Changes in the weight and water content of the growth substrate at different cultivation times significantly affected Hypsizygus marmoreus growth yields.Highest growth yields(132.6~146.3 g per culture) were achieved w...Changes in the weight and water content of the growth substrate at different cultivation times significantly affected Hypsizygus marmoreus growth yields.Highest growth yields(132.6~146.3 g per culture) were achieved when the mycelium culture and maturation period was between 80 and 90 days,and the substrate water content was 73%~74%.Physiological maturation of H.marmoreus mycelium was correlated with the substrate water content.展开更多
Soil erosion induced by inappropriate tillage remains a serious problem on many agricultural fields in the humid tropics. Studies were conducted between 2004 and 2006, on an Alfisol in Ogbomoso in the Southern Guinea ...Soil erosion induced by inappropriate tillage remains a serious problem on many agricultural fields in the humid tropics. Studies were conducted between 2004 and 2006, on an Alfisol in Ogbomoso in the Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria to evaluate the effectiveness of Vetiver Grass(Vetiveria nigritana) Strips(VGS) under different tillage systems. The experiment was split-plot laid out in a randomized complete block design with two replications on 6% slope with 18 runoff plots. Main plot treatments were tillage systems; Manual Clearing(MC), Ploughing(P) and Ploughing plus Harrowing(PH). Subplot treatments were VGS spaced at intervals of 5 m(eight strips) and 10 m(four strips) with the control(no-vetiver). Runoffs and soil losses were collected after each major storm. Chemical analyses of eroded sediments and runoff were determined. Data were analyzed using ANOVA at p<0.05. The results showed that tillage had no significant reduction in runoffs and soil losses, but they were reduced with MC compared with P and PH. Mean total runoff on 5 and 10 m VGS plots were significantly(p<0.05) lower than that of the control by 74.4% and 45.0%, respectively. Corresponding soils loss on 5 and 10 m VGS plots were 27.1% and 53.5%, respectively. Mean NO3-N levels in runoff water were lower under PH plots than those under MC plots by 79.0% and 66.5%, respectively in 2004 and 2006 growing seasons. VGS spaced at 5 m significantly(p<0.05) reduced NO3-N loss than the control by 108.8% in 2004. Nutrients loads of eroded sediments were consistently higher for the control(no-vetiver) plots and least for 5 m VGS plot. Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus contents of eroded sediments were 90%-92.4%, 83%-83.6% and 97%-97.8%, respectively, and were lower on 5 m than other treatments. Maize grain yield was significantly(p<0.05) affected by both tillage and VGS spacing only in 2005 growing season. P plot produced higher grain yield than MC and PH by 79.9% and 99.1%, respectively. Also, grain yield on VGS plot was significantly(p<0.05) higher on 5 and 10 m VGS plots than the control by 82.2% and 85.4%, respectively. The significant beneficial effect of PH in producing higher yields was dwarfed by the potential danger of soil erosion in the absence of a soil erosion control measure. The results showed that a balance needed to be struck between mechanical clearance and protective measure against soil erosion.展开更多
The short season cotton(SSC) was important Upland plant ecotype(Gossypium hirsutum L.).The growth of SSC was very short that is 105 ～ 110 days(after planting). SSC could increase
【目的】明确不同培肥措施对麦玉轮作模式下作物产量、氮肥利用率及农田氮损失的影响,为土壤培肥提供科学依据。【方法】以中国麦玉轮作区为研究区域,在中国知网、Web of Science平台,搜集并筛选出64篇文献,提取其中的产量、氮素损失(...【目的】明确不同培肥措施对麦玉轮作模式下作物产量、氮肥利用率及农田氮损失的影响,为土壤培肥提供科学依据。【方法】以中国麦玉轮作区为研究区域,在中国知网、Web of Science平台,搜集并筛选出64篇文献,提取其中的产量、氮素损失(氨挥发、N2O排放、硝态氮淋溶)数据,采用整合分析(Metaanalysis)方法,对比分析常规单施化肥、常规化肥配合秸秆还田(秸秆还田)、有机肥替代部分化肥(有机替代)以及秸秆还田+有机替代4种施肥措施对作物产量、氮肥利用率以及农田氮损失的影响。【结果】常规单施化肥措施下,小麦和玉米产量均值分别为6.06和7.79 t/hm^(2),氮肥利用率分别为36.3%和34.2%;农田氮损失以淋溶和NH3挥发为主,且农田氮损失主要发生在玉米季,约占全年氮损失的57.7%。与常规单施化肥相比,秸秆还田显著提高小麦产量21.8%、玉米产量6.1%,但增加NH3挥发和N2O排放的风险。与常规单施化肥相比,有机替代显著降低了农田硝态氮淋失(小麦季39.6%、玉米季27.7%)和玉米季N2O排放(21.2%),但小麦产量存在较大波动,以20%~40%的替代比例增产效果最佳(3.6%)。与常规单施化肥相比,秸秆还田+有机替代小麦平均增产16.4%、玉米产量提高17.7%,玉米季硝态氮淋溶降低24.1%;与秸秆还田相比,秸秆还田+有机替代虽然显著提高了作物产量(小麦5.7%、玉米13.4%),但增加了玉米季N_(2)O排放(61.9%)。【结论】常规化肥措施下,秸秆还田、有机替代及秸秆还田+有机替代措施均能提高麦玉轮作体系的作物产量。不同措施的环境效应存在差异:秸秆还田虽能增产,但会导致农田氮排放量增加;有机替代措施具有较好的氮减排效果,但需合适的替代比例才能实现增产与减排的双重效益。值得注意的是,秸秆还田结合有机替代的增产效果最佳,但其农田氮减排效果相关研究较少,减排效果和机制尚不明确,有待进一步探究。展开更多
文摘Changes in the weight and water content of the growth substrate at different cultivation times significantly affected Hypsizygus marmoreus growth yields.Highest growth yields(132.6~146.3 g per culture) were achieved when the mycelium culture and maturation period was between 80 and 90 days,and the substrate water content was 73%~74%.Physiological maturation of H.marmoreus mycelium was correlated with the substrate water content.
