As the size of transistors shrinks and power density increases,thermal simulation has become an indispensable part of the device design procedure.However,existing works for advanced technology transistors use simplifi...As the size of transistors shrinks and power density increases,thermal simulation has become an indispensable part of the device design procedure.However,existing works for advanced technology transistors use simplified empirical models to calculate effective thermal conductivity in the simulations.In this work,we present a dataset of size-dependent effective thermal conductivity with electron and phonon properties extracted from ab initio computations.Absolute in-plane and cross-plane thermal conductivity data of eight semiconducting materials(Si,Ge,GaN,AlN,4H-SiC,GaAs,InAs,BAs)and four metallic materials(Al,W,TiN,Ti)with the characteristic length ranging from 5 nm to 50 nm have been provided.Besides the absolute value,normalized effective thermal conductivity is also given,in case it needs to be used with updated bulk thermal conductivity in the future.展开更多
The present study was undertaken in seven natural forest types of temperate zone （1500 to 3100 m, a.s.l.） of Garhwal Himalaya to understand the effects of slope aspects viz., north-east （NE）, north-west （NW）, so...The present study was undertaken in seven natural forest types of temperate zone （1500 to 3100 m, a.s.l.） of Garhwal Himalaya to understand the effects of slope aspects viz., north-east （NE）, north-west （NW）, south-east （SE） and south-west （SW）, on the forest structure, composition and soil characteristics of each selected forest type. The sample plots in each forest type were laid out by using stratified random approach. The indices i.e., the Importance Value Index, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson’s concentration of Dominance, Simpson diver-sity index, Pielou equitability and Margalef species richness index were calculated statistically using standard softwares to elucidate the differ-ences in forest structure and composition of forest types on different slope aspects of the sites. The composite soil samples were taken from each forest stand and the physico-chemical properties of the soil i.e., moisture content （MC）, water holding capacity （WHC）, pH, organic carbon （OC）, phosphorus （P）, potassium （K） and available nitrogen （N） were analyzed. The results show that the higher values of total basal cover （74.4 m2·ha-1 in Quercus semecarpifolia forest）, Concentration of dominance （0.85 in Pinus roxburghii forest） and Tree diversity （1.81 in Quercus floribunda forest） in the forests were recorded in the northern aspects. MC （40.8% in Quercus leucotrichophora forest）, WHC （48.9% in Cupressus torulosa forest）, OC （3.8% in Cedrus deodara forest）, P （31.9 kg·ha-1 in Quercus leucotrichophora forest） and N （1.0% in Pinus roxburghii forest） had also higher values in the soils of northern aspects. Consequently the higher productivity of the forests was also noticed on the northern aspects.展开更多
While progress has been made in information source localization,it has overlooked the prevalent friend and adversarial relationships in social networks.This paper addresses this gap by focusing on source localization ...While progress has been made in information source localization,it has overlooked the prevalent friend and adversarial relationships in social networks.This paper addresses this gap by focusing on source localization in signed network models.Leveraging the topological characteristics of signed networks and transforming the propagation probability into effective distance,we propose an optimization method for observer selection.Additionally,by using the reverse propagation algorithm we present a method for information source localization in signed networks.Extensive experimental results demonstrate that a higher proportion of positive edges within signed networks contributes to more favorable source localization,and the higher the ratio of propagation rates between positive and negative edges,the more accurate the source localization becomes.Interestingly,this aligns with our observation that,in reality,the number of friends tends to be greater than the number of adversaries,and the likelihood of information propagation among friends is often higher than among adversaries.In addition,the source located at the periphery of the network is not easy to identify.Furthermore,our proposed observer selection method based on effective distance achieves higher operational efficiency and exhibits higher accuracy in information source localization,compared with three strategies for observer selection based on the classical full-order neighbor coverage.展开更多
Organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites(LHPs) have attracted great interest owing to their outstanding optoelectronic properties.Typically,the underlying electronic structure would determinate the physical properti...Organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites(LHPs) have attracted great interest owing to their outstanding optoelectronic properties.Typically,the underlying electronic structure would determinate the physical properties of materials.But as for now,limited studies have been done to reveal the underlying electronic structure of this material system,comparing to the huge amount of investigations on the material synthesis.The effective mass of the valance band is one of the most important physical parameters which plays a dominant role in charge transport and photovoltaic phenomena.In pristine CsPbBr_(3),the Fr?hlich polarons associated with the Pb–Br stretching modes are proposed to be responsible for the effective mass renormalization.In this regard,it would be very interesting to explore the electronic structure in doped LHPs.Here,we report high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy(ARPES) studies on both pristine and Cl-doped CsPbBr_(3).The experimental band dispersions are extracted from ARPES spectra along both ■ and ■ high symmetry directions.DFT calculations are performed and directly compared with the ARPES data.Our results have revealed the band structure of Cl-doped CsPbBr_(3) for the first time,which have also unveiled the effective mass renormalization in the Cl-doped CsPbBr_(3) compound.Doping dependent measurements indicate that the chlorine doping could moderately tune the renormalization strength.These results will help understand the physical properties of LHPs as a function of doping.展开更多
Due to the spatial characteristics of orbital angular momentum,vortex fields can be applied in the fields of quantum storage and quantum information.We study the realization of spatially modulated vortex fields based ...Due to the spatial characteristics of orbital angular momentum,vortex fields can be applied in the fields of quantum storage and quantum information.We study the realization of spatially modulated vortex fields based on four-wave mixing in a four-level atomic system with a diamond structure.The intensity and spiral phase of the vortex field are effectively transferred to the generated four-wave mixing field.By changing the detuning of the probe field,the phase and intensity of the generated vertex four-wave mixing field can be changed.When the probe field takes a large detuning value,the spatial distribution of the intensity and phase of the vertex four-wave mixing field can be effectively tuned by adjusting the Rabi frequency or detuning value of the coupled field.At the same time,we also provide a detailed explanation based on the dispersion relationship,and the results agree well with our simulation results.展开更多
