Determining earth pressure on jacked pipes is essential for ensuring lining safety and calculating jacking force,especially for deep-buried pipes.To better reflect the soil arching effect resulting from the excavation...Determining earth pressure on jacked pipes is essential for ensuring lining safety and calculating jacking force,especially for deep-buried pipes.To better reflect the soil arching effect resulting from the excavation of rectangular jacked pipes and the distribution of the earth pressure on jacked pipes,we present an analytical solution for predicting the vertical earth pressure on deep-buried rectangular pipe jacking tunnels,incorporating the tunnelling-induced ground loss distribution.Our proposed analytical model consists of the upper multi-layer parabolic soil arch and the lower friction arch.The key parameters(i.e.,width and height of friction arch B and height of parabolic soil arch H 1)are determined according to the existing research,and an analytical solution for K l is derived based on the distribution characteristics of the principal stress rotation angle.With consideration for the transition effect of the mechanical characteristics of the parabolic arch zone,an analytical solution for soil load transfer is derived.The prediction results of our analytical solution are compared with tests and simulation results to validate the effectiveness of the proposed analytical solution.Finally,the effects of different parameters on the soil pressure are discussed.展开更多
A tracking stability control problem for the vertical electric stabilization system of moving tank based on adaptive robust servo control is addressed.This paper mainly focuses on two types of possibly fast timevaryin...A tracking stability control problem for the vertical electric stabilization system of moving tank based on adaptive robust servo control is addressed.This paper mainly focuses on two types of possibly fast timevarying but bounded uncertainty within the vertical electric stabilization system:model parameter uncertainty and uncertain nonlinearity.First,the vertical electric stabilization system is constructed as an uncertain nonlinear dynamic system that can reflect the practical mechanics transfer process of the system.Second,the dynamical equation in the form of state space is established by designing the angular tracking error.Third,the comprehensive parameter of system uncertainty is designed to estimate the most conservative effects of uncertainty.Finally,an adaptive robust servo control which can effectively handle the combined effects of complex nonlinearity and uncertainty is proposed.The feasibility of the proposed control strategy under the practical physical condition is validated through the tests on the experimental platform.This paper pioneers the introduction of the internal nonlinearity and uncertainty of the vertical electric stabilization system into the settlement of the tracking stability control problem,and validates the advanced servo control strategy through experiment for the first time.展开更多
The development of high-performance non-fullerene acceptors with extended exciton diffusion lengths has positioned the sequential layer-by-layer(LBL)solution processing technique as a promising approach for fabricatin...The development of high-performance non-fullerene acceptors with extended exciton diffusion lengths has positioned the sequential layer-by-layer(LBL)solution processing technique as a promising approach for fabricating high-performance and large-area organic solar cells(OSCs).This method allows for the independent dissolution and deposition of donor and acceptor materials,enabling precise morphology control.In this review,we provide a comprehensive overview of the LBL processing technique,focusing on the morphology of the active layer.The swelling intercalation phase-separation(SIPS)model is introduced as the mainstream theory of morphology evolution,with a detailed discussion on vertical phase separation.We summarize recent strategies for morphology optimization.Additionally,we review the progress in LBL-based large-area device and module fabrication,as well as green processing approaches.Finally,we highlight current challenges and future prospects,paving the way for the commercialization of LBL-processed OSCs.展开更多
In the development of unit-cell theory for the analytical analysis of consolidation with vertical drains, the equal-strain assumption is often made with the intention of modelling consolidation under uniform settlemen...In the development of unit-cell theory for the analytical analysis of consolidation with vertical drains, the equal-strain assumption is often made with the intention of modelling consolidation under uniform settlement conditions. In contrast, the free-strain assumption for modelling consolidation under uniform load conditions is seldom employed, mainly because of the complexities involved in the analysis. This study derives a rigorous analytical solution to the generalised governing equations of free-strain consolidation with a vertical drain subjected to an instantaneous load. Calculated results from the newly proposed solution are compared with those from three available solutions derived based on the equal-strain assumption. Surprisingly good agreement is obtained in terms of excess pore-water pressure, degree of consolidation, and settlement. Horizontal profiles of settlement were not uniform before the end of consolidation. This indicates that the uniform settlement condition is not actually reproduced by the analytical solutions derived based on the equal-strain assumption. The equal-strain assumption is a sufficient but not necessary condition for deriving an analytical solution to unit-cell consolidation theory. The assumption plays no role in modelling consolidation under uniform settlement conditions but simplifies the analytical analysis of free-strain consolidation and results in an approximate solution of high accuracy for consolidation under uniform load conditions. Moreover, drain resistance and smear effects not only retard the consolidation rate, but also importantly shape the vertical and horizontal profiles of excess pore-water pressure, respectively.展开更多