文摘Soil erosion induced by inappropriate tillage remains a serious problem on many agricultural fields in the humid tropics. Studies were conducted between 2004 and 2006, on an Alfisol in Ogbomoso in the Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria to evaluate the effectiveness of Vetiver Grass(Vetiveria nigritana) Strips(VGS) under different tillage systems. The experiment was split-plot laid out in a randomized complete block design with two replications on 6% slope with 18 runoff plots. Main plot treatments were tillage systems; Manual Clearing(MC), Ploughing(P) and Ploughing plus Harrowing(PH). Subplot treatments were VGS spaced at intervals of 5 m(eight strips) and 10 m(four strips) with the control(no-vetiver). Runoffs and soil losses were collected after each major storm. Chemical analyses of eroded sediments and runoff were determined. Data were analyzed using ANOVA at p<0.05. The results showed that tillage had no significant reduction in runoffs and soil losses, but they were reduced with MC compared with P and PH. Mean total runoff on 5 and 10 m VGS plots were significantly(p<0.05) lower than that of the control by 74.4% and 45.0%, respectively. Corresponding soils loss on 5 and 10 m VGS plots were 27.1% and 53.5%, respectively. Mean NO3-N levels in runoff water were lower under PH plots than those under MC plots by 79.0% and 66.5%, respectively in 2004 and 2006 growing seasons. VGS spaced at 5 m significantly(p<0.05) reduced NO3-N loss than the control by 108.8% in 2004. Nutrients loads of eroded sediments were consistently higher for the control(no-vetiver) plots and least for 5 m VGS plot. Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus contents of eroded sediments were 90%-92.4%, 83%-83.6% and 97%-97.8%, respectively, and were lower on 5 m than other treatments. Maize grain yield was significantly(p<0.05) affected by both tillage and VGS spacing only in 2005 growing season. P plot produced higher grain yield than MC and PH by 79.9% and 99.1%, respectively. Also, grain yield on VGS plot was significantly(p<0.05) higher on 5 and 10 m VGS plots than the control by 82.2% and 85.4%, respectively. The significant beneficial effect of PH in producing higher yields was dwarfed by the potential danger of soil erosion in the absence of a soil erosion control measure. The results showed that a balance needed to be struck between mechanical clearance and protective measure against soil erosion.
文摘The short season cotton(SSC) was important Upland plant ecotype(Gossypium hirsutum L.).The growth of SSC was very short that is 105 ～ 110 days(after planting). SSC could increase
文摘【目的】明确不同培肥措施对麦玉轮作模式下作物产量、氮肥利用率及农田氮损失的影响,为土壤培肥提供科学依据。【方法】以中国麦玉轮作区为研究区域,在中国知网、Web of Science平台,搜集并筛选出64篇文献,提取其中的产量、氮素损失(氨挥发、N2O排放、硝态氮淋溶)数据,采用整合分析(Metaanalysis)方法,对比分析常规单施化肥、常规化肥配合秸秆还田(秸秆还田)、有机肥替代部分化肥(有机替代)以及秸秆还田+有机替代4种施肥措施对作物产量、氮肥利用率以及农田氮损失的影响。【结果】常规单施化肥措施下,小麦和玉米产量均值分别为6.06和7.79 t/hm^(2),氮肥利用率分别为36.3%和34.2%;农田氮损失以淋溶和NH3挥发为主,且农田氮损失主要发生在玉米季,约占全年氮损失的57.7%。与常规单施化肥相比,秸秆还田显著提高小麦产量21.8%、玉米产量6.1%,但增加NH3挥发和N2O排放的风险。与常规单施化肥相比,有机替代显著降低了农田硝态氮淋失(小麦季39.6%、玉米季27.7%)和玉米季N2O排放(21.2%),但小麦产量存在较大波动,以20%~40%的替代比例增产效果最佳(3.6%)。与常规单施化肥相比,秸秆还田+有机替代小麦平均增产16.4%、玉米产量提高17.7%,玉米季硝态氮淋溶降低24.1%;与秸秆还田相比,秸秆还田+有机替代虽然显著提高了作物产量(小麦5.7%、玉米13.4%),但增加了玉米季N_(2)O排放(61.9%)。【结论】常规化肥措施下,秸秆还田、有机替代及秸秆还田+有机替代措施均能提高麦玉轮作体系的作物产量。不同措施的环境效应存在差异:秸秆还田虽能增产,但会导致农田氮排放量增加;有机替代措施具有较好的氮减排效果,但需合适的替代比例才能实现增产与减排的双重效益。值得注意的是,秸秆还田结合有机替代的增产效果最佳,但其农田氮减排效果相关研究较少,减排效果和机制尚不明确,有待进一步探究。