This paper investigates the effective capacity of a point-to-point ultra-reliable low latency communication(URLLC)transmission over multiple parallel sub-channels at finite blocklength(FBL)with imperfect channel state...This paper investigates the effective capacity of a point-to-point ultra-reliable low latency communication(URLLC)transmission over multiple parallel sub-channels at finite blocklength(FBL)with imperfect channel state information(CSI).Based on reasonable assumptions and approximations,we derive the effective capacity as a function of the pilot length,decoding error probability,transmit power and the sub-channel number.Then we reveal significant impact of the above parameters on the effective capacity.A closed-form lower bound of the effective capacity is derived and an alternating optimization based algorithm is proposed to find the optimal pilot length and decoding error probability.Simulation results validate our theoretical analysis and show that the closedform lower bound is very tight.In addition,through the simulations of the optimized effective capacity,insights for pilot length and decoding error probability optimization are provided to evaluate the optimal parameters in realistic systems.展开更多
To solve the problem of target damage assessment when fragments attack target under uncertain projectile and target intersection in an air defense intercept,this paper proposes a method for calculating target damage p...To solve the problem of target damage assessment when fragments attack target under uncertain projectile and target intersection in an air defense intercept,this paper proposes a method for calculating target damage probability leveraging spatio-temporal finite multilayer fragments distribution and the target damage assessment algorithm based on cloud model theory.Drawing on the spatial dispersion characteristics of fragments of projectile proximity explosion,we divide into a finite number of fragments distribution planes based on the time series in space,set up a fragment layer dispersion model grounded in the time series and intersection criterion for determining the effective penetration of each layer of fragments into the target.Building on the precondition that the multilayer fragments of the time series effectively assail the target,we also establish the damage criterion of the perforation and penetration damage and deduce the damage probability calculation model.Taking the damage probability of the fragment layer in the spatio-temporal sequence to the target as the input state variable,we introduce cloud model theory to research the target damage assessment method.Combining the equivalent simulation experiment,the scientific and rational nature of the proposed method were validated through quantitative calculations and comparative analysis.展开更多
Seismic prediction of cracks is of great significance in many disciplines,for which the rock physics model is indispensable.However,up to now,multitudinous analytical models focus primarily on the cracked rock with th...Seismic prediction of cracks is of great significance in many disciplines,for which the rock physics model is indispensable.However,up to now,multitudinous analytical models focus primarily on the cracked rock with the isotropic background,while the explicit model for the cracked rock with the anisotropic background is rarely investigated in spite of such case being often encountered in the earth.Hence,we first studied dependences of the crack opening displacement tensors on the crack dip angle in the coordinate systems formed by symmetry planes of the crack and the background anisotropy,respectively,by forty groups of numerical experiments.Based on the conclusion from the experiments,the analytical solution was derived for the effective elastic properties of the rock with the inclined penny-shaped cracks in the transversely isotropic background.Further,we comprehensively analyzed,according to the developed model,effects of the crack dip angle,background anisotropy,filling fluid and crack density on the effective elastic properties of the cracked rock.The analysis results indicate that the dip angle and background anisotropy can significantly either enhance or weaken the anisotropy degrees of the P-and SH-wave velocities,whereas they have relatively small effects on the SV-wave velocity anisotropy.Moreover,the filling fluid can increase the stiffness coefficients related to the compressional modulus by reducing crack compliance parameters,while its effects on shear coefficients depend on the crack dip angle.The increasing crack density reduces velocities of the dry rock,and decreasing rates of the velocities are affected by the crack dip angle.By comparing with exact numerical results and experimental data,it was demonstrated that the proposed model can achieve high-precision estimations of stiffness coefficients.Moreover,the assumption of the weakly anisotropic background results in the consistency between the proposed model and Hudson's published theory for the orthorhombic rock.展开更多
We derive an effective Hamiltonian for a spin-1/2 particle confined within a curved thin layer with non-uniform thickness using the confining potential approach.Our analysis reveals the presence of a pseudo-magnetic f...We derive an effective Hamiltonian for a spin-1/2 particle confined within a curved thin layer with non-uniform thickness using the confining potential approach.Our analysis reveals the presence of a pseudo-magnetic field and effective spin–orbit interaction(SOI)arising from the curvature,as well as an effective scalar potential resulting from variations in thickness.Importantly,we demonstrate that the physical effect of additional SOI from thickness fluctuations vanishes in low-dimensional systems,thus guaranteeing the robustness of spin interference measurements to thickness imperfection.Furthermore,we establish the applicability of the effective Hamiltonian in both symmetric and asymmetric confinement scenarios,which is crucial for its utilization in one-side etching systems.展开更多
Aerogel nanoporous materials possess high porosity, high specific surface area, and extremely low density due to their unique nanoscale network structure. Moreover, their effective thermal conductivity is very low, ma...Aerogel nanoporous materials possess high porosity, high specific surface area, and extremely low density due to their unique nanoscale network structure. Moreover, their effective thermal conductivity is very low, making them a new type of lightweight and highly efficient nanoscale super-insulating material. However, prediction of their effective thermal conductivity is challenging due to their uneven pore size distribution. To investigate the internal heat transfer mechanism of aerogel nanoporous materials, this study constructed a cross-aligned and cubic pore model(CACPM) based on the actual pore arrangement of SiO_(2) aerogel. Based on the established CACPM, the effective thermal conductivity expression for the aerogel was derived by simultaneously considering gas-phase heat conduction, solid-phase heat conduction, and radiative heat transfer. The derived expression was then compared with available experimental data and the Wei structure model. The results indicate that, according to the model established in this study for the derived thermal conductivity formula of silica aerogel, for powdery silica aerogel under the conditions of T = 298 K, a_(2)= 0.85, D_(1)= 90 μm, ρ = 128 kg/m^(3), within the pressure range of 0–10^(5)Pa, the average deviation between the calculated values and experimental values is 10.51%. In the pressure range of 10^(3)–10^(4)Pa, the deviation between calculated values and experimental values is within 4%. Under these conditions, the model has certain reference value in engineering verification. This study also makes a certain contribution to the research of aerogel thermal conductivity heat transfer models and calculation formulae.展开更多
