This paper explores the hypothesis that using a computer network for real - synchronous discussion has noticeable effects on EFL students’ motivation language learning. Three motives emerge from the students’ respon...This paper explores the hypothesis that using a computer network for real - synchronous discussion has noticeable effects on EFL students’ motivation language learning. Three motives emerge from the students’ responses to a survey:chatting on the Internet provides an opportunity for "real" communication; it improves personal confidence. It encourages students to overcome writing apprehension. Further analysis proves the hypothesis to a certain extent.展开更多
Motivation plays an vital role in foreign language learning.Every language teacher should pay more attention to it.Firstly,inspire achievement motivation;Secondly,let students recognize the importance of learning lang...Motivation plays an vital role in foreign language learning.Every language teacher should pay more attention to it.Firstly,inspire achievement motivation;Secondly,let students recognize the importance of learning language.展开更多
This essay, from the view of psycholinguistics, analyses the causes of the instrumental motivation college students have for their College English study and points out the negative results from this kind of learner mo...This essay, from the view of psycholinguistics, analyses the causes of the instrumental motivation college students have for their College English study and points out the negative results from this kind of learner motivation based on the theory of English as communication. Then it suggests some measures to overcome the negative results from the instrumental motivation.展开更多
Most language teachers will agree that motivation of the students is one of the most important factors influencing their success or failure in language learning. Corder’s phrase, “ Given motivation, anyone can learn...Most language teachers will agree that motivation of the students is one of the most important factors influencing their success or failure in language learning. Corder’s phrase, “ Given motivation, anyone can learn a language" brings out the importance of motivation and the way it can overcome unfavourable circumstances in other aspects of language learning. There have been overwhelming researches & literature on this area. However, the definition and study of motivation have not been without problem. This paper starts with a brief historical review on psychological approaches underlying motivational research, followed by the remarkable motivation theories. The third part is concerned with SL/FL motivation, which attempts to relate the findings on motivation with situation of China.展开更多
OBJECTIVE Glutamatergic projections from prefrontal cortex(PFc) to nucleus accumbens(NAc) regulate the dopamine(DA) release in NAc.However,it is not clear whether this circuit is effective for the reward and motivatio...OBJECTIVE Glutamatergic projections from prefrontal cortex(PFc) to nucleus accumbens(NAc) regulate the dopamine(DA) release in NAc.However,it is not clear whether this circuit is effective for the reward and motivation of heroin addiction.Our study investigates the effects of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3(mGluR2/3) and the projections from ventromedial prefrontal cortex(vmPFc) to the NAc shell on the reward and motivation of heroin-addicted rats.METHODS First,rats were trained to selfadministration for 14 d.On the 15 thday,parts of rats were injected with mGluR 2/3 agonist LY379268(0.1,0.3 and 1.0 mg·kg-1,ip) systematically and another parts of rats were bilaterally microinjected with LY379268(0.3 and 1.0 g·L^(-1))at the volume of 0.5 μL into the ventral tegmental area(VTA),NAc core or NAc shell,respectively.All rats were followed by heroin self-administration testing under fixed ratio 1(FR1) schedule or progressed ratio(PR) schedule to observe the effect of LY379268 on the heroin reward or motivation.Second,rats were injected chemogenetic glutamatergic virus(pAAV-CaMKIIa-hM3 D(Gq)-mCherry or pAOV-CaMKIIa-hM4 D(Gi)-mCherry-3 Flag) or negative control virus in vmPFc,and trained to heroin self-administration for 14 d.On