For the first time, we used Tullgren method made a study on vertical migrating and cluster analysis of the soil mesofauna in Dongying Halophytes Garden in the Yellow River Delta （YRD）, Shandong Province. The results...For the first time, we used Tullgren method made a study on vertical migrating and cluster analysis of the soil mesofauna in Dongying Halophytes Garden in the Yellow River Delta （YRD）, Shandong Province. The results showed that the soil mesofauna tended to gather on soil surface in most samples at most times, but the vertical migrating greatly varied in different seasons or environment conditions. Acari was the dominant group. The index of diversity of the soil fauna was correlated with the index of evenness. The Acari＇s number of individuals infected other species and numbers. Dominant group-Aeari made greater contribution to the result of cluster analysis, and there were significant differences between communities in different habitats by cluster analysis with both Bray-Curtis and Jaccard similarity coefficient.展开更多
A new technology characterized by rapidly non-mechanical settlement of unclassified tailings was developed based on a large number of tests, and dynamic settlement and continual slurry preparation without hardening in...A new technology characterized by rapidly non-mechanical settlement of unclassified tailings was developed based on a large number of tests, and dynamic settlement and continual slurry preparation without hardening in vertical sand silo were eventually realized by the addition of an effective flocculating agent (NPA). The results show that the sedimentation velocity of interface between unclassified tailings and water after the addition of NPA increases by 10-20 times, the sedimentation mass fraction of unclassified tailings at the bottom of vertical sand silo is up to 64%, the solid particle content of waste water meets the national standard, and the side influences of NPA can be removed by the addition of fly ash. The industrial test result shows that the system, the addition manner and the equipments are rational, and the vertical sand silo is used efficiently. This developed system is simple with large throughput, and the processing cost is 2.2 yuan(RMB)/m3, only 10%-20% of that by mechanical settlement.展开更多
In order to improve the reliability of the design and calculation of single piles under the combined vertical and lateral loads, the solutions were presented based on the subgrade reaction method, in which the ultimat...In order to improve the reliability of the design and calculation of single piles under the combined vertical and lateral loads, the solutions were presented based on the subgrade reaction method, in which the ultimate soil resistance was considered and the coefficient of subgrade reaction was assumed to be a constant. The corresponding computational program was developed using FORTRAN language. A comparison between the obtained solutions and the model test results was made to show the validity of the obtained solutions. The calculation results indicate that both the maximum lateral displacement and bending moment increase with the increase of the vertical and lateral loads and the pile length above ground, while decrease as the pile stiffness, the coefficient of subgrade reaction and the yielding displacement of soil increase. It is also shown that the pile head condition controls the pile responses and the vertical load may cause the instability problem to the pile. In general, the proposed method can be employed to calculate the pile responses independent of the magnitude of the pile deflection.展开更多
Battery powered vertical takeoff and landing(VTOL) aircraft attracts more and more interests from public, while limited hover endurance hinders many prospective applications. Based on the weight models of battery, mot...Battery powered vertical takeoff and landing(VTOL) aircraft attracts more and more interests from public, while limited hover endurance hinders many prospective applications. Based on the weight models of battery, motor and electronic speed controller, the power consumption model of propeller and the constant power discharge model of battery, an efficient method to estimate the hover endurance of battery powered VTOL aircraft was presented. In order to understand the mechanism of performance improvement, the impacts of propulsion system parameters on hover endurance were analyzed by simulations, including the motor power density, the battery capacity, specific energy and Peukert coefficient. Ground experiment platform was established and validation experiments were carried out, the results of which showed a well agreement with the simulations. The estimation method and the analysis results could be used for optimization design and hover performance evaluation of battery powered VTOL aircraft.展开更多
Considering the transverse inertia effect of pile, the vertical soil layer is studied. The wave propagations in the outer and inner soil dynamic response of a large diameter pipe pile in viscoelastic are simulated by ...Considering the transverse inertia effect of pile, the vertical soil layer is studied. The wave propagations in the outer and inner soil dynamic response of a large diameter pipe pile in viscoelastic are simulated by three-dimensional elastodynamic theory and those in the pile are simulated by Rayleigh-Love rod theory. The vertical and radial displacements of the outer and inner soil are obtained by utilizing Laplace transform technique and differentiation on the governing equations of soils. Then, based on the continuous conditions between the pile and soils, the displacements of the pile are derived. The frequency domain velocity admittance and time domain velocity response of the pile top are also presented. The solution is compared to a classical rod model solution to verify the validity. The influences of the radii and Poisson ratio of pile on the transverse inertia effect of pile are analyzed. The parametric study shows that Poisson ratio and outer radius of pile have significant influence on the transverse inertia effect of large diameter pipe piles, while the inner radius has little effect.展开更多
The probability distributions of wind speeds and the availability of wind turbines were investigated by considering the vertical wind shear. Based on the wind speed data at the standard height observed at a wind farm,...The probability distributions of wind speeds and the availability of wind turbines were investigated by considering the vertical wind shear. Based on the wind speed data at the standard height observed at a wind farm, the power-law process was used to simulate the wind speeds at a hub height of 60 m. The Weibull and Rayleigh distributions were chosen to express the wind speeds at two different heights. The parameters in the model were estimated via the least square(LS) method and the maximum likelihood estimation(MLE) method, respectively. An adjusted MLE approach was also presented for parameter estimation. The main indices of wind energy characteristics were calculated based on observational wind speed data. A case study based on the data of Hexi area, Gansu Province of China was given. The results show that MLE method generally outperforms LS method for parameter estimation, and Weibull distribution is more appropriate to describe the wind speed at the hub height.展开更多
