Principle of multilayer spray forming and preparation technique of tubes and billets by it were presented and described in the article. The marked characteristic of multilayer spray forming technology is the to and fr...Principle of multilayer spray forming and preparation technique of tubes and billets by it were presented and described in the article. The marked characteristic of multilayer spray forming technology is the to and fro movement of spray system, so the preform is deposited layer by layer with the surface of the deposit retaining relatively low temperature during the spray forming process. The two outstanding advantages of multilayer spray forming are as follows: suitable for manufacturing large dimension blanks, higher solidification cooling rate. Now Al Fe V Si alloy (8009) and SiC particle reinforced aluminium alloy metal matrix composite billets of 300 600 mm in diameter and tubular blanks of size up to 650 mm in outer diameter, 360 mm in inner diameter and 1 200 mm in length have been made with the technology. After extrusion, the material has good properties.展开更多
In the course of plasma spray, the plasma jet is comprehensively functioned by such effects as thermal pinch, magnetic pinch and mechanical compression and the flow is jetting at a high speed, the energy is concentrat...In the course of plasma spray, the plasma jet is comprehensively functioned by such effects as thermal pinch, magnetic pinch and mechanical compression and the flow is jetting at a high speed, the energy is concentrated and its center temperature is so high as to reach upwards of 15 000 ℃ which is capable of melting various kinds of materials inclusive of ceramic, it has a broad applied prospects in the fields of automobile, electronics, telecommunications, medical treatment, air navigation & space navigation and light industries etc because of being able to rapid fabricate thin-walled metals, ceramics and alloy parts thereof, metal moulds, functionally gradient material moulds and so on, and it has become a research spotlight for the scholars. The technology of plasma spray forming (PSF) is introduced, and the two different kinds of technique presented in this paper are studied. Some typical links in the course of technical process is also analyzed, including original prototype fabrication and surface treatment, post-treatment of formed workpiece and demoulding methods. When spraying, it should select the appropriate making methods of prototype according to the dimensions, shapes and forming accuracy as required by the formed parts. At the same time, it should be paid to the characteristic of the material for the prototype. The main purpose of surface treatment of the prototype is to raise the quality of formed parts and ensure the integrity demoulding of the coating. The method of the prototype’s surface treatment is closely related to the demoulding method, which is mainly comprised of destructive demoulding, non-destructive demoulding and composite demoulding, and is key technology in PSF. In order to eliminate