The gears of new energy vehicles are required to withstand higher rotational speeds and greater loads,which puts forward higher precision essentials for gear manufacturing.However,machining process parameters can caus...The gears of new energy vehicles are required to withstand higher rotational speeds and greater loads,which puts forward higher precision essentials for gear manufacturing.However,machining process parameters can cause changes in cutting force/heat,resulting in affecting gear machining precision.Therefore,this paper studies the effect of different process parameters on gear machining precision.A multi-objective optimization model is established for the relationship between process parameters and tooth surface deviations,tooth profile deviations,and tooth lead deviations through the cutting speed,feed rate,and cutting depth of the worm wheel gear grinding machine.The response surface method(RSM)is used for experimental design,and the corresponding experimental results and optimal process parameters are obtained.Subsequently,gray relational analysis-principal component analysis(GRA-PCA),particle swarm optimization(PSO),and genetic algorithm-particle swarm optimization(GA-PSO)methods are used to analyze the experimental results and obtain different optimal process parameters.The results show that optimal process parameters obtained by the GRA-PCA,PSO,and GA-PSO methods improve the gear machining precision.Moreover,the gear machining precision obtained by GA-PSO is superior to other methods.展开更多
The angular resolution of radar is of crucial signifi-cance to its tracking performance.In this paper,a super-resolu-tion parameter estimation algorithm based on wide-narrowband joint processing is proposed to improve...The angular resolution of radar is of crucial signifi-cance to its tracking performance.In this paper,a super-resolu-tion parameter estimation algorithm based on wide-narrowband joint processing is proposed to improve the angular resolution of wideband monopulse radar.The range cells containing resolv-able scattering points are detected in the wideband mode,and these range cells are adopted to estimate part of the target parameters by algorithms of low computational requirement.Then,the likelihood function of the echo is constructed in the narrow-band mode to estimate the rest of the parameters,and the parameters estimated in the wideband mode are employed to reduce computation and enhance estimation accuracy.Simu-lation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has higher estimation accuracy and lower computational complexity than the current algorithm and can avoid the risk of model mis-match.展开更多
The effects of process parameters in rapid heat cycle moulding （RHCM） on parts warpage were investigated. A vehicle-used blue-tooth front shell （consisting of ABS material） was considered as a part example manufac...The effects of process parameters in rapid heat cycle moulding （RHCM） on parts warpage were investigated. A vehicle-used blue-tooth front shell （consisting of ABS material） was considered as a part example manufactured by RHCM method. The corresponding rapid heat response mould with an innovational conformal heating/cooling channel system and a dynamic mould temperature control system based on the Jll-W-160 type precise temperature controller was proposed. During heating/cooling process, the mould was able to be heated from room temperature to 160 ~C in 6 s and then cooled to 80 ~C in 22 s. The effects of processing conditions in RHCM on part warpage were investigated based on the single factor experimental method and Taguchi theory. Results reveal that the elevated mould temperature reduces unwanted freezing during the injection stage, thus improving mouldability and enhancing part quality, whereas the overheated of mould temperature will lead to defective product. The feasible mould temperature scope in RHCM should be no higher than 140 ~C, and the efficient mould temperature scope should be around the polymer heat distortion temperature. Melt temperature as well as injection pressure effects on warpage can be divided into two stages The lower stage gives a no explicit effect on warpage whereas the higher stage leads to a quasi-linear downtrend. But others affect the warpage as a V-type fluctuation, reaching to the minimum around the heat distortion temperature. Under the same mould temperature condition, the effects of process parameters on warpage decrease according to the following order, packing time, packing pressure, melt temperature, injection pressure and cooling time, respectively.展开更多
High-performance thermoplastic composites have been developed as significant structural materials for cutting-edge equipment in the aerospace and defence fields.However,the internal mechanism of processing parameters ...High-performance thermoplastic composites have been developed as significant structural materials for cutting-edge equipment in the aerospace and defence fields.However,the internal mechanism of processing parameters on mechanical properties in the manufacturing process of thermoplastic composite structures is still a serious challenge.The purpose of this study is to investigate the process/crystallization/property relationships for continuous carbon fiber(CF)reinforced polyether-ether-ketone(PEEK)composites.The composite laminates are fabricated according to orthogonal experiments via the thermoforming method.The mechanical performance is investigated in terms of crystallization properties and fracture morphology characterizations.Experimental results show that the mechanical performance and crystallization properties of thermoplastic composites are significantly affected by the coupling of processing parameters.The increased molding temperature,pressure,and holding time improve the degree of fiber/matrix infiltration and affect the crystallinity and crystalline morphology of the matrix,which further influences the mechanical properties of the composites.This is reflected in the test results that crystallinity has an approximately linear effect on mode-I interlaminar fracture toughness and transverse flexural modulus.As well as the higher molding temperature can destroy the pre-existent crystals to improve the toughness of the matrix,and the well-defined crystalline structures can be observed when fabricated at higher temperatures and longer periods of holding time.展开更多
The research was aimed at studying the effect of adding certain proportion chicken manure to cattle manure on compost below 0℃ with aerobic compost method, which was suitable for northern cold climate. The results in...The research was aimed at studying the effect of adding certain proportion chicken manure to cattle manure on compost below 0℃ with aerobic compost method, which was suitable for northern cold climate. The results indicated that the mixed compost completed 3 days earlier than the single compost, the temperature of the mixed compost rose to 50.7℃ at the 1st day,and achieved its highest temperature 74.4℃ at the 3rd day. The temperature of the single compost rose to 40.0℃ at the 1st day,rose to 55.6℃ at the 3rd day,and achieved its highest temperature 70.1℃ at the 5th day. Adding chicken manure had no impact on the variety trend of the process parameters such as moisture content, pH and C/N ratio, hut increased the variety range of these parameters.展开更多
To gain a deep insight into the hot drawing process of aluminum alloy sheet, simulations of cylindrical cup drawing at elevated temperatures were carried out with experimental validation. The influence of four importa...To gain a deep insight into the hot drawing process of aluminum alloy sheet, simulations of cylindrical cup drawing at elevated