A new vertical handoff decision algorithm is proposed to maximize the system benefit in heterogeneous wireless networks which comprise cellular networks and wireless local area networks （WLANs）. Firstly the block pr...A new vertical handoff decision algorithm is proposed to maximize the system benefit in heterogeneous wireless networks which comprise cellular networks and wireless local area networks （WLANs）. Firstly the block probability, the drop probability and the number of users in the heterogeneous networks are calculated in the channel-guard call admission method, and a function of the system benefit which is based on the new call arrival rate and the handoff call arrival rate is proposed. Then the optimal radius of WLAN is obtained by using simulation annealing （SA） method to maximize the benefit. All the nodes should handoff from cellular network to WLAN if they enter WLAN＇s scope and handoff from WLAN to cellular network if they leave the scope. Finally, the algorithm in different new call arrival rates and handoff call arrival rates is analyzed and results show that it can achieve good effects.展开更多
The load transfer analytical method is applied to study the bearing mechanism of piles with vertical load in this paper. According to the different hardening rules of soil or rock around the pile shaft, such as work-s...The load transfer analytical method is applied to study the bearing mechanism of piles with vertical load in this paper. According to the different hardening rules of soil or rock around the pile shaft, such as work-softening, ideal elasto-plastic and work-hardening, a universal tri-linear load transfer model is suggested for the development of side and tip resistance by various types of soil (rock) with the consideration of sediment at the bottom of the pile. Based on the model, a formula is derived for the relationship between the settlement and load on the pile top to determine the vertical bearing capacity, taking into account such factors as the characteristics of the stratum, the side resistance along the shaft, and tip resistance under the pile tip. A close agreement of the calculated results with the measured data from a field test pile lends confidence to the future application of the present approach in engineering practice.展开更多
Heat transfer enhancement in vertical tubes plays an important role on the thermal performance of many heat exchangers and thermal devices.In this work,laminar mixed convection of airflow in a vertical dimpled tube wa...Heat transfer enhancement in vertical tubes plays an important role on the thermal performance of many heat exchangers and thermal devices.In this work,laminar mixed convection of airflow in a vertical dimpled tube was numerically investigated.Three-dimensional elliptical governing equations were solved using the finite-volume technique.For a given dimpled pitch,the effects of three different dimple heights(h/D=0.013,0.027,0.037) have been studied at different Richardson numbers(0.1,1.0 and 1.5).The generated vortex in the vicinity of the dimple destructs the thermal boundary layer and enhances the heat transfer.Therefore,lower wall temperature is seen where the dimples are located.Fluid flow velocity at the near-wall region significantly increases because of buoyancy forces with the increase of Richardson numbers.Such an acceleration at the near-wall region makes the dimples more effective at higher Richardson number.Using a dimpled tube enhances the heat transfer coefficient.However,the pressure drop is not important.For instance,in the case of Ri=1.5 and h/D=0.037,20% gains in the heat transfer enhancement only costs2.5% in the pressure loss.In general,it is recommended using a dimpled tube where the effects of buoyancy forces are important.展开更多
To obtain the vertical earth pressure on a soft foundation box culvert and investigate the interaction of the soil-culvert-foundation system, both a centrifugal model test and a numerical simulation were conducted and...To obtain the vertical earth pressure on a soft foundation box culvert and investigate the interaction of the soil-culvert-foundation system, both a centrifugal model test and a numerical simulation were conducted and the comparisons with the current methods to determine the load on a culvert were completed. The results of the model test and numerical analysis are in satisfactory agreement, which shows that the direction of the shear stress between the culvert and the adjacent embankment depends on the differential settlement between them. A vertical earth pressure concentration appears on the culvert with a rigid piles foundation because of a downward shear stress. The ratio of the load on a soft foundation culvert and the overburden pressure above the culvert raises first and then decreases as the backfill height increases. In order to reduce the load on a culvert, it is suggested to limit the stiffness difference of the foundations under the culvert and embankment and to use a light backfill over the culvert.展开更多
A novel shrouded wind-solar hybrid renewable energy and rain water harvester with an omni-directional-guide-vane(ODGV) for urban high-rise application is introduced.The ODGV surrounds the vertical axis wind turbine(VA...A novel shrouded wind-solar hybrid renewable energy and rain water harvester with an omni-directional-guide-vane(ODGV) for urban high-rise application is introduced.The ODGV surrounds the vertical axis wind turbine(VAWT) and enhances the VAWT performance by increasing the on-coming wind speed and guiding it to an optimum flow angle before it interacts with the rotor blades.An ODGV scaled model was built and tested in the laboratory.The experimental results show that the rotational speed of the VAWT increases by about 2 times.Simulations show that the installation of the ODGV increases the torque output of a single-bladed VAWT by 206% for tip speed ratio of 0.4.The result also reveals that higher positive torque can be achieved when the blade tangential force at all radial positions is optimized.In conclusion,the ODGV improves the power output of a VAWT and this integrated design promotes the installation of wind energy systems in urban areas.展开更多