these intrinsic defects and improve its performance, the fabricated parts can be given the necessary post-treatment so as to further raise the mechanical strength and surface quality. There are many methods for the post-treatment such as chemical reinforcment, metal melt-infiltration, laser-melting and self-propagating high-temperature synthesis, etc., all these methods can decrease the porosity and raise the quality of coating and service performance; whereas the finishing machining can improve the surface roughness of spray formed parts. In the course of spray forming, affected by such complex and complicated factors as electric field, the entangled ambient gas and introduced powder, as a result, it shall induce the instability of the spray condition and affect the forming quality. This paper has, on the basis of large quantity of experiments, analyzed every links in the course of PSF, summarized and evaluated the main factors affecting on the quality of formed parts, such as prototype characteristic, characteristic of plasma jet, powder characteristic, spray gun and spray parameters. The experiments prove that the process of PSF is simple and the cost is lower in rapid tooling with complex and complicated fine patterns, and PSF is apt to form special-shape and thin-walled parts made of some protective materials so as to protect those fragile workpieces. Therefore PSF is a new technology with broad and brilliant prospects of development.展开更多
目的评价健康调查简表(36-item short form,SF-36)用于测量库欣综合征患者生活质量的信度和效度。方法 2011年1月至2012年4月便利选取上海市瑞金医院内分泌科的73例库欣综合征患者,采用SF-36对研究对象进行调查,信度检验包括内部一致性...目的评价健康调查简表(36-item short form,SF-36)用于测量库欣综合征患者生活质量的信度和效度。方法 2011年1月至2012年4月便利选取上海市瑞金医院内分泌科的73例库欣综合征患者,采用SF-36对研究对象进行调查,信度检验包括内部一致性信度和折半信度,结构效度检验采用因子分析法。结果 SF-36内部一致性信度的Cronbachα系数为0.822,折半信度Spearman-Brown系数为0.771;将8个维度的得分进行因子分析,提取2个公因子,累计方差贡献率为64.587%。结论中文版SF-36用于评价国内库欣综合征患者的生活质量具有较好的信度和效度,接受性好;在目前国内库欣综合征患者的生活质量研究尚处于初级阶段的前提下,可推广应用。展开更多
目的:引进简明幸福与生活质量满意度问卷(Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Ques-tionnaire,Short Form,Q-LES-Q-SF),评估其在中国精神障碍患者中的信效度和适用性。方法:在山东省精神卫生中心2007年7月-2008年1月的门诊和...目的:引进简明幸福与生活质量满意度问卷(Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Ques-tionnaire,Short Form,Q-LES-Q-SF),评估其在中国精神障碍患者中的信效度和适用性。方法:在山东省精神卫生中心2007年7月-2008年1月的门诊和住院患者中,按照就诊或住院的先后顺序,选取385例符合《ICD-10精神与行为障碍分类》诊断标准的精神分裂症(n=193)和心境障碍患者(n=192);按1∶2的比例选取与其相匹配的健康对照者196例。对所有对象进行Q-LES-Q-SF初次测评,30天后进行重测,对原始测评结果进行信度分析。以世界卫生组织生活质量量表(World Health Organization Quality of Life,WHO-QOL-100)为效标变量评价患者和健康对照者效标效度并进行区分效度分析。结果:信度分析显示量表的Cronbacnα系数为0.920,重测信度为0.785。总量表评分与WHOQOL-100总分及6个领域和24个方面均具有较高的相关性(心境障碍,r=0.22～0.71;精神分裂症,r=0.24～0.70;健康对照,r=0.17～0.73;Ps<0.01)。精神分裂症组和心境障碍组患者的幸福与生活质量满意度总分及各条目分均低于健康对照组[如总分,(46.42±8.36)vs.(54.34±8.11),(46.20±10.12)vs.(54.34±8.11),Ps<0.01]。结论:简明幸福与生活质量满意度问卷在中国精神障碍患者中有较好的信效度,适用于精神障碍患者生活质量的量化评估。展开更多