The interaction between three optical solitons is a complex and valuable research direction,which is of practical application for promoting the development of optical communication and all-optical information processi...The interaction between three optical solitons is a complex and valuable research direction,which is of practical application for promoting the development of optical communication and all-optical information processing technology.In this paper,we start from the study of the variable-coefficient coupled higher-order nonlinear Schodinger equation(VCHNLSE),and obtain an analytical three-soliton solution of this equation.Based on the obtained solution,the interaction of the three optical solitons is explored when they are incident from different initial velocities and phases.When the higher-order dispersion and nonlinear functions are sinusoidal,hyperbolic secant,and hyperbolic tangent functions,the transmission properties of three optical solitons before and after interactions are discussed.Besides,this paper achieves effective regulation of amplitude and velocity of optical solitons as well as of the local state of interaction process,and interaction-free transmission of the three optical solitons is obtained with a small spacing.The relevant conclusions of the paper are of great significance in promoting the development of high-speed and large-capacity optical communication,optical signal processing,and optical computing.展开更多
Due to limited data on the geochemical properties of natural gas,estimations are needed for the effective gas source rock in evaluating gas potential.However,the pronounced heterogeneity of mudstones in lacustrine suc...Due to limited data on the geochemical properties of natural gas,estimations are needed for the effective gas source rock in evaluating gas potential.However,the pronounced heterogeneity of mudstones in lacustrine successions complicates the prediction of the presence and geochemical characteristics of gas source rocks.In this paper,the Liaohe Subbasin of Northeast China is used as an example to construct a practical methodology for locating effective gas source rocks in typical lacustrine basins.Three types of gas source rocks,microbial,oil-type,and coal-type,were distinguished according to the different genetic types of their natural gas.A practical three-dimensional geological model was developed,refined,and applied to determine the spatial distribution of the mudstones in the Western Depression of the Liaohe Subbasin and to describe the geochemical characteristics(the abundance,type,and maturation levels of the organic matter).Application of the model in the subbasin indicates that the sedimentary facies have led to heterogeneity in the mudstones,particularly with respect to organic matter types.The effective gas source rock model constructed for the Western Depression shows that the upper sequence(SQ2)of the Fourth member(Mbr 4)of the Eocene Shahejie Formation(Fm)and the lower and middle sequences(SQ3 and SQ4)of the Third member(Mbr 3)form the principal gas-generating interval.The total volume of effective gas source rocks is estimated to be 586 km^(3).The effective microbial,oil-type,and coal-type gas source rocks are primarily found in the shallow western slope,the central sags,and the eastern slope of the Western Depression,respectively.This study provides a practical approach for more accurately identifying the occurrence and geochemical characteristics of effective natural gas source rocks,enabling a precise quantitative estimation of natural gas reserves.展开更多
Climate has changed sufficiently over the last 150 years and forced out upper treeline advance at the most studied sites around the world.The rate of advance has been extremely variable–from tens to hundreds meters i...Climate has changed sufficiently over the last 150 years and forced out upper treeline advance at the most studied sites around the world.The rate of advance has been extremely variable–from tens to hundreds meters in altitude.This is because the degree at which tree frontal populations respond to climate change depends on the complex interaction of biological and physical factors.The resulting stand pattern is the consequence of the interaction between dispersal and survival functions.A few publications have addressed the question of how this pattern is generated.In order to understand how the spatial structure of tree stands was formed at the upper limit of their distribution in the Ural Mountains,we assessed the distance and direction of dispersal of offspring from maternal individuals.We found that in frontal Larix sibirica Ledeb.populations,‘effective’dispersal of offspring ranges from 3 to 758 m(with a median of 20–33 m in open forest and 219 m in single-tree tundra in the Polar Urals and 107 m in open forest in the Northern Urals).We revealed that most of the offspring effectively dispersed not only in the direction of the prevailing winds,but also in the opposite direction up the slope,and the distance can reach 500–760 m.The data obtained can be used to develop an individual-based model which is capable of simulating in detail the dynamics of tree stands at the upper limit of their growth and reliably predicting the future position and pattern of treeline ecotone as growth conditions continue to improve in the face of observed climate change.展开更多
Low-electrode capacitive deionization(FCDI)is an emerging desalination technology with great potential for removal and/or recycling ions from a range of waters.However,it still suffers from inefficient charge transfer...Low-electrode capacitive deionization(FCDI)is an emerging desalination technology with great potential for removal and/or recycling ions from a range of waters.However,it still suffers from inefficient charge transfer and ion transport kinetics due to weak turbulence and low electric intensity in flow electrodes,both restricted by the current collectors.Herein,a new tip-array current collector(designated as T-CC)was developed to replace the conventional planar current collectors,which intensifies both the charge transfer and ion transport significantly.The effects of tip arrays on flow and electric fields were studied by both computational simulations and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,which revealed the reduction of ion transport barrier,charge transport barrier and internal resistance.With the voltage increased from 1.0 to 1.5 and 2.0 V,the T-CC-based FCDI system(T-FCDI)exhibited average salt removal rates(ASRR)of 0.18,0.50,and 0.89μmol cm^(-2) min^(-1),respectively,which are 1.82,2.65,and 2.48 folds higher than that of the conventional serpentine current collectors,and 1.48,1.67,and 1.49 folds higher than that of the planar current collectors.Meanwhile,with the solid content in flow electrodes increased from 1 to 5 wt%,the ASRR for T-FCDI increased from 0.29 to 0.50μmol cm^(-2) min^(-1),which are 1.70 and 1.67 folds higher than that of the planar current collectors.Additionally,a salt removal efficiency of 99.89%was achieved with T-FCDI and the charge efficiency remained above 95%after 24 h of operation,thus showing its superior long-term stability.展开更多
van der Waals(vdW)heterostructures constructed by lowdimensional(0D,1D,and 2D)materials are emerging as one of the most appealing systems in next-generation flexible photodetection.Currently,hand-stacked vdW-type phot...van der Waals(vdW)heterostructures constructed by lowdimensional(0D,1D,and 2D)materials are emerging as one of the most appealing systems in next-generation flexible photodetection.Currently,hand-stacked vdW-type photodetectors are not compatible with large-areaarray fabrication and show unimpressive performance in self-powered mode.Herein,vertical 1D GaN nanorods arrays(NRAs)/2D MoS_(2)/PEDOT:PSS in wafer scale have been proposed for self-powered flexible photodetectors arrays firstly.The as-integrated device without external bias under weak UV illumination exhibits a competitive responsivity of 1.47 A W^(−1)and a high detectivity of 1.2×10^(11)Jones,as well as a fast response speed of 54/71μs,thanks to the strong light absorption of GaN NRAs and the efficient photogenerated carrier separation in type-II heterojunction.Notably,the strain-tunable photodetection performances of device have been demonstrated.Impressively,the device at−0.78%strain and zero bias reveals a significantly enhanced photoresponse with a responsivity of 2.47 A W^(−1),a detectivity of 2.6×10^(11)Jones,and response times of 40/45μs,which are superior to the state-of-the-art self-powered flexible photodetectors.This work presents a valuable avenue to prepare tunable vdWs heterostructures for self-powered flexible photodetection,which performs well in flexible sensors.展开更多