The temperature control of the large-scale vertical quench furnace is very difficult due to its huge volume and complex thermal exchanges. To meet the technical requirement of the quenching process, a temperature cont...The temperature control of the large-scale vertical quench furnace is very difficult due to its huge volume and complex thermal exchanges. To meet the technical requirement of the quenching process, a temperature control system which integrates temperature calibration and temperature uniformity control is developed for the thermal treatment of aluminum alloy workpieces in the large-scale vertical quench furnace. To obtain the aluminum alloy workpiece temperature, an air heat transfer model is newly established to describe the temperature gradient distribution so that the immeasurable workpiece temperature can be calibrated from the available thermocouple temperature. To satisfy the uniformity control of the furnace temperature, a second order partial differential equation(PDE) is derived to describe the thermal dynamics inside the vertical quench furnace. Based on the PDE, a decoupling matrix is constructed to solve the coupling issue and decouple the heating process into multiple independent heating subsystems. Then, using the expert control rule to find a compromise of temperature rising time and overshoot during the quenching process. The developed temperature control system has been successfully applied to a 31 m large-scale vertical quench furnace, and the industrial running results show the significant improvement of the temperature uniformity, lower overshoot and shortened processing time.展开更多
A 3-D geometrical nonlinear model for the entire lift system of 1000-m sea trial system of China Ocean Mineral Resources R&D Association was established with finite element method.The model was utilized to analyze...A 3-D geometrical nonlinear model for the entire lift system of 1000-m sea trial system of China Ocean Mineral Resources R&D Association was established with finite element method.The model was utilized to analyze the dynamic characteristics of the vertical pipe under the influence of moving velocity,current direction and wave.The simulation results show that the axial stress is dominant on the vertical pipe,its maximum is located at the pipe top,all stresses are much less than the allowable value of the vertical pipe and joint;the heave motion leads to violent fluctuation of the force and stress,but a period of 8 s is not likely to resonate the present pipe;against the current,0.50 m/s is the suggested moving velocity of the ship and miner,while along the current,the moving velocity can be slightly higher than 0.75 m/s.展开更多
An analytical solution is derived from the generalized governing equations of equal-strain consolidation with vertical drains under multi-ramp surcharge preloading. The hydraulic boundary conditions at both top and bo...An analytical solution is derived from the generalized governing equations of equal-strain consolidation with vertical drains under multi-ramp surcharge preloading. The hydraulic boundary conditions at both top and bottom of the consolidating soil are modelled as impeded drainage. The impeded drainage is described by using the third type boundary condition with a characteristic factor of drainage efficiency. Fully drained and undrained boundary conditions can also be modelled by applying an infinite and a zero characteristic factor, respectively. Simultaneous radial and vertical flow conditions are considered, together with the effects of drain resistance and smear. An increase in total stress due to multi-ramp loading is reasonably modelled as a function of both time and depth. A solution to calculate excess pore-water pressure at any arbitrary point in soil is derived, and the overall average degree of consolidation is obtained. It shows that the proposed solution can be used to analyze not only vertical-drain consolidation but also one-dimensional consolidation under either one-way or two-way vertical drainage conditions. The characteristic factors of drainage efficiency of top and bottom boundaries have a potentially important influence on consolidation. The boundary may be considered fully drained when the characteristic factor is greater than 100 and fully undrained when the characteristic factor is less than 0.1. The stress distribution along depth induced by the surcharge loading has a limited effect on the overall average degree of consolidation.展开更多
As an advanced polymer composites electro-kinetic geosynthetics, the electro-osmotic vertical drainage(EVD) board could drain water quickly and accelerate consolidation process. However, the drainage rate was mainly i...As an advanced polymer composites electro-kinetic geosynthetics, the electro-osmotic vertical drainage(EVD) board could drain water quickly and accelerate consolidation process. However, the drainage rate was mainly impacted by the vertical drainage capability. Therefore, vertical drainage capability at the top of EVD board was theoretically analyzed. Basic requirements for drainage at the top of the board were summed up, as well as the formula of anode pore pressure when losing the vertical drainage capability. Meanwhile, a contrast test on the top and bottom drainage capacities was conducted. In use of the advanced EVD board, the voltage potential and pore pressure of anode were measured. Moreover, the derived formulas were verified. The result shows that the decrease of electric force gradient had an observable impact on the drainage capability. There was nearly no difference between the energy consumption for the two drainage methods. Although a little less water was discharged, the top drainage method had more advantages, such as high initial drainage velocity, few soil cracks, low anode water content and high soil strength. All of these show that the super soft soil ground could be consolidated quickly in use of the advanced EVD board through the top drainage. The top drainage method could efficiently improve the drainage effect, decrease the energy consumption and speed up the project proceeding.展开更多
In converged heterogeneous wireless networks, vertical handoff is an important issue in radio resource management and occurs when an end user switches from one network to another （e.g., from wireless local area netwo...In converged heterogeneous wireless networks, vertical handoff is an important issue in radio resource management and occurs when an end user switches from one network to another （e.g., from wireless local area network to wideband code division multiple access）. Efficient vertical handoff should allocate network resources efficiently and maintain good quality of service （QoS） for the end users. The objective of this work is to determine conditions under which vertical handoff can be performed. The channel usage situation of each access network is formulated as a birth-death process with the objective of predicting the avaliable bandwidth and the blocking probability. A reward function is used to capture the network bandwidth and the blocking probability is expressed as a cost function. An end user will access the certain network which maximizes the total function defined as the combination of the reward fimction and the cost function. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can significantly improve the network performance, including higher bandwidth for end users and lower new call blocking and handoff call blocking probability for networks.展开更多