目的:评估12个条目的健康相关生存质量量表(SF-12)在中医内科门诊患者中使用的效度和信度。方法:2013例患者完成SF-12后进行探索性因子分析、验证性因子分析和内部一致性检验,同时评估患者就诊、缺勤和睡眠状况,并完成患者健康问卷(Pati...目的:评估12个条目的健康相关生存质量量表(SF-12)在中医内科门诊患者中使用的效度和信度。方法:2013例患者完成SF-12后进行探索性因子分析、验证性因子分析和内部一致性检验,同时评估患者就诊、缺勤和睡眠状况,并完成患者健康问卷(Patient Health Qestionnaire-9,PHQ-9)、广泛性焦虑量表(GAD-7)和简明国际神经精神访谈(Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview,MINI)中文版以检验其平行效度和区分效度。结果:SF-12得分与就诊次数、缺勤天数、PHQ-9得分、GAD-7得分、睡眠问题得分均呈负相关(r=-0.08^-0.63,P<0.05或0.01)。共提取出"躯体健康"(PCS)和"心理健康"(MCS)两个因子,解释方差53.3%。验证性因子分析显示条目12归属于PCS的结构模型优于其他结构模型(RMSEA=0.070,GFI=0.964,CFI=0.943)。不同健康状态患者的量表得分差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。量表的内部一致性Cronbachα系数为0.86(95%CI:0.86~0.87)。结论:12个条目的健康相关生存质量量表在中医内科门诊人群中有较高的效度和信度,适合在该人群中使用,但建议应用时修改标准计分方法。展开更多
目的·探索家庭负担量表(Family Burden Scale,FBS)的自评方式用于神经性厌食症患者照料者负担评定的信度和效度。方法·纳入2017年7月—2019年7月于上海交通大学医学院附属精神卫生中心进食障碍诊治中心诊治的女性厌食症患者10...目的·探索家庭负担量表(Family Burden Scale,FBS)的自评方式用于神经性厌食症患者照料者负担评定的信度和效度。方法·纳入2017年7月—2019年7月于上海交通大学医学院附属精神卫生中心进食障碍诊治中心诊治的女性厌食症患者103例及其照料者(父母)148人。记录患者及照料者的一般人口学资料,患者的病程及体质量指数(body mass index,BMI),以及照料者每日照顾患者的时间。照料者接受FBS、贝克焦虑量表(Beck Anxiety Inventory,BAI)、贝克抑郁量表(Beck Depression Inventory,BDI)、健康调查简表(the MOS item short from health survey,SF-36)的自评。随机数字法抽取1/3照料者进行FBS他评。通过计算Cronbach'sα系数、自评-他评一致性、夫妻间(41对夫妻)一致性来评定量表信度;通过计算FBS自评得分与病程、患者BMI、每日照料时间、BAI评分、BDI评分,以及SF-36的精力、社会功能、情感职能、精神健康因子分的相关性来评定量表的效度。结果·FBS的Cronbach'sα系数为0.921,自评-他评相关系数r=0.705(P=0.000),夫妻间一致性评分的相关系数为r=0.547(P=0.000)。FBS总分与病程、%BMI及每日照料时间无相关性;与BAI得分、BDI得分,以及SF-36的精力、社会功能、情感职能、精神健康因子分呈现一定相关性(均P<0.05)。结论·FBS的自评方式应用于评估厌食症患者的照料者负担时显示出较好的信度,但其效度并不理想,需要进一步修订。展开更多
目的评估简短版中医健康量表(The Short Form-Health Scale of Traditional Chinese Medicine,SF-HSTCM)和欧洲五维健康量表(The Three-level Euro Qol Five-dimensional Questionnaire,EQ-5D-3L)在脑卒中恢复期患者中的测量特性及其适...目的评估简短版中医健康量表(The Short Form-Health Scale of Traditional Chinese Medicine,SF-HSTCM)和欧洲五维健康量表(The Three-level Euro Qol Five-dimensional Questionnaire,EQ-5D-3L)在脑卒中恢复期患者中的测量特性及其适用性。方法本研究采用横断面调查的方法,以脑卒中恢复期的患者为研究对象,调查的问卷包括SF-HSTCM、EQ-5D-3L、改良Rankin量表(Modified Rankin Scale,mRS)和巴氏量表(Barthel Index,BI)。统计学方法主要包括用Cronbach’sα系数及验证性因子分析分别评估SF-HSTCM的信度及效度,组内相关系数评估SF-HSTCM、EQ-5D-3L、mRS和BI的重测信度及患者与代理人之间一致性信度,而会聚效度用SF-HSTCM与EQ-5D-3L之间的相关程度来进行评价,并采用非参数检验评估SF-HSTCM的区分效度,多重线性回归的方法分析社会人口学因素对于BI、mRS得分的影响。结果共205人完成了调查,SF-HSTCM在脑卒中恢复期患者中的内在一致性Cronbach’sα系数为0.895,重测信度组内相关系数为0.991;EQ-5D-3L的重测信度结果显示两次调查完全一致的问卷数占总数的90%。结论 SF-HSTCM及EQ-5D-3L均可应用于脑卒中恢复期人群的健康状态评测。展开更多
文摘Principle of multilayer spray forming and preparation technique of tubes and billets by it were presented and described in the article. The marked characteristic of multilayer spray forming technology is the to and fro movement of spray system, so the preform is deposited layer by layer with the surface of the deposit retaining relatively low temperature during the spray forming process. The two outstanding advantages of multilayer spray forming are as follows: suitable for manufacturing large dimension blanks, higher solidification cooling rate. Now Al Fe V Si alloy (8009) and SiC particle reinforced aluminium alloy metal matrix composite billets of 300 600 mm in diameter and tubular blanks of size up to 650 mm in outer diameter, 360 mm in inner diameter and 1 200 mm in length have been made with the technology. After extrusion, the material has good properties.