the 15 thday,rats were bilateral y microinjected with clozapine-N-oxide(CNO,1 mmol·L^(-1),0.5 μL) into NAc shell and tested the effect on the heroin reward or motivation.Finally,rats were injected optogenetical glutamatergic virus(AAV2/9-CaM KⅡ-hChR2-EYFP) or negative control virus in vmPFc,implanted 16 channel photoelectrode in ipsilateral NAc shell,and trained to heroin selfadministration for 14 d.On the 15 thday,rats were tested heroin reward under FR1 procedure with blue light stimulation in the wavelength of470 nm,frequency of 25 HZ and power of 5 mW.Each stimulation lasting for 1 h and interval for1 h.The spike changes before and after stimulation in NAc Shel neural nerve was recorded.RESULTS LY379268 cloud dose-dependent attenuated the heroin reward or motivation and the local effective site was mainly in the NAc shell.Chemogenetic results showed activation or inactivation the projection from vmPFc to NAc shell enhanced or attenuated the heroin reward and motivation,respectively.Optogenetical stimulation the same projection also enhanced the heroin reward,and a tonic neuronal firing at the nerve of NAc shell was observed during the light stimulation session.CONCLUSION mGluR2/3 activation in the NAc shell is involved in the inhibition of heroin reward and motivation.Activation the projection from PFc to NAc shell can enhance the effects on heroin reward and motivation.展开更多
为明确陇东油田低渗油藏注水伤害机理,以长3储层为研究对象,构建了一套从储层内在因素到外在工程因素出发分析储层注水伤害机理的综合分析方法,采用X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)、铸体薄片和扫描电镜(scanning electron microscopy...为明确陇东油田低渗油藏注水伤害机理,以长3储层为研究对象,构建了一套从储层内在因素到外在工程因素出发分析储层注水伤害机理的综合分析方法,采用X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)、铸体薄片和扫描电镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)分析储层自身的岩石物性及孔隙结构,采用联合可视化微流控与核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)的实验方法分析外来注入水对低渗油藏的伤害规律。结果表明:造成长3储层堵塞的内在因素是该层位储层属于低孔低渗储层,孔喉直径都是小于20μm的小孔,储层物性较差,液相在储层中的渗流阻力较大,并且黏土矿物组成主要是高岭石与伊利石等速敏性矿物,易发生微粒运移而堵塞储层;造成堵塞的外在工程因素是注入水与地层水不配伍而产生垢体微粒,垢体微粒与黏土微粒会在孔喉通道处经历堵塞-突破的过程,导致注入压力波动式上升,同时注入水会携带垢体微粒与黏土微粒运移至油藏深部,在油藏深部聚集并加重堵塞,严重降低水驱的波及范围。研究成果明确了长3油藏的注水伤害规律,为油田注水开发提供了理论指导。展开更多
文摘This paper explores the hypothesis that using a computer network for real - synchronous discussion has noticeable effects on EFL students’ motivation language learning. Three motives emerge from the students’ responses to a survey:chatting on the Internet provides an opportunity for "real" communication; it improves personal confidence. It encourages students to overcome writing apprehension. Further analysis proves the hypothesis to a certain extent.
文摘Motivation plays an vital role in foreign language learning.Every language teacher should pay more attention to it.Firstly,inspire achievement motivation;Secondly,let students recognize the importance of learning language.
文摘This essay, from the view of psycholinguistics, analyses the causes of the instrumental motivation college students have for their College English study and points out the negative results from this kind of learner motivation based on the theory of English as communication. Then it suggests some measures to overcome the negative results from the instrumental motivation.
文摘Most language teachers will agree that motivation of the students is one of the most important factors influencing their success or failure in language learning. Corder’s phrase, “ Given motivation, anyone can learn a language" brings out the importance of motivation and the way it can overcome unfavourable circumstances in other aspects of language learning. There have been overwhelming researches & literature on this area. However, the definition and study of motivation have not been without problem. This paper starts with a brief historical review on psychological approaches underlying motivational research, followed by the remarkable motivation theories. The third part is concerned with SL/FL motivation, which attempts to relate the findings on motivation with situation of China.
基金National Basic Research Program of China(2015CB553504)National Natural Science Foundationof China (81471350+1 种基金81671321)Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo Municipality,Zhejiang Province, China (2017A610214).