基金Project(2022YJS073)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,ChinaProject(2024YFE0198500)supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China:Intergovernmental International Science and Technology Innovation CooperationProject(U2469207)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation Railway Innovation and Development Joint Fund Project,China。
文摘Determining earth pressure on jacked pipes is essential for ensuring lining safety and calculating jacking force,especially for deep-buried pipes.To better reflect the soil arching effect resulting from the excavation of rectangular jacked pipes and the distribution of the earth pressure on jacked pipes,we present an analytical solution for predicting the vertical earth pressure on deep-buried rectangular pipe jacking tunnels,incorporating the tunnelling-induced ground loss distribution.Our proposed analytical model consists of the upper multi-layer parabolic soil arch and the lower friction arch.The key parameters(i.e.,width and height of friction arch B and height of parabolic soil arch H 1)are determined according to the existing research,and an analytical solution for K l is derived based on the distribution characteristics of the principal stress rotation angle.With consideration for the transition effect of the mechanical characteristics of the parabolic arch zone,an analytical solution for soil load transfer is derived.The prediction results of our analytical solution are compared with tests and simulation results to validate the effectiveness of the proposed analytical solution.Finally,the effects of different parameters on the soil pressure are discussed.
基金supported in part by the Nation Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.52175099China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under Grant No.2020M671494Jiangsu Planned Projects for Postdoctoral Research Funds under Grant No.2020Z179。
文摘A tracking stability control problem for the vertical electric stabilization system of moving tank based on adaptive robust servo control is addressed.This paper mainly focuses on two types of possibly fast timevarying but bounded uncertainty within the vertical electric stabilization system:model parameter uncertainty and uncertain nonlinearity.First,the vertical electric stabilization system is constructed as an uncertain nonlinear dynamic system that can reflect the practical mechanics transfer process of the system.Second,the dynamical equation in the form of state space is established by designing the angular tracking error.Third,the comprehensive parameter of system uncertainty is designed to estimate the most conservative effects of uncertainty.Finally,an adaptive robust servo control which can effectively handle the combined effects of complex nonlinearity and uncertainty is proposed.The feasibility of the proposed control strategy under the practical physical condition is validated through the tests on the experimental platform.This paper pioneers the introduction of the internal nonlinearity and uncertainty of the vertical electric stabilization system into the settlement of the tracking stability control problem,and validates the advanced servo control strategy through experiment for the first time.
基金Project(22408404)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘The development of high-performance non-fullerene acceptors with extended exciton diffusion lengths has positioned the sequential layer-by-layer(LBL)solution processing technique as a promising approach for fabricating high-performance and large-area organic solar cells(OSCs).This method allows for the independent dissolution and deposition of donor and acceptor materials,enabling precise morphology control.In this review,we provide a comprehensive overview of the LBL processing technique,focusing on the morphology of the active layer.The swelling intercalation phase-separation(SIPS)model is introduced as the mainstream theory of morphology evolution,with a detailed discussion on vertical phase separation.We summarize recent strategies for morphology optimization.Additionally,we review the progress in LBL-based large-area device and module fabrication,as well as green processing approaches.Finally,we highlight current challenges and future prospects,paving the way for the commercialization of LBL-processed OSCs.
基金Projects(51278171,51578213,41530637) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(B13024) supported by the"111"Project,ChinaProjects(2015B06014,2017B20614) supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China
文摘In the development of unit-cell theory for the analytical analysis of consolidation with vertical drains, the equal-strain assumption is often made with the intention of modelling consolidation under uniform settlement conditions. In contrast, the free-strain assumption for modelling consolidation under uniform load conditions is seldom employed, mainly because of the complexities involved in the analysis. This study derives a rigorous analytical solution to the generalised governing equations of free-strain consolidation with a vertical drain subjected to an instantaneous load. Calculated results from the newly proposed solution are compared with those from three available solutions derived based on the equal-strain assumption. Surprisingly good agreement is obtained in terms of excess pore-water pressure, degree of consolidation, and settlement. Horizontal profiles of settlement were not uniform before the end of consolidation. This indicates that the uniform settlement condition is not actually reproduced by the analytical solutions derived based on the equal-strain assumption. The equal-strain assumption is a sufficient but not necessary condition for deriving an analytical solution to unit-cell consolidation theory. The assumption plays no role in modelling consolidation under uniform settlement conditions but simplifies the analytical analysis of free-strain consolidation and results in an approximate solution of high accuracy for consolidation under uniform load conditions. Moreover, drain resistance and smear effects not only retard the consolidation rate, but also importantly shape the vertical and horizontal profiles of excess pore-water pressure, respectively.