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence(TADF)molecules have outstanding potential for applications in organic light-emitting diodes(OLEDs).Due to the lack of systematic studies on the correlation between molecular st...Thermally activated delayed fluorescence(TADF)molecules have outstanding potential for applications in organic light-emitting diodes(OLEDs).Due to the lack of systematic studies on the correlation between molecular structure and luminescence properties,TADF molecules are far from meeting the needs of practical applications in terms of variety and number.In this paper,three twisted TADF molecules are studied and their photophysical properties are theoretically predicted based on the thermal vibrational correlation function method combined with multiscale calculations.The results show that all the molecules exhibit fast reverse intersystem crossing(RISC)rates(kRISC),predicting their TADF luminescence properties.In addition,the binding of DHPAzSi as the donor unit with different acceptors can change the dihedral angle between the ground and excited states,and the planarity of the acceptors is positively correlated with the reorganization energy,a property that has a strong influence on the non-radiative process.Furthermore,a decrease in the energy of the molecular charge transfer state and an increase in the kRISC were observed in the films.This study not only provides a reliable explanation for the observed experimental results,but also offers valuable insights that can guide the design of future TADF molecules.展开更多
Fertilization or atmospheric deposition of nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)to terrestrial ecosystems can alter soil N(P)availability and the nature of nutrient limitation for plant growth.Changing the allocation of leaf P...Fertilization or atmospheric deposition of nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)to terrestrial ecosystems can alter soil N(P)availability and the nature of nutrient limitation for plant growth.Changing the allocation of leaf P fractions is potentially an adaptive strategy for plants to cope with soil N(P)availability and nutrient-limiting conditions.However,the impact of the interactions between imbalanced anthropogenic N and P inputs on the concentrations and allocation proportions of leaf P fractions in forest woody plants remains elusive.We conducted a metaanalysis of data about the concentrations and allocation proportions of leaf P fractions,specifically associated with individual and combined additions of N and P in evergreen forests,the dominant vegetation type in southern China where the primary productivity is usually considered limited by P.This assessment allowed us to quantitatively evaluate the effects of N and P additions alone and interactively on leaf P allocation and use strategies.Nitrogen addition(exacerbating P limitation)reduced the concentrations of leaf total P and different leaf P fractions.Nitrogen addition reduced the allocation to leaf metabolic P but increased the allocation to other fractions,while P addition showed opposite trends.The simultaneous additions of N and P showed an antagonistic(mutual suppression)effect on the concentrations of leaf P fractions,but an additive(summary)effect on the allocation proportions of leaf P fractions.These results highlight the importance of strategies of leaf P fraction allocation in forest plants under changes in environmental nutrient availability.Importantly,our study identified critical interactions associated with combined N and P inputs that affect leaf P fractions,thus aiding in predicting plant acclimation strategies in the context of intensifying and imbalanced anthropogenic nutrient inputs.展开更多
The pressure and temperature increase resulting from the impact of different threats onto target materials is analyzed with a unified laboratory-scale setup.This allows deriving qualitative information on the occurrin...The pressure and temperature increase resulting from the impact of different threats onto target materials is analyzed with a unified laboratory-scale setup.This allows deriving qualitative information on the occurring phenomenology as well as quantitative statements about the relative effects sizes as a function of target material and threat.The considered target materials are steel,aluminum,and magnesium.As threats,kinetic energy penetrator,explosively formed projectile,and shaped charge jet are used.For the investigated combinations,the measured overpressures vary by a factor of up to 5 for a variation of the material,by a factor of up to 7 for a variation of the threat,and by a factor larger than 15for a simultaneous variation of both.The obtained results as well as the experimental approach are relevant for the basic understanding of impact effects and risks due to material reactivity.The paper combines two main aims.Firstly,to provide a summary of own prior work in a coherent journal article and,secondly,to review and discuss these earlier results with a new perspective.展开更多
The Hydrodynamic Ram(HRAM)effect occurs when a high kinetic energy projectile penetrates a fluid filled area,e.g.,a liquid filled tank.The projectile transfers its momentum and kinetic energy to the fluid,what causes ...The Hydrodynamic Ram(HRAM)effect occurs when a high kinetic energy projectile penetrates a fluid filled area,e.g.,a liquid filled tank.The projectile transfers its momentum and kinetic energy to the fluid,what causes a sudden,local pressure rise,further expanding as primary shock wave in the fluid and developing a cavity.It is possible that the entire tank ruptures due to the loads transferred through the fluid to its surrounding structure.In the past decades,additionally to experimental investigations,HRAM has been studied using various computational approaches particularly focusing on the description of the Fluid-Structure Interaction(FSI).This article reviews the published experimental,analytical and numerical results and delivers a chronological overview since the end of World War II.Furthermore,HRAM mitigation measures are highlighted,which have been developed with the experimental,analytical and numerical toolboxes matured over the past 80 years.展开更多
Two-dimensional(2D)ferrovalley materials with valley-dependent Hall effect have attracted great interest due to their significant applications in spintronics.In this paper,by using first-principles computational simul...Two-dimensional(2D)ferrovalley materials with valley-dependent Hall effect have attracted great interest due to their significant applications in spintronics.In this paper,by using first-principles computational simulations,we predict that the ScBrCl monolayer is a 2D ferrovalley material with valley-dependent multiple Hall effects.After calculations,we found that the ScBrCl monolayer has excellent thermodynamic stability and kinetic stability,and has a high magnetic transition temperature.When the magnetization direction is turned from in-plane to out-of-plane,a large valley polarization of 44 meV can be generated.In particular,under 5.1%–5.3%tensile strain conditions,ScBrCl monolayer can achieve quantum anomalous Hall effect,and further prove its existence through non-zero Chern number and non-trivial edge state.Our discovery enriches the research on valley-dependent Hall effect and promotes the potential application of 2D Janus monolayer in valley electronics.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Key R&D Project from Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2022YFA1203100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52122606)the funding from Shanghai Polytechnic University.
