In-situ upgrading by heating is feasible for low-maturity shale oil,where the pore space dynamically evolves.We characterize this response for a heated substrate concurrently imaged by SEM.We systematically follow the...In-situ upgrading by heating is feasible for low-maturity shale oil,where the pore space dynamically evolves.We characterize this response for a heated substrate concurrently imaged by SEM.We systematically follow the evolution of pore quantity,size(length,width and cross-sectional area),orientation,shape(aspect ratio,roundness and solidity)and their anisotropy—interpreted by machine learning.Results indicate that heating generates new pores in both organic matter and inorganic minerals.However,the newly formed pores are smaller than the original pores and thus reduce average lengths and widths of the bedding-parallel pore system.Conversely,the average pore lengths and widths are increased in the bedding-perpendicular direction.Besides,heating increases the cross-sectional area of pores in low-maturity oil shales,where this growth tendency fluctuates at<300℃ but becomes steady at>300℃.In addition,the orientation and shape of the newly-formed heating-induced pores follow the habit of the original pores and follow the initial probability distributions of pore orientation and shape.Herein,limited anisotropy is detected in pore direction and shape,indicating similar modes of evolution both bedding-parallel and bedding-normal.We propose a straightforward but robust model to describe evolution of pore system in low-maturity oil shales during heating.展开更多
膨润土作为缓冲或回填材料,具有吸水性极强、膨胀性较大、渗透性极低等特性。膨润土在饱和状态与非饱和状态之间转换时,因其湿胀干缩产生的裂缝会导致工程屏障受到破坏。因此,对具有高膨胀性的膨润土的持水特性及微观结构特征进行试验...膨润土作为缓冲或回填材料,具有吸水性极强、膨胀性较大、渗透性极低等特性。膨润土在饱和状态与非饱和状态之间转换时,因其湿胀干缩产生的裂缝会导致工程屏障受到破坏。因此,对具有高膨胀性的膨润土的持水特性及微观结构特征进行试验研究显得非常必要。分别运用滤纸法和饱和盐溶液蒸汽平衡法对膨润土进行了持水特性试验研究,得到了不同吸力范围内膨润土的土-水特征曲线;联合用蒸汽平衡法和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对特定吸力点(367.54、149.51、71.12、38.00 MPa)的膨润土试样进行扫描电镜试验研究。膨润土的持水特性试验结果表明,滤纸法和饱和盐溶液蒸汽平衡法测得的土-水特征曲线均随吸力的增大而减小。根据滤纸法量测的试验数据,运用origin软件获得了Fredlund and Xing(1994)提出的模型参数,通过建立模型参数与干密度之间的关系,给出了膨润土的土-水特征曲线的预测公式。膨润土的微观定性分析表明:随着吸力的增大,膨润土集聚体逐渐增大,膨润土颗粒之间也越紧密;孔隙数量随着吸力的增大而减少、孔径也随吸力的增大而减小。展开更多
根据摩尔定律,半导体芯片单位面积上的晶体管数量每18个月翻一番,当前量产先工艺节点已经演进到3nm,特征尺寸不断缩小,图案越发复杂,芯片制造过程中出现缺陷的概率升高,对检测技术及其关联设备提出了极高的要求。光刻作为半导体制造中...根据摩尔定律,半导体芯片单位面积上的晶体管数量每18个月翻一番,当前量产先工艺节点已经演进到3nm,特征尺寸不断缩小,图案越发复杂,芯片制造过程中出现缺陷的概率升高,对检测技术及其关联设备提出了极高的要求。光刻作为半导体制造中的核心模块,其工艺质量直接决定了后续工艺准确度,由于图案尺寸小于光源波长,衍射效应显著,导致曝光图案的高频信息丢失,光刻扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)图像作为曝光图案的直接表示,基于SEM图像的测量在半导体制造中对于图案化工艺质量的评估和监控显得至关重要。SEM图像不仅能够提供图像的特征宽度和特征-特征间距尺寸测量,同时还提供了其它有关图案质量的丰富信息,然而通过视觉检测在SEM图案质量检测方面留下了相当大的模糊空间。为了缩小模糊范围并获得更多关于图案质量的统计定量信息,通常会提取SEM图像轮廓来进一步计量分析。基于轮廓信息,我们能够估计出曝光图案任何位置的尺度信息,例如侧壁角度,临界尺寸等,这些尺度信息可用于光刻热点检测和光刻OPC模型验证等。基于局部信息的经典轮廓提取算法在处理存在噪声的低对比度光刻SEM图像方面尚有不足,如传统的prewit、log、sobel等算子,利用模板匹配无法获得令人满意的轮廓结果;轮廓提取领域的canny算法因其适用性广和效果较好,被广泛应用,但其梯度图像及阈值先验设置往往具有较大主观性,且没有充分利用待处理场景信息,对于较为复杂场景效果仍有待提升。本文通过结合通过结合光刻SEM图像的灰度、拓扑和轮廓长度先验信息,对canny算法进行优化,利用先验信息获得合适的阈值,完成对伪边缘(轮廓)的有效过滤,最终得到了与光刻SEM图像高度吻合的轮廓结果。展开更多