基金Supported by the Doctoral Fund of Northeast Agricultural University(2009RC41)Postdoctoral Grants of Heilongjiang Province(LBH-Z10265)
文摘For the first time, we used Tullgren method made a study on vertical migrating and cluster analysis of the soil mesofauna in Dongying Halophytes Garden in the Yellow River Delta （YRD）, Shandong Province. The results showed that the soil mesofauna tended to gather on soil surface in most samples at most times, but the vertical migrating greatly varied in different seasons or environment conditions. Acari was the dominant group. The index of diversity of the soil fauna was correlated with the index of evenness. The Acari＇s number of individuals infected other species and numbers. Dominant group-Aeari made greater contribution to the result of cluster analysis, and there were significant differences between communities in different habitats by cluster analysis with both Bray-Curtis and Jaccard similarity coefficient.
基金Project(2006BAB02A03) supported by National Key Technology Research and Development ProgramProject(2006BA02B05) supported by Key Programs for Science and Technology Development of China during the 11th Five Year
文摘A new technology characterized by rapidly non-mechanical settlement of unclassified tailings was developed based on a large number of tests, and dynamic settlement and continual slurry preparation without hardening in vertical sand silo were eventually realized by the addition of an effective flocculating agent (NPA). The results show that the sedimentation velocity of interface between unclassified tailings and water after the addition of NPA increases by 10-20 times, the sedimentation mass fraction of unclassified tailings at the bottom of vertical sand silo is up to 64%, the solid particle content of waste water meets the national standard, and the side influences of NPA can be removed by the addition of fly ash. The industrial test result shows that the system, the addition manner and the equipments are rational, and the vertical sand silo is used efficiently. This developed system is simple with large throughput, and the processing cost is 2.2 yuan(RMB)/m3, only 10%-20% of that by mechanical settlement.
基金Foundation item： Projects（50708093, 50808159） supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘In order to improve the reliability of the design and calculation of single piles under the combined vertical and lateral loads, the solutions were presented based on the subgrade reaction method, in which the ultimate soil resistance was considered and the coefficient of subgrade reaction was assumed to be a constant. The corresponding computational program was developed using FORTRAN language. A comparison between the obtained solutions and the model test results was made to show the validity of the obtained solutions. The calculation results indicate that both the maximum lateral displacement and bending moment increase with the increase of the vertical and lateral loads and the pile length above ground, while decrease as the pile stiffness, the coefficient of subgrade reaction and the yielding displacement of soil increase. It is also shown that the pile head condition controls the pile responses and the vertical load may cause the instability problem to the pile. In general, the proposed method can be employed to calculate the pile responses independent of the magnitude of the pile deflection.
文摘Battery powered vertical takeoff and landing(VTOL) aircraft attracts more and more interests from public, while limited hover endurance hinders many prospective applications. Based on the weight models of battery, motor and electronic speed controller, the power consumption model of propeller and the constant power discharge model of battery, an efficient method to estimate the hover endurance of battery powered VTOL aircraft was presented. In order to understand the mechanism of performance improvement, the impacts of propulsion system parameters on hover endurance were analyzed by simulations, including the motor power density, the battery capacity, specific energy and Peukert coefficient. Ground experiment platform was established and validation experiments were carried out, the results of which showed a well agreement with the simulations. The estimation method and the analysis results could be used for optimization design and hover performance evaluation of battery powered VTOL aircraft.
基金Project(U1134207)jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation and High Speed Railway Key Program of ChinaProject(NCET-12-0843)supported by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of China+1 种基金Projects(51378177,51420105013)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProjects(2015B05014,2014B02814)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China
文摘Considering the transverse inertia effect of pile, the vertical soil layer is studied. The wave propagations in the outer and inner soil dynamic response of a large diameter pipe pile in viscoelastic are simulated by three-dimensional elastodynamic theory and those in the pile are simulated by Rayleigh-Love rod theory. The vertical and radial displacements of the outer and inner soil are obtained by utilizing Laplace transform technique and differentiation on the governing equations of soils. Then, based on the continuous conditions between the pile and soils, the displacements of the pile are derived. The frequency domain velocity admittance and time domain velocity response of the pile top are also presented. The solution is compared to a classical rod model solution to verify the validity. The influences of the radii and Poisson ratio of pile on the transverse inertia effect of pile are analyzed. The parametric study shows that Poisson ratio and outer radius of pile have significant influence on the transverse inertia effect of large diameter pipe piles, while the inner radius has little effect.