文摘As the size of transistors shrinks and power density increases,thermal simulation has become an indispensable part of the device design procedure.However,existing works for advanced technology transistors use simplified empirical models to calculate effective thermal conductivity in the simulations.In this work,we present a dataset of size-dependent effective thermal conductivity with electron and phonon properties extracted from ab initio computations.Absolute in-plane and cross-plane thermal conductivity data of eight semiconducting materials(Si,Ge,GaN,AlN,4H-SiC,GaAs,InAs,BAs)and four metallic materials(Al,W,TiN,Ti)with the characteristic length ranging from 5 nm to 50 nm have been provided.Besides the absolute value,normalized effective thermal conductivity is also given,in case it needs to be used with updated bulk thermal conductivity in the future.
基金This research was supported by Department of Sci-ence and Technology,Government of India,New Delhi,India vide its Project No.SP/SO/PS-52/2004
文摘The present study was undertaken in seven natural forest types of temperate zone （1500 to 3100 m, a.s.l.） of Garhwal Himalaya to understand the effects of slope aspects viz., north-east （NE）, north-west （NW）, south-east （SE） and south-west （SW）, on the forest structure, composition and soil characteristics of each selected forest type. The sample plots in each forest type were laid out by using stratified random approach. The indices i.e., the Importance Value Index, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson’s concentration of Dominance, Simpson diver-sity index, Pielou equitability and Margalef species richness index were calculated statistically using standard softwares to elucidate the differ-ences in forest structure and composition of forest types on different slope aspects of the sites. The composite soil samples were taken from each forest stand and the physico-chemical properties of the soil i.e., moisture content （MC）, water holding capacity （WHC）, pH, organic carbon （OC）, phosphorus （P）, potassium （K） and available nitrogen （N） were analyzed. The results show that the higher values of total basal cover （74.4 m2·ha-1 in Quercus semecarpifolia forest）, Concentration of dominance （0.85 in Pinus roxburghii forest） and Tree diversity （1.81 in Quercus floribunda forest） in the forests were recorded in the northern aspects. MC （40.8% in Quercus leucotrichophora forest）, WHC （48.9% in Cupressus torulosa forest）, OC （3.8% in Cedrus deodara forest）, P （31.9 kg·ha-1 in Quercus leucotrichophora forest） and N （1.0% in Pinus roxburghii forest） had also higher values in the soils of northern aspects. Consequently the higher productivity of the forests was also noticed on the northern aspects.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62103375 and 62006106)the Zhejiang Provincial Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project(Grant No.22NDJC009Z)+1 种基金the Education Ministry Humanities and Social Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.19YJCZH056 and 21YJC630120)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province of China(Grant Nos.LY23F030003 and LQ21F020005).
文摘While progress has been made in information source localization,it has overlooked the prevalent friend and adversarial relationships in social networks.This paper addresses this gap by focusing on source localization in signed network models.Leveraging the topological characteristics of signed networks and transforming the propagation probability into effective distance,we propose an optimization method for observer selection.Additionally,by using the reverse propagation algorithm we present a method for information source localization in signed networks.Extensive experimental results demonstrate that a higher proportion of positive edges within signed networks contributes to more favorable source localization,and the higher the ratio of propagation rates between positive and negative edges,the more accurate the source localization becomes.Interestingly,this aligns with our observation that,in reality,the number of friends tends to be greater than the number of adversaries,and the likelihood of information propagation among friends is often higher than among adversaries.In addition,the source located at the periphery of the network is not easy to identify.Furthermore,our proposed observer selection method based on effective distance achieves higher operational efficiency and exhibits higher accuracy in information source localization,compared with three strategies for observer selection based on the classical full-order neighbor coverage.
基金Project supported by the International Partnership Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.123GJHZ2022035MI)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant Nos.WK3510000015 and WK3510000012)。
文摘Organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites(LHPs) have attracted great interest owing to their outstanding optoelectronic properties.Typically,the underlying electronic structure would determinate the physical properties of materials.But as for now,limited studies have been done to reveal the underlying electronic structure of this material system,comparing to the huge amount of investigations on the material synthesis.The effective mass of the valance band is one of the most important physical parameters which plays a dominant role in charge transport and photovoltaic phenomena.In pristine CsPbBr_(3),the Fr?hlich polarons associated with the Pb–Br stretching modes are proposed to be responsible for the effective mass renormalization.In this regard,it would be very interesting to explore the electronic structure in doped LHPs.Here,we report high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy(ARPES) studies on both pristine and Cl-doped CsPbBr_(3).The experimental band dispersions are extracted from ARPES spectra along both ■ and ■ high symmetry directions.DFT calculations are performed and directly compared with the ARPES data.Our results have revealed the band structure of Cl-doped CsPbBr_(3) for the first time,which have also unveiled the effective mass renormalization in the Cl-doped CsPbBr_(3) compound.Doping dependent measurements indicate that the chlorine doping could moderately tune the renormalization strength.These results will help understand the physical properties of LHPs as a function of doping.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.11704151 and 11247201)the Twelfth Five-year Program for Science and Technology of Education Department of Jilin Province (Grant No.20150215)。
文摘Due to the spatial characteristics of orbital angular momentum,vortex fields can be applied in the fields of quantum storage and quantum information.We study the realization of spatially modulated vortex fields based on four-wave mixing in a four-level atomic system with a diamond structure.The intensity and spiral phase of the vortex field are effectively transferred to the generated four-wave mixing field.By changing the detuning of the probe field,the phase and intensity of the generated vertex four-wave mixing field can be changed.When the probe field takes a large detuning value,the spatial distribution of the intensity and phase of the vertex four-wave mixing field can be effectively tuned by adjusting the Rabi frequency or detuning value of the coupled field.At the same time,we also provide a detailed explanation based on the dispersion relationship,and the results agree well with our simulation results.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant 61941106。
文摘This paper investigates the effective capacity of a point-to-point ultra-reliable low latency communication(URLLC)transmission over multiple parallel sub-channels at finite blocklength(FBL)with imperfect channel state information(CSI).Based on reasonable assumptions and approximations,we derive the effective capacity as a function of the pilot length,decoding error probability,transmit power and the sub-channel number.Then we reveal significant impact of the above parameters on the effective capacity.A closed-form lower bound of the effective capacity is derived and an alternating optimization based algorithm is proposed to find the optimal pilot length and decoding error probability.Simulation results validate our theoretical analysis and show that the closedform lower bound is very tight.In addition,through the simulations of the optimized effective capacity,insights for pilot length and decoding error probability optimization are provided to evaluate the optimal parameters in realistic systems.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62073256)the Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Department(Grant No.2023-YBGY-342).