Ground failure is a major contributor to fatalities in underground mines in the US.Underground coal mines in the Northern Appalachian have weak roof rock composed of shale,which is prone to failure under high horizont...Ground failure is a major contributor to fatalities in underground mines in the US.Underground coal mines in the Northern Appalachian have weak roof rock composed of shale,which is prone to failure under high horizontal stress.Understanding the relationship among strength,specimen size and rock petrographic parameters is essential for developing an effective ground control plan.Size effect studies have found that rock strength varies with specimen size.This paper attempts to understand this strength variation using three specimen sizes(254-mm,508-mm,and 762-mm).The specimen strength was measured and the major petrographic parameters affecting the strength,namely grain size,grain shape,quartz content,clay content,etc.were analyzed using X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The petrographic parameters were then correlated with the strength of the three differently sized specimens.The results showed that 508-mm specimen had the lowest strength.Quartz content of the 508-mm specimen was lower than that of 254-mm and 762-mm specimens.Clay content and average grain size of the 508-mm specimen were higher than those of 254-mm and 762-mm specimens.These results clearly show that grain size,quartz content and clay content contribute to strength variation observed in differently sized shale specimens.展开更多
我国东南沿海尤其是温州地区广泛存在上覆深厚软土下覆不均匀卵石的地层。该区域的钻孔灌注桩常采用后注浆技术改善其承载性能。为了评价后注浆技术对这类地层中灌注桩承载力改善效果,开展了相应的模型试验,对比了不同注浆量对桩承载力...我国东南沿海尤其是温州地区广泛存在上覆深厚软土下覆不均匀卵石的地层。该区域的钻孔灌注桩常采用后注浆技术改善其承载性能。为了评价后注浆技术对这类地层中灌注桩承载力改善效果,开展了相应的模型试验,对比了不同注浆量对桩承载力的影响程度;并结合扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,简称SEM)试验分析了浆液分布特点,探讨了浆液在卵石层中的扩散范围,研究了浆液扩散范围与桩承载力之间的关系。结果表明:浆液能够有效地填充桩端卵石层,注浆量的增加使得填充范围扩大,填充范围为3~4倍桩径时,桩的承载力改善最显著。在不均匀卵石持力层中存在一个最优注浆量,最优归一化注浆量约为2.8,若超过该最优注浆量归一化值,桩的承载力不再显著提高。单桩模型试验确定的最优注浆量与刘金砺公式[1]的预测结果接近。扫描电镜技术有助于评价桩的后注浆技术在上覆深厚软土下覆不均匀卵石的土层中的效果。展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFE0129800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42202204)。
文摘In-situ upgrading by heating is feasible for low-maturity shale oil,where the pore space dynamically evolves.We characterize this response for a heated substrate concurrently imaged by SEM.We systematically follow the evolution of pore quantity,size(length,width and cross-sectional area),orientation,shape(aspect ratio,roundness and solidity)and their anisotropy—interpreted by machine learning.Results indicate that heating generates new pores in both organic matter and inorganic minerals.However,the newly formed pores are smaller than the original pores and thus reduce average lengths and widths of the bedding-parallel pore system.Conversely,the average pore lengths and widths are increased in the bedding-perpendicular direction.Besides,heating increases the cross-sectional area of pores in low-maturity oil shales,where this growth tendency fluctuates at<300℃ but becomes steady at>300℃.In addition,the orientation and shape of the newly-formed heating-induced pores follow the habit of the original pores and follow the initial probability distributions of pore orientation and shape.Herein,limited anisotropy is detected in pore direction and shape,indicating similar modes of evolution both bedding-parallel and bedding-normal.We propose a straightforward but robust model to describe evolution of pore system in low-maturity oil shales during heating.