文摘In the course of plasma spray, the plasma jet is comprehensively functioned by such effects as thermal pinch, magnetic pinch and mechanical compression and the flow is jetting at a high speed, the energy is concentrated and its center temperature is so high as to reach upwards of 15 000 ℃ which is capable of melting various kinds of materials inclusive of ceramic, it has a broad applied prospects in the fields of automobile, electronics, telecommunications, medical treatment, air navigation & space navigation and light industries etc because of being able to rapid fabricate thin-walled metals, ceramics and alloy parts thereof, metal moulds, functionally gradient material moulds and so on, and it has become a research spotlight for the scholars. The technology of plasma spray forming (PSF) is introduced, and the two different kinds of technique presented in this paper are studied. Some typical links in the course of technical process is also analyzed, including original prototype fabrication and surface treatment, post-treatment of formed workpiece and demoulding methods. When spraying, it should select the appropriate making methods of prototype according to the dimensions, shapes and forming accuracy as required by the formed parts. At the same time, it should be paid to the characteristic of the material for the prototype. The main purpose of surface treatment of the prototype is to raise the quality of formed parts and ensure the integrity demoulding of the coating. The method of the prototype’s surface treatment is closely related to the demoulding method, which is mainly comprised of destructive demoulding, non-destructive demoulding and composite demoulding, and is key technology in PSF. In order to eliminate these intrinsic defects and improve its performance, the fabricated parts can be given the necessary post-treatment so as to further raise the mechanical strength and surface quality. There are many methods for the post-treatment such as chemical reinforcment, metal melt-infiltration, laser-melting and self-propagating high-temperature synthesis, etc., all these methods can decrease the porosity and raise the quality of coating and service performance; whereas the finishing machining can improve the surface roughness of spray formed parts. In the course of spray forming, affected by such complex and complicated factors as electric field, the entangled ambient gas and introduced powder, as a result, it shall induce the instability of the spray condition and affect the forming quality. This paper has, on the basis of large quantity of experiments, analyzed every links in the course of PSF, summarized and evaluated the main factors affecting on the quality of formed parts, such as prototype characteristic, characteristic of plasma jet, powder characteristic, spray gun and spray parameters. The experiments prove that the process of PSF is simple and the cost is lower in rapid tooling with complex and complicated fine patterns, and PSF is apt to form special-shape and thin-walled parts made of some protective materials so as to protect those fragile workpieces. Therefore PSF is a new technology with broad and brilliant prospects of development.
