firstly,the ETM coupling model is established by COMSOL Multiphysics.Subsequently,a long cycle test was conducted to explore the aging characteristics of LIB.Specifically,the effects of charging(C)rate and cycle number on battery aging are analyzed in terms of nonuniform distribution of solid electrolyte interface(SEI),SEI formation,thermal stability and stress characteristics.The results indicate that the increases in C rate and cycling led to an increase in the degree of nonuniform distribution of SEI,and thus a consequent increase in the capacity loss due to the SEI formation.Meanwhile,the increases in C rate and cycle number also led to an increase in the heat generation and a decrease in the heat dissipation rate of the battery,respectively,which result in a decrease in the thermal stability of the electrode materials.In addition,the von Mises stress of the positive electrode material is higher than that of the negative electrode material as the cycling proceeds,with the positive electrode material exhibiting tensile deformation and the negative electrode material exhibiting compressive deformation.The available lithium ion concentration of the positive electrode is lower than that of the negative electrode,proving that the tensile-type fracture occurring in the positive material under long cycling dominated the capacity loss process.The aforementioned studies are helpful for researchers to further explore the aging behavior of LIB under fast charging and take corresponding preventive measures.
文摘In this study,circular dichroism(CD)and molecular dynamics(MD)simulation were used to investigate the thermal unfolding pathway of staphylococcal enterotoxin B(SEB)at temperatures of 298–371 and 298–500 K,and the relationship between the experimental and simulation results were explored.Our computational findings on the secondary structure of SEB showed that at room temperature,the CD spectroscopic results were highly consistent with the MD results.Moreover,under heating conditions,the changing trends of helix,sheet and random coil obtained by CD spectral fitting were highly consistent with those obtained by MD.In order to gain a deeper understanding of the thermal stability mechanism of SEB,the MD trajectories were analyzed in terms of root mean square deviation(RMSD),secondary structure assignment(SSA),radius of gyration(R_(g)),free energy surfaces(FES),solvent-accessible surface area(SASA),hydrogen bonds and salt bridges.The results showed that at low heating temperature,domain Ⅰ without loops(omitting the mobile loop region)mainly relied on hydrophobic interaction to maintain its thermal stability,whereas the thermal stability of domain Ⅱ was mainly controlled by salt bridges and hydrogen bonds.Under high heating temperature conditions,the hydrophobic interactions in domain Ⅰ without loops were destroyed and the secondary structure was almost completely lost,while domain Ⅱ could still rely on salt bridges as molecular staples to barely maintain the stability of the secondary structure.These results help us to understand the thermodynamic and kinetic mechanisms that maintain the thermal stability of SEB at the molecular level,and provide a direction for establishing safer and more effective food sterilization processes.
文摘(Gd,Lu)_(2)O_(3)∶Eu scintillation ceramics have promising applications in the high-energy X-ray imaging.Eu0.1Gd0.6Lu1.3O3 nano-powders with pure phase were prepared from the precursor calcined at 1050℃for 4 h by the co-precipitation method.Using the synthesized nano-powders as initial material,Eu_(0.1)Gd_(0.6)Lu_(1.3)O_(3)ceramics were fabri-cated by vacuum pre-sintering at different temperatures for 2 h and hot isostatic pressing(HIP)at 1750℃for 3 h in ar-gon.The influence of pre-sintering temperature on the microstructure,optical and luminescence properties was investi-gated.The Eu_(0.1)Gd_(0.6)Lu_(1.3)O_(3)ceramics pre-sintered at 1625℃for 2 h combined with HIP post-treatment show the high-est in-line transmittance of 75.2%at 611 nm.The photoluminescence(PL)and X-ray excited luminescence(XEL)spectra of the Eu_(0.1)Gd_(0.6)Lu_(1.3)O_(3)transparent ceramics demonstrate a strong red emission peak at 611 nm due to the^(5)D_(0)→^(7)F_(2) transition of Eu^(3+).The PL,PLE and XEL intensities of the HIP post-treated Eu_(0.1)Gd_(0.6)Lu_(1.3)O_(3)ceramics show a trend of first ascending and then descending with the increase of pre-sintering temperature.The thermally stimulated lumines-cence(TSL)curve of the HIP post-treated Eu_(0.1)Gd_(0.6)Lu_(1.3)O_(3)ceramics presents one high peak at 178 K and two peaks with lower intensities at 253 K and 320 K.The peak at 320 K may be related to oxygen vacancies,and the lumines-cence peak at 178 K is related to defects caused by the valence state changes of Eu^(3+)ions.
文摘With the entropy generation minimization （EGM） method, the thermodynamical performance optimization in a thermoelectric refrigeration system is studied. The optimization is affected by the irreversibility of heat transfer caused by finite temperature differences, the heat leak between external heat reservoirs and the internal dissipation of working fluids. EGM is taken as an objective function for the optimization. The objective function and design parameters are obtained. Optimal performance curves are presented by thermal and electronic parameters. Effects of these parameters on general and optimal performances are investigated. Results are helpful in determining optimal design conditions in real thermoelectric refrigeration systems.