文摘膨润土作为缓冲或回填材料,具有吸水性极强、膨胀性较大、渗透性极低等特性。膨润土在饱和状态与非饱和状态之间转换时,因其湿胀干缩产生的裂缝会导致工程屏障受到破坏。因此,对具有高膨胀性的膨润土的持水特性及微观结构特征进行试验研究显得非常必要。分别运用滤纸法和饱和盐溶液蒸汽平衡法对膨润土进行了持水特性试验研究,得到了不同吸力范围内膨润土的土-水特征曲线;联合用蒸汽平衡法和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对特定吸力点(367.54、149.51、71.12、38.00 MPa)的膨润土试样进行扫描电镜试验研究。膨润土的持水特性试验结果表明,滤纸法和饱和盐溶液蒸汽平衡法测得的土-水特征曲线均随吸力的增大而减小。根据滤纸法量测的试验数据,运用origin软件获得了Fredlund and Xing(1994)提出的模型参数,通过建立模型参数与干密度之间的关系,给出了膨润土的土-水特征曲线的预测公式。膨润土的微观定性分析表明:随着吸力的增大,膨润土集聚体逐渐增大,膨润土颗粒之间也越紧密;孔隙数量随着吸力的增大而减少、孔径也随吸力的增大而减小。
文摘根据摩尔定律,半导体芯片单位面积上的晶体管数量每18个月翻一番,当前量产先工艺节点已经演进到3nm,特征尺寸不断缩小,图案越发复杂,芯片制造过程中出现缺陷的概率升高,对检测技术及其关联设备提出了极高的要求。光刻作为半导体制造中的核心模块,其工艺质量直接决定了后续工艺准确度,由于图案尺寸小于光源波长,衍射效应显著,导致曝光图案的高频信息丢失,光刻扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)图像作为曝光图案的直接表示,基于SEM图像的测量在半导体制造中对于图案化工艺质量的评估和监控显得至关重要。SEM图像不仅能够提供图像的特征宽度和特征-特征间距尺寸测量,同时还提供了其它有关图案质量的丰富信息,然而通过视觉检测在SEM图案质量检测方面留下了相当大的模糊空间。为了缩小模糊范围并获得更多关于图案质量的统计定量信息,通常会提取SEM图像轮廓来进一步计量分析。基于轮廓信息,我们能够估计出曝光图案任何位置的尺度信息,例如侧壁角度,临界尺寸等,这些尺度信息可用于光刻热点检测和光刻OPC模型验证等。基于局部信息的经典轮廓提取算法在处理存在噪声的低对比度光刻SEM图像方面尚有不足,如传统的prewit、log、sobel等算子,利用模板匹配无法获得令人满意的轮廓结果;轮廓提取领域的canny算法因其适用性广和效果较好,被广泛应用,但其梯度图像及阈值先验设置往往具有较大主观性,且没有充分利用待处理场景信息,对于较为复杂场景效果仍有待提升。本文通过结合通过结合光刻SEM图像的灰度、拓扑和轮廓长度先验信息,对canny算法进行优化,利用先验信息获得合适的阈值,完成对伪边缘(轮廓)的有效过滤,最终得到了与光刻SEM图像高度吻合的轮廓结果。
文摘Ground failure is a major contributor to fatalities in underground mines in the US.Underground coal mines in the Northern Appalachian have weak roof rock composed of shale,which is prone to failure under high horizontal stress.Understanding the relationship among strength,specimen size and rock petrographic parameters is essential for developing an effective ground control plan.Size effect studies have found that rock strength varies with specimen size.This paper attempts to understand this strength variation using three specimen sizes(254-mm,508-mm,and 762-mm).The specimen strength was measured and the major petrographic parameters affecting the strength,namely grain size,grain shape,quartz content,clay content,etc.were analyzed using X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The petrographic parameters were then correlated with the strength of the three differently sized specimens.The results showed that 508-mm specimen had the lowest strength.Quartz content of the 508-mm specimen was lower than that of 254-mm and 762-mm specimens.Clay content and average grain size of the 508-mm specimen were higher than those of 254-mm and 762-mm specimens.These results clearly show that grain size,quartz content and clay content contribute to strength variation observed in differently sized shale specimens.
文摘我国东南沿海尤其是温州地区广泛存在上覆深厚软土下覆不均匀卵石的地层。该区域的钻孔灌注桩常采用后注浆技术改善其承载性能。为了评价后注浆技术对这类地层中灌注桩承载力改善效果,开展了相应的模型试验,对比了不同注浆量对桩承载力的影响程度;并结合扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,简称SEM)试验分析了浆液分布特点,探讨了浆液在卵石层中的扩散范围,研究了浆液扩散范围与桩承载力之间的关系。结果表明:浆液能够有效地填充桩端卵石层,注浆量的增加使得填充范围扩大,填充范围为3~4倍桩径时,桩的承载力改善最显著。在不均匀卵石持力层中存在一个最优注浆量,最优归一化注浆量约为2.8,若超过该最优注浆量归一化值,桩的承载力不再显著提高。单桩模型试验确定的最优注浆量与刘金砺公式[1]的预测结果接近。扫描电镜技术有助于评价桩的后注浆技术在上覆深厚软土下覆不均匀卵石的土层中的效果。