文摘目的评价健康调查简表(36-item short form,SF-36)用于测量库欣综合征患者生活质量的信度和效度。方法 2011年1月至2012年4月便利选取上海市瑞金医院内分泌科的73例库欣综合征患者,采用SF-36对研究对象进行调查,信度检验包括内部一致性信度和折半信度,结构效度检验采用因子分析法。结果 SF-36内部一致性信度的Cronbachα系数为0.822,折半信度Spearman-Brown系数为0.771;将8个维度的得分进行因子分析,提取2个公因子,累计方差贡献率为64.587%。结论中文版SF-36用于评价国内库欣综合征患者的生活质量具有较好的信度和效度,接受性好;在目前国内库欣综合征患者的生活质量研究尚处于初级阶段的前提下,可推广应用。
文摘目的:引进简明幸福与生活质量满意度问卷(Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Ques-tionnaire,Short Form,Q-LES-Q-SF),评估其在中国精神障碍患者中的信效度和适用性。方法:在山东省精神卫生中心2007年7月-2008年1月的门诊和住院患者中,按照就诊或住院的先后顺序,选取385例符合《ICD-10精神与行为障碍分类》诊断标准的精神分裂症(n=193)和心境障碍患者(n=192);按1∶2的比例选取与其相匹配的健康对照者196例。对所有对象进行Q-LES-Q-SF初次测评,30天后进行重测,对原始测评结果进行信度分析。以世界卫生组织生活质量量表(World Health Organization Quality of Life,WHO-QOL-100)为效标变量评价患者和健康对照者效标效度并进行区分效度分析。结果:信度分析显示量表的Cronbacnα系数为0.920,重测信度为0.785。总量表评分与WHOQOL-100总分及6个领域和24个方面均具有较高的相关性(心境障碍,r=0.22～0.71;精神分裂症,r=0.24～0.70;健康对照,r=0.17～0.73;Ps<0.01)。精神分裂症组和心境障碍组患者的幸福与生活质量满意度总分及各条目分均低于健康对照组[如总分,(46.42±8.36)vs.(54.34±8.11),(46.20±10.12)vs.(54.34±8.11),Ps<0.01]。结论:简明幸福与生活质量满意度问卷在中国精神障碍患者中有较好的信效度,适用于精神障碍患者生活质量的量化评估。
文摘目的:评估12个条目的健康相关生存质量量表(SF-12)在中医内科门诊患者中使用的效度和信度。方法:2013例患者完成SF-12后进行探索性因子分析、验证性因子分析和内部一致性检验,同时评估患者就诊、缺勤和睡眠状况,并完成患者健康问卷(Patient Health Qestionnaire-9,PHQ-9)、广泛性焦虑量表(GAD-7)和简明国际神经精神访谈(Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview,MINI)中文版以检验其平行效度和区分效度。结果:SF-12得分与就诊次数、缺勤天数、PHQ-9得分、GAD-7得分、睡眠问题得分均呈负相关(r=-0.08^-0.63,P<0.05或0.01)。共提取出"躯体健康"(PCS)和"心理健康"(MCS)两个因子,解释方差53.3%。验证性因子分析显示条目12归属于PCS的结构模型优于其他结构模型(RMSEA=0.070,GFI=0.964,CFI=0.943)。不同健康状态患者的量表得分差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。量表的内部一致性Cronbachα系数为0.86(95%CI:0.86~0.87)。结论:12个条目的健康相关生存质量量表在中医内科门诊人群中有较高的效度和信度,适合在该人群中使用,但建议应用时修改标准计分方法。
文摘目的·探索家庭负担量表(Family Burden Scale,FBS)的自评方式用于神经性厌食症患者照料者负担评定的信度和效度。方法·纳入2017年7月—2019年7月于上海交通大学医学院附属精神卫生中心进食障碍诊治中心诊治的女性厌食症患者103例及其照料者(父母)148人。记录患者及照料者的一般人口学资料,患者的病程及体质量指数(body mass index,BMI),以及照料者每日照顾患者的时间。照料者接受FBS、贝克焦虑量表(Beck Anxiety Inventory,BAI)、贝克抑郁量表(Beck Depression Inventory,BDI)、健康调查简表(the MOS item short from health survey,SF-36)的自评。随机数字法抽取1/3照料者进行FBS他评。通过计算Cronbach'sα系数、自评-他评一致性、夫妻间(41对夫妻)一致性来评定量表信度;通过计算FBS自评得分与病程、患者BMI、每日照料时间、BAI评分、BDI评分,以及SF-36的精力、社会功能、情感职能、精神健康因子分的相关性来评定量表的效度。结果·FBS的Cronbach'sα系数为0.921,自评-他评相关系数r=0.705(P=0.000),夫妻间一致性评分的相关系数为r=0.547(P=0.000)。FBS总分与病程、%BMI及每日照料时间无相关性;与BAI得分、BDI得分,以及SF-36的精力、社会功能、情感职能、精神健康因子分呈现一定相关性(均P<0.05)。结论·FBS的自评方式应用于评估厌食症患者的照料者负担时显示出较好的信度,但其效度并不理想,需要进一步修订。
文摘目的评估简短版中医健康量表(The Short Form-Health Scale of Traditional Chinese Medicine,SF-HSTCM)和欧洲五维健康量表(The Three-level Euro Qol Five-dimensional Questionnaire,EQ-5D-3L)在脑卒中恢复期患者中的测量特性及其适用性。方法本研究采用横断面调查的方法,以脑卒中恢复期的患者为研究对象,调查的问卷包括SF-HSTCM、EQ-5D-3L、改良Rankin量表(Modified Rankin Scale,mRS)和巴氏量表(Barthel Index,BI)。统计学方法主要包括用Cronbach’sα系数及验证性因子分析分别评估SF-HSTCM的信度及效度,组内相关系数评估SF-HSTCM、EQ-5D-3L、mRS和BI的重测信度及患者与代理人之间一致性信度,而会聚效度用SF-HSTCM与EQ-5D-3L之间的相关程度来进行评价,并采用非参数检验评估SF-HSTCM的区分效度,多重线性回归的方法分析社会人口学因素对于BI、mRS得分的影响。结果共205人完成了调查,SF-HSTCM在脑卒中恢复期患者中的内在一致性Cronbach’sα系数为0.895,重测信度组内相关系数为0.991;EQ-5D-3L的重测信度结果显示两次调查完全一致的问卷数占总数的90%。结论 SF-HSTCM及EQ-5D-3L均可应用于脑卒中恢复期人群的健康状态评测。