文摘A mathematical model of principal elements of the aircraft hydraulic system is presented based on the heat transfer theory. The dynamic heat transfer process of the hydraulic oil and the pump shells within an aircraft hydraulic system are analyzed by the difference method. A kind of means for the prediction to variational trends of the aircraft hydraulic system temperature is provided during operation. The numerical prediction and simulation under the operational conditions are presented for ground trial running and the decelerated operation in flight. Computational results show that there is a good coincidence between the experimental data and the numerical predictions.
文摘A numerical method is developed based on an unstructured mesh to compute an ionized hypersonic flowfield with radiation in the thermo-chemical nonequilibrium. The flowfield is described by multi-species NavierStocks equations. The chemical model includes 11 species （O2, N2, O, N, NO, NO^＋ , N^＋ , O^＋, N2^＋ , O2^＋, e^- ） and 20 reactions. For simulating the thermal non-equilibrium effect, the two-temperature model is considered. The finite volume method （FVM） used for the spatial and directional discretization of radiative transfer equation（RTE） is described for unstructured grids. The numerical code can handle different kinds of species and radiative bands in a gas thermodynamicly described by two temperatures. In particular, the Delta, Epsilon, Beta prime, and Gamma prime bands of NO are choosen and the distribution of the radiation intensity is obtained.
文摘The two kinds of rigid polyurethane （PU） foams were prepared with respectively adding the refined alkali lignin and alkali lignin modified by 3-chloro-1,2-epoxypropane to be instead of 15% of the polyether glycol in weight. The indexes of mechanical performance, apparent density, thermal stability and aging resistance were separately tested for the prepared PU foams. The results show that the mechanical property, thermal insulation and thermal stability for PU foam with modified alkali lignin are excellent among two kinds of PU foams and control samples. The additions of the refined alkali lignin and modified alkali lignin to PU foam have little effect on the natural aging or heat aging resistance except for decreasing hot alkali resistance apparently. Additionally, the thermal conductivity of modified alkali lignin PU foam is lowest among two kinds of PU foams and control samples. The alkali lignin PU foam modified by 3-chloro-1,2-epoxypropane could be applied in the heat preservation field.
文摘The entropy increase (EI) and the entropy increase per unit time (EIPUT) of the solute zone are chosen as new criteria of separation efficiency in chromatography and electrophoresis. It is verified by grand canonical ensemble (GCE) that the kinetic energy distribution of the solute is a common characteristic of the entropy and the distribution of solute zones.Under the assumptions. EI of the solute system is directly proportional to the logarithm of the difference between one and one half of the substantial separation ratio. the ratio of moles of a sparated solute to its total moles. and EIPUT is direchy proportional to corrected separation rate of separation system. EI or EIPUT is a important bridge between separation efficiency of chromatography or electrophoresis and operating parameters, especially. when nonequilibriumthermodynamics(NET) would be adopted.
文摘Statistical expression of vapour pressure equations of metals is derived from the Debye model.The statistical distribution of T_(-p) ensemble is presented in an in-elab- orate mode and the partition function is defined.The vapour pressure of eleven metals have been calculated with the Debye equation and compared with those given by the E- instein equation and empirical equation.Comparison of results of calculation from dif- ferent methods show their evident accordance within the same orders of magnitude.
文摘A positive grid bias and a negative substrate bias voltages are applied to the self-made hot filament chemical vapor deposited （HFCVD） system. The high quality nanocrystalline diamond （NCD） film is successfully deposited by double bias voltage nucleation and grid bias voltage growth. The Micro-Raman XRD SEM and AFM are used to investigate the diamond grain size, microstructure, surface morphology, and nucleation density. Results show that the obtained NCD has grain size of about 20 nm. The effect of grid bias voltage on the nucleation and the diamond growth is studied. Experimental results and theoretical analysis show that the positive grid bias increases the plasma density near the hot filaments, enhances the diamond nucleation, keeps the nanometer size of the diamond grains, and improves the quality of diamond film.
文摘In HFCVD system the substrate temperature is a key factor which deeply affects the quality of diamond films. Th e magnitude and the variation of the substrate temperature must be limited in a suitable range to deposit diamond films of uniform thickness over large areas. In this paper, the hot filament parameters are investigated on the basi s of GAs to realize a good substrate temperature profile. Computer simulations d emonstrate that on parameters optimized by GAs a uniform substrate temperatur e field can be formed over a relatively large circle area with R s=10 cm.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61074162)the Ph.D.Program Foundation of Ministry of Education of China(200802870011)~~
文摘The mathematical model of 4He quantum interferometer gyroscope is presented. The model includes the driven equation, the current equation and the position equation. Therefore, it can sufficiently describe the gyro- scope system. The driven equation shows the thermally driven gyroscope can work for a long time but the pres- sure driven one cannot. From the current equation, the superfluid currents passing through the weak link contain the AC currents which show the rotation flux, and other currents caused by drive. As shown in the position equa- tion, the displacement of diaphragm is the only detectable parameter in the gyroscope system. The model is tested by the simulations based on experimental parameters, and can be used to research performance of the gyroscope and analyse the gyroscope error.
文摘By the theory of symmetries and conserved quantities, the exact invariants and adiabatic invariants of nonholonomic variable mass systems are studied. The perturbation problem of symmetries for the nonholonomic variable mass systems under small excitation is discussed. The concept of high order adiabatic invariant is presented, and the form of exact invariants and adiabatic invariants as well as the conditions for their existence are given. Then the corresponding inverse problem is studied.