文摘OBJECTIVE Glutamatergic projections from prefrontal cortex(PFc) to nucleus accumbens(NAc) regulate the dopamine(DA) release in NAc.However,it is not clear whether this circuit is effective for the reward and motivation of heroin addiction.Our study investigates the effects of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3(mGluR2/3) and the projections from ventromedial prefrontal cortex(vmPFc) to the NAc shell on the reward and motivation of heroin-addicted rats.METHODS First,rats were trained to selfadministration for 14 d.On the 15 thday,parts of rats were injected with mGluR 2/3 agonist LY379268(0.1,0.3 and 1.0 mg·kg-1,ip) systematically and another parts of rats were bilaterally microinjected with LY379268(0.3 and 1.0 g·L^(-1))at the volume of 0.5 μL into the ventral tegmental area(VTA),NAc core or NAc shell,respectively.All rats were followed by heroin self-administration testing under fixed ratio 1(FR1) schedule or progressed ratio(PR) schedule to observe the effect of LY379268 on the heroin reward or motivation.Second,rats were injected chemogenetic glutamatergic virus(pAAV-CaMKIIa-hM3 D(Gq)-mCherry or pAOV-CaMKIIa-hM4 D(Gi)-mCherry-3 Flag) or negative control virus in vmPFc,and trained to heroin self-administration for 14 d.On the 15 thday,rats were bilateral y microinjected with clozapine-N-oxide(CNO,1 mmol·L^(-1),0.5 μL) into NAc shell and tested the effect on the heroin reward or motivation.Finally,rats were injected optogenetical glutamatergic virus(AAV2/9-CaM KⅡ-hChR2-EYFP) or negative control virus in vmPFc,implanted 16 channel photoelectrode in ipsilateral NAc shell,and trained to heroin selfadministration for 14 d.On the 15 thday,rats were tested heroin reward under FR1 procedure with blue light stimulation in the wavelength of470 nm,frequency of 25 HZ and power of 5 mW.Each stimulation lasting for 1 h and interval for1 h.The spike changes before and after stimulation in NAc Shel neural nerve was recorded.RESULTS LY379268 cloud dose-dependent attenuated the heroin reward or motivation and the local effective site was mainly in the NAc shell.Chemogenetic results showed activation or inactivation the projection from vmPFc to NAc shell enhanced or attenuated the heroin reward and motivation,respectively.Optogenetical stimulation the same projection also enhanced the heroin reward,and a tonic neuronal firing at the nerve of NAc shell was observed during the light stimulation session.CONCLUSION mGluR2/3 activation in the NAc shell is involved in the inhibition of heroin reward and motivation.Activation the projection from PFc to NAc shell can enhance the effects on heroin reward and motivation.
文摘为明确陇东油田低渗油藏注水伤害机理,以长3储层为研究对象,构建了一套从储层内在因素到外在工程因素出发分析储层注水伤害机理的综合分析方法,采用X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)、铸体薄片和扫描电镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)分析储层自身的岩石物性及孔隙结构,采用联合可视化微流控与核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)的实验方法分析外来注入水对低渗油藏的伤害规律。结果表明:造成长3储层堵塞的内在因素是该层位储层属于低孔低渗储层,孔喉直径都是小于20μm的小孔,储层物性较差,液相在储层中的渗流阻力较大,并且黏土矿物组成主要是高岭石与伊利石等速敏性矿物,易发生微粒运移而堵塞储层;造成堵塞的外在工程因素是注入水与地层水不配伍而产生垢体微粒,垢体微粒与黏土微粒会在孔喉通道处经历堵塞-突破的过程,导致注入压力波动式上升,同时注入水会携带垢体微粒与黏土微粒运移至油藏深部,在油藏深部聚集并加重堵塞,严重降低水驱的波及范围。研究成果明确了长3油藏的注水伤害规律,为油田注水开发提供了理论指导。