基金Project(51165019)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(1308RJYA018)supported by Gansu Provincial Natural Science Fund,ChinaProject(2013-4-110)supported by Lanzhou Technology Development Program,China
文摘The probability distributions of wind speeds and the availability of wind turbines were investigated by considering the vertical wind shear. Based on the wind speed data at the standard height observed at a wind farm, the power-law process was used to simulate the wind speeds at a hub height of 60 m. The Weibull and Rayleigh distributions were chosen to express the wind speeds at two different heights. The parameters in the model were estimated via the least square(LS) method and the maximum likelihood estimation(MLE) method, respectively. An adjusted MLE approach was also presented for parameter estimation. The main indices of wind energy characteristics were calculated based on observational wind speed data. A case study based on the data of Hexi area, Gansu Province of China was given. The results show that MLE method generally outperforms LS method for parameter estimation, and Weibull distribution is more appropriate to describe the wind speed at the hub height.
文摘A new vertical handoff decision algorithm is proposed to maximize the system benefit in heterogeneous wireless networks which comprise cellular networks and wireless local area networks （WLANs）. Firstly the block probability, the drop probability and the number of users in the heterogeneous networks are calculated in the channel-guard call admission method, and a function of the system benefit which is based on the new call arrival rate and the handoff call arrival rate is proposed. Then the optimal radius of WLAN is obtained by using simulation annealing （SA） method to maximize the benefit. All the nodes should handoff from cellular network to WLAN if they enter WLAN＇s scope and handoff from WLAN to cellular network if they leave the scope. Finally, the algorithm in different new call arrival rates and handoff call arrival rates is analyzed and results show that it can achieve good effects.
文摘The load transfer analytical method is applied to study the bearing mechanism of piles with vertical load in this paper. According to the different hardening rules of soil or rock around the pile shaft, such as work-softening, ideal elasto-plastic and work-hardening, a universal tri-linear load transfer model is suggested for the development of side and tip resistance by various types of soil (rock) with the consideration of sediment at the bottom of the pile. Based on the model, a formula is derived for the relationship between the settlement and load on the pile top to determine the vertical bearing capacity, taking into account such factors as the characteristics of the stratum, the side resistance along the shaft, and tip resistance under the pile tip. A close agreement of the calculated results with the measured data from a field test pile lends confidence to the future application of the present approach in engineering practice.
文摘Heat transfer enhancement in vertical tubes plays an important role on the thermal performance of many heat exchangers and thermal devices.In this work,laminar mixed convection of airflow in a vertical dimpled tube was numerically investigated.Three-dimensional elliptical governing equations were solved using the finite-volume technique.For a given dimpled pitch,the effects of three different dimple heights(h/D=0.013,0.027,0.037) have been studied at different Richardson numbers(0.1,1.0 and 1.5).The generated vortex in the vicinity of the dimple destructs the thermal boundary layer and enhances the heat transfer.Therefore,lower wall temperature is seen where the dimples are located.Fluid flow velocity at the near-wall region significantly increases because of buoyancy forces with the increase of Richardson numbers.Such an acceleration at the near-wall region makes the dimples more effective at higher Richardson number.Using a dimpled tube enhances the heat transfer coefficient.However,the pressure drop is not important.For instance,in the case of Ri=1.5 and h/D=0.037,20% gains in the heat transfer enhancement only costs2.5% in the pressure loss.In general,it is recommended using a dimpled tube where the effects of buoyancy forces are important.
基金Project(2012AA112504) supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of ChinaProjects(51108048,51478054) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘To obtain the vertical earth pressure on a soft foundation box culvert and investigate the interaction of the soil-culvert-foundation system, both a centrifugal model test and a numerical simulation were conducted and the comparisons with the current methods to determine the load on a culvert were completed. The results of the model test and numerical analysis are in satisfactory agreement, which shows that the direction of the shear stress between the culvert and the adjacent embankment depends on the differential settlement between them. A vertical earth pressure concentration appears on the culvert with a rigid piles foundation because of a downward shear stress. The ratio of the load on a soft foundation culvert and the overburden pressure above the culvert raises first and then decreases as the backfill height increases. In order to reduce the load on a culvert, it is suggested to limit the stiffness difference of the foundations under the culvert and embankment and to use a light backfill over the culvert.
基金Project (RG039-09AET) supported by University of Malaya, Malaysia
文摘A novel shrouded wind-solar hybrid renewable energy and rain water harvester with an omni-directional-guide-vane(ODGV) for urban high-rise application is introduced.The ODGV surrounds the vertical axis wind turbine(VAWT) and enhances the VAWT performance by increasing the on-coming wind speed and guiding it to an optimum flow angle before it interacts with the rotor blades.An ODGV scaled model was built and tested in the laboratory.The experimental results show that the rotational speed of the VAWT increases by about 2 times.Simulations show that the installation of the ODGV increases the torque output of a single-bladed VAWT by 206% for tip speed ratio of 0.4.The result also reveals that higher positive torque can be achieved when the blade tangential force at all radial positions is optimized.In conclusion,the ODGV improves the power output of a VAWT and this integrated design promotes the installation of wind energy systems in urban areas.