文摘To solve the problem of target damage assessment when fragments attack target under uncertain projectile and target intersection in an air defense intercept,this paper proposes a method for calculating target damage probability leveraging spatio-temporal finite multilayer fragments distribution and the target damage assessment algorithm based on cloud model theory.Drawing on the spatial dispersion characteristics of fragments of projectile proximity explosion,we divide into a finite number of fragments distribution planes based on the time series in space,set up a fragment layer dispersion model grounded in the time series and intersection criterion for determining the effective penetration of each layer of fragments into the target.Building on the precondition that the multilayer fragments of the time series effectively assail the target,we also establish the damage criterion of the perforation and penetration damage and deduce the damage probability calculation model.Taking the damage probability of the fragment layer in the spatio-temporal sequence to the target as the input state variable,we introduce cloud model theory to research the target damage assessment method.Combining the equivalent simulation experiment,the scientific and rational nature of the proposed method were validated through quantitative calculations and comparative analysis.
基金We would like to acknowledge all the reviewers and editors and the sponsorship of National Natural Science Foundation of China(42030103)the Marine S&T Fund of Shandong Province for Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)(2021QNLM020001-6)the Laoshan National Laboratory of Science and Technology Foundation(LSKJ202203400).
文摘Seismic prediction of cracks is of great significance in many disciplines,for which the rock physics model is indispensable.However,up to now,multitudinous analytical models focus primarily on the cracked rock with the isotropic background,while the explicit model for the cracked rock with the anisotropic background is rarely investigated in spite of such case being often encountered in the earth.Hence,we first studied dependences of the crack opening displacement tensors on the crack dip angle in the coordinate systems formed by symmetry planes of the crack and the background anisotropy,respectively,by forty groups of numerical experiments.Based on the conclusion from the experiments,the analytical solution was derived for the effective elastic properties of the rock with the inclined penny-shaped cracks in the transversely isotropic background.Further,we comprehensively analyzed,according to the developed model,effects of the crack dip angle,background anisotropy,filling fluid and crack density on the effective elastic properties of the cracked rock.The analysis results indicate that the dip angle and background anisotropy can significantly either enhance or weaken the anisotropy degrees of the P-and SH-wave velocities,whereas they have relatively small effects on the SV-wave velocity anisotropy.Moreover,the filling fluid can increase the stiffness coefficients related to the compressional modulus by reducing crack compliance parameters,while its effects on shear coefficients depend on the crack dip angle.The increasing crack density reduces velocities of the dry rock,and decreasing rates of the velocities are affected by the crack dip angle.By comparing with exact numerical results and experimental data,it was demonstrated that the proposed model can achieve high-precision estimations of stiffness coefficients.Moreover,the assumption of the weakly anisotropic background results in the consistency between the proposed model and Hudson's published theory for the orthorhombic rock.
基金This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12104239)National Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China(Grant No.BK20210581)+2 种基金Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Science Foundation(Grant Nos.NY221024 and NY221100)the Science and Technology Program of Guangxi,China(Grant No.2018AD19310)the Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.20224BAB211020).
文摘We derive an effective Hamiltonian for a spin-1/2 particle confined within a curved thin layer with non-uniform thickness using the confining potential approach.Our analysis reveals the presence of a pseudo-magnetic field and effective spin–orbit interaction(SOI)arising from the curvature,as well as an effective scalar potential resulting from variations in thickness.Importantly,we demonstrate that the physical effect of additional SOI from thickness fluctuations vanishes in low-dimensional systems,thus guaranteeing the robustness of spin interference measurements to thickness imperfection.Furthermore,we establish the applicability of the effective Hamiltonian in both symmetric and asymmetric confinement scenarios,which is crucial for its utilization in one-side etching systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51764046 and 52160013)the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Postgraduate Research Innovation Project of China (Grant No. S20231165Z)the Research Program of Science and Technology at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China (Grant Nos. 2023RCTD016 and 2024RCTD008)。
文摘Aerogel nanoporous materials possess high porosity, high specific surface area, and extremely low density due to their unique nanoscale network structure. Moreover, their effective thermal conductivity is very low, making them a new type of lightweight and highly efficient nanoscale super-insulating material. However, prediction of their effective thermal conductivity is challenging due to their uneven pore size distribution. To investigate the internal heat transfer mechanism of aerogel nanoporous materials, this study constructed a cross-aligned and cubic pore model(CACPM) based on the actual pore arrangement of SiO_(2) aerogel. Based on the established CACPM, the effective thermal conductivity expression for the aerogel was derived by simultaneously considering gas-phase heat conduction, solid-phase heat conduction, and radiative heat transfer. The derived expression was then compared with available experimental data and the Wei structure model. The results indicate that, according to the model established in this study for the derived thermal conductivity formula of silica aerogel, for powdery silica aerogel under the conditions of T = 298 K, a_(2)= 0.85, D_(1)= 90 μm, ρ = 128 kg/m^(3), within the pressure range of 0–10^(5)Pa, the average deviation between the calculated values and experimental values is 10.51%. In the pressure range of 10^(3)–10^(4)Pa, the deviation between calculated values and experimental values is within 4%. Under these conditions, the model has certain reference value in engineering verification. This study also makes a certain contribution to the research of aerogel thermal conductivity heat transfer models and calculation formulae.