基金Project(61174132)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2015zzts047)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,ChinaProject(20130162110067)supported by the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China
文摘The temperature control of the large-scale vertical quench furnace is very difficult due to its huge volume and complex thermal exchanges. To meet the technical requirement of the quenching process, a temperature control system which integrates temperature calibration and temperature uniformity control is developed for the thermal treatment of aluminum alloy workpieces in the large-scale vertical quench furnace. To obtain the aluminum alloy workpiece temperature, an air heat transfer model is newly established to describe the temperature gradient distribution so that the immeasurable workpiece temperature can be calibrated from the available thermocouple temperature. To satisfy the uniformity control of the furnace temperature, a second order partial differential equation(PDE) is derived to describe the thermal dynamics inside the vertical quench furnace. Based on the PDE, a decoupling matrix is constructed to solve the coupling issue and decouple the heating process into multiple independent heating subsystems. Then, using the expert control rule to find a compromise of temperature rising time and overshoot during the quenching process. The developed temperature control system has been successfully applied to a 31 m large-scale vertical quench furnace, and the industrial running results show the significant improvement of the temperature uniformity, lower overshoot and shortened processing time.
基金Project (DY105-03-02-02) supported by the Deep-Ocean Technology Development Item of China
文摘A 3-D geometrical nonlinear model for the entire lift system of 1000-m sea trial system of China Ocean Mineral Resources R&D Association was established with finite element method.The model was utilized to analyze the dynamic characteristics of the vertical pipe under the influence of moving velocity,current direction and wave.The simulation results show that the axial stress is dominant on the vertical pipe,its maximum is located at the pipe top,all stresses are much less than the allowable value of the vertical pipe and joint;the heave motion leads to violent fluctuation of the force and stress,but a period of 8 s is not likely to resonate the present pipe;against the current,0.50 m/s is the suggested moving velocity of the ship and miner,while along the current,the moving velocity can be slightly higher than 0.75 m/s.
基金Project(51278171)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(B13024)supported by Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities("111" Project),ChinaProject(2014B04914)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China
文摘An analytical solution is derived from the generalized governing equations of equal-strain consolidation with vertical drains under multi-ramp surcharge preloading. The hydraulic boundary conditions at both top and bottom of the consolidating soil are modelled as impeded drainage. The impeded drainage is described by using the third type boundary condition with a characteristic factor of drainage efficiency. Fully drained and undrained boundary conditions can also be modelled by applying an infinite and a zero characteristic factor, respectively. Simultaneous radial and vertical flow conditions are considered, together with the effects of drain resistance and smear. An increase in total stress due to multi-ramp loading is reasonably modelled as a function of both time and depth. A solution to calculate excess pore-water pressure at any arbitrary point in soil is derived, and the overall average degree of consolidation is obtained. It shows that the proposed solution can be used to analyze not only vertical-drain consolidation but also one-dimensional consolidation under either one-way or two-way vertical drainage conditions. The characteristic factors of drainage efficiency of top and bottom boundaries have a potentially important influence on consolidation. The boundary may be considered fully drained when the characteristic factor is greater than 100 and fully undrained when the characteristic factor is less than 0.1. The stress distribution along depth induced by the surcharge loading has a limited effect on the overall average degree of consolidation.
基金Project(B15020060)supported by Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China
文摘As an advanced polymer composites electro-kinetic geosynthetics, the electro-osmotic vertical drainage(EVD) board could drain water quickly and accelerate consolidation process. However, the drainage rate was mainly impacted by the vertical drainage capability. Therefore, vertical drainage capability at the top of EVD board was theoretically analyzed. Basic requirements for drainage at the top of the board were summed up, as well as the formula of anode pore pressure when losing the vertical drainage capability. Meanwhile, a contrast test on the top and bottom drainage capacities was conducted. In use of the advanced EVD board, the voltage potential and pore pressure of anode were measured. Moreover, the derived formulas were verified. The result shows that the decrease of electric force gradient had an observable impact on the drainage capability. There was nearly no difference between the energy consumption for the two drainage methods. Although a little less water was discharged, the top drainage method had more advantages, such as high initial drainage velocity, few soil cracks, low anode water content and high soil strength. All of these show that the super soft soil ground could be consolidated quickly in use of the advanced EVD board through the top drainage. The top drainage method could efficiently improve the drainage effect, decrease the energy consumption and speed up the project proceeding.
基金Project(20040533035) supported by the National Research Foundation for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of ChinaProject (50275150) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘In converged heterogeneous wireless networks, vertical handoff is an important issue in radio resource management and occurs when an end user switches from one network to another （e.g., from wireless local area network to wideband code division multiple access）. Efficient vertical handoff should allocate network resources efficiently and maintain good quality of service （QoS） for the end users. The objective of this work is to determine conditions under which vertical handoff can be performed. The channel usage situation of each access network is formulated as a birth-death process with the objective of predicting the avaliable bandwidth and the blocking probability. A reward function is used to capture the network bandwidth and the blocking probability is expressed as a cost function. An end user will access the certain network which maximizes the total function defined as the combination of the reward fimction and the cost function. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can significantly improve the network performance, including higher bandwidth for end users and lower new call blocking and handoff call blocking probability for networks.