基金supported by the Scientific Research Foundation of Weifang University of Science and Technology(Grant Nos.KJRC2022002 and KJRC2023035).
文摘The interaction between three optical solitons is a complex and valuable research direction,which is of practical application for promoting the development of optical communication and all-optical information processing technology.In this paper,we start from the study of the variable-coefficient coupled higher-order nonlinear Schodinger equation(VCHNLSE),and obtain an analytical three-soliton solution of this equation.Based on the obtained solution,the interaction of the three optical solitons is explored when they are incident from different initial velocities and phases.When the higher-order dispersion and nonlinear functions are sinusoidal,hyperbolic secant,and hyperbolic tangent functions,the transmission properties of three optical solitons before and after interactions are discussed.Besides,this paper achieves effective regulation of amplitude and velocity of optical solitons as well as of the local state of interaction process,and interaction-free transmission of the three optical solitons is obtained with a small spacing.The relevant conclusions of the paper are of great significance in promoting the development of high-speed and large-capacity optical communication,optical signal processing,and optical computing.
文摘Due to limited data on the geochemical properties of natural gas,estimations are needed for the effective gas source rock in evaluating gas potential.However,the pronounced heterogeneity of mudstones in lacustrine successions complicates the prediction of the presence and geochemical characteristics of gas source rocks.In this paper,the Liaohe Subbasin of Northeast China is used as an example to construct a practical methodology for locating effective gas source rocks in typical lacustrine basins.Three types of gas source rocks,microbial,oil-type,and coal-type,were distinguished according to the different genetic types of their natural gas.A practical three-dimensional geological model was developed,refined,and applied to determine the spatial distribution of the mudstones in the Western Depression of the Liaohe Subbasin and to describe the geochemical characteristics(the abundance,type,and maturation levels of the organic matter).Application of the model in the subbasin indicates that the sedimentary facies have led to heterogeneity in the mudstones,particularly with respect to organic matter types.The effective gas source rock model constructed for the Western Depression shows that the upper sequence(SQ2)of the Fourth member(Mbr 4)of the Eocene Shahejie Formation(Fm)and the lower and middle sequences(SQ3 and SQ4)of the Third member(Mbr 3)form the principal gas-generating interval.The total volume of effective gas source rocks is estimated to be 586 km^(3).The effective microbial,oil-type,and coal-type gas source rocks are primarily found in the shallow western slope,the central sags,and the eastern slope of the Western Depression,respectively.This study provides a practical approach for more accurately identifying the occurrence and geochemical characteristics of effective natural gas source rocks,enabling a precise quantitative estimation of natural gas reserves.
基金supported by the Russian Center for Scientific Information under grant RFBR–21–54–12016 for the sampling and treating of collected materialsby the Russian Scientific Foundation under grant RSF-24–14-00206 for data analysis and preparation of the manuscript.
文摘Climate has changed sufficiently over the last 150 years and forced out upper treeline advance at the most studied sites around the world.The rate of advance has been extremely variable–from tens to hundreds meters in altitude.This is because the degree at which tree frontal populations respond to climate change depends on the complex interaction of biological and physical factors.The resulting stand pattern is the consequence of the interaction between dispersal and survival functions.A few publications have addressed the question of how this pattern is generated.In order to understand how the spatial structure of tree stands was formed at the upper limit of their distribution in the Ural Mountains,we assessed the distance and direction of dispersal of offspring from maternal individuals.We found that in frontal Larix sibirica Ledeb.populations,‘effective’dispersal of offspring ranges from 3 to 758 m(with a median of 20–33 m in open forest and 219 m in single-tree tundra in the Polar Urals and 107 m in open forest in the Northern Urals).We revealed that most of the offspring effectively dispersed not only in the direction of the prevailing winds,but also in the opposite direction up the slope,and the distance can reach 500–760 m.The data obtained can be used to develop an individual-based model which is capable of simulating in detail the dynamics of tree stands at the upper limit of their growth and reliably predicting the future position and pattern of treeline ecotone as growth conditions continue to improve in the face of observed climate change.
基金supported by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(JCYJ20230808105111022,JCYJ20220818095806013)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong(2023A1515012267)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22178223)the Royal Society/NSFC cost share program(IEC\NSFC\223372).
文摘Low-electrode capacitive deionization(FCDI)is an emerging desalination technology with great potential for removal and/or recycling ions from a range of waters.However,it still suffers from inefficient charge transfer and ion transport kinetics due to weak turbulence and low electric intensity in flow electrodes,both restricted by the current collectors.Herein,a new tip-array current collector(designated as T-CC)was developed to replace the conventional planar current collectors,which intensifies both the charge transfer and ion transport significantly.The effects of tip arrays on flow and electric fields were studied by both computational simulations and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,which revealed the reduction of ion transport barrier,charge transport barrier and internal resistance.With the voltage increased from 1.0 to 1.5 and 2.0 V,the T-CC-based FCDI system(T-FCDI)exhibited average salt removal rates(ASRR)of 0.18,0.50,and 0.89μmol cm^(-2) min^(-1),respectively,which are 1.82,2.65,and 2.48 folds higher than that of the conventional serpentine current collectors,and 1.48,1.67,and 1.49 folds higher than that of the planar current collectors.Meanwhile,with the solid content in flow electrodes increased from 1 to 5 wt%,the ASRR for T-FCDI increased from 0.29 to 0.50μmol cm^(-2) min^(-1),which are 1.70 and 1.67 folds higher than that of the planar current collectors.Additionally,a salt removal efficiency of 99.89%was achieved with T-FCDI and the charge efficiency remained above 95%after 24 h of operation,thus showing its superior long-term stability.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFB3604500,No.2022YFB3604501)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52172141)the Technology Development Project of Shanxi-Zheda Institude of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering(No.2022SX-TD017).
文摘van der Waals(vdW)heterostructures constructed by lowdimensional(0D,1D,and 2D)materials are emerging as one of the most appealing systems in next-generation flexible photodetection.Currently,hand-stacked vdW-type photodetectors are not compatible with large-areaarray fabrication and show unimpressive performance in self-powered mode.Herein,vertical 1D GaN nanorods arrays(NRAs)/2D MoS_(2)/PEDOT:PSS in wafer scale have been proposed for self-powered flexible photodetectors arrays firstly.The as-integrated device without external bias under weak UV illumination exhibits a competitive responsivity of 1.47 A W^(−1)and a high detectivity of 1.2×10^(11)Jones,as well as a fast response speed of 54/71μs,thanks to the strong light absorption of GaN NRAs and the efficient photogenerated carrier separation in type-II heterojunction.Notably,the strain-tunable photodetection performances of device have been demonstrated.Impressively,the device at−0.78%strain and zero bias reveals a significantly enhanced photoresponse with a responsivity of 2.47 A W^(−1),a detectivity of 2.6×10^(11)Jones,and response times of 40/45μs,which are superior to the state-of-the-art self-powered flexible photodetectors.This work presents a valuable avenue to prepare tunable vdWs heterostructures for self-powered flexible photodetection,which performs well in flexible sensors.
文摘Thermally activated delayed fluorescence(TADF)molecules have outstanding potential for applications in organic light-emitting diodes(OLEDs).Due to the lack of systematic studies on the correlation between molecular structure and luminescence properties,TADF molecules are far from meeting the needs of practical applications in terms of variety and number.In this paper,three twisted TADF molecules are studied and their photophysical properties are theoretically predicted based on the thermal vibrational correlation function method combined with multiscale calculations.The results show that all the molecules exhibit fast reverse intersystem crossing(RISC)rates(kRISC),predicting their TADF luminescence properties.In addition,the binding of DHPAzSi as the donor unit with different acceptors can change the dihedral angle between the ground and excited states,and the planarity of the acceptors is positively correlated with the reorganization energy,a property that has a strong influence on the non-radiative process.Furthermore,a decrease in the energy of the molecular charge transfer state and an increase in the kRISC were observed in the films.This study not only provides a reliable explanation for the observed experimental results,but also offers valuable insights that can guide the design of future TADF molecules.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41473068)supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M722667)。
文摘Fertilization or atmospheric deposition of nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)to terrestrial ecosystems can alter soil N(P)availability and the nature of nutrient limitation for plant growth.Changing the allocation of leaf P fractions is potentially an adaptive strategy for plants to cope with soil N(P)availability and nutrient-limiting conditions.However,the impact of the interactions between imbalanced anthropogenic N and P inputs on the concentrations and allocation proportions of leaf P fractions in forest woody plants remains elusive.We conducted a metaanalysis of data about the concentrations and allocation proportions of leaf P fractions,specifically associated with individual and combined additions of N and P in evergreen forests,the dominant vegetation type in southern China where the primary productivity is usually considered limited by P.This assessment allowed us to quantitatively evaluate the effects of N and P additions alone and interactively on leaf P allocation and use strategies.Nitrogen addition(exacerbating P limitation)reduced the concentrations of leaf total P and different leaf P fractions.Nitrogen addition reduced the allocation to leaf metabolic P but increased the allocation to other fractions,while P addition showed opposite trends.The simultaneous additions of N and P showed an antagonistic(mutual suppression)effect on the concentrations of leaf P fractions,but an additive(summary)effect on the allocation proportions of leaf P fractions.These results highlight the importance of strategies of leaf P fraction allocation in forest plants under changes in environmental nutrient availability.Importantly,our study identified critical interactions associated with combined N and P inputs that affect leaf P fractions,thus aiding in predicting plant acclimation strategies in the context of intensifying and imbalanced anthropogenic nutrient inputs.
文摘The pressure and temperature increase resulting from the impact of different threats onto target materials is analyzed with a unified laboratory-scale setup.This allows deriving qualitative information on the occurring phenomenology as well as quantitative statements about the relative effects sizes as a function of target material and threat.The considered target materials are steel,aluminum,and magnesium.As threats,kinetic energy penetrator,explosively formed projectile,and shaped charge jet are used.For the investigated combinations,the measured overpressures vary by a factor of up to 5 for a variation of the material,by a factor of up to 7 for a variation of the threat,and by a factor larger than 15for a simultaneous variation of both.The obtained results as well as the experimental approach are relevant for the basic understanding of impact effects and risks due to material reactivity.The paper combines two main aims.Firstly,to provide a summary of own prior work in a coherent journal article and,secondly,to review and discuss these earlier results with a new perspective.
文摘The Hydrodynamic Ram(HRAM)effect occurs when a high kinetic energy projectile penetrates a fluid filled area,e.g.,a liquid filled tank.The projectile transfers its momentum and kinetic energy to the fluid,what causes a sudden,local pressure rise,further expanding as primary shock wave in the fluid and developing a cavity.It is possible that the entire tank ruptures due to the loads transferred through the fluid to its surrounding structure.In the past decades,additionally to experimental investigations,HRAM has been studied using various computational approaches particularly focusing on the description of the Fluid-Structure Interaction(FSI).This article reviews the published experimental,analytical and numerical results and delivers a chronological overview since the end of World War II.Furthermore,HRAM mitigation measures are highlighted,which have been developed with the experimental,analytical and numerical toolboxes matured over the past 80 years.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52173283).
文摘Two-dimensional(2D)ferrovalley materials with valley-dependent Hall effect have attracted great interest due to their significant applications in spintronics.In this paper,by using first-principles computational simulations,we predict that the ScBrCl monolayer is a 2D ferrovalley material with valley-dependent multiple Hall effects.After calculations,we found that the ScBrCl monolayer has excellent thermodynamic stability and kinetic stability,and has a high magnetic transition temperature.When the magnetization direction is turned from in-plane to out-of-plane,a large valley polarization of 44 meV can be generated.In particular,under 5.1%–5.3%tensile strain conditions,ScBrCl monolayer can achieve quantum anomalous Hall effect,and further prove its existence through non-zero Chern number and non-trivial edge state.Our discovery enriches the research on valley-dependent Hall effect and promotes the potential application of 2D Janus monolayer in valley electronics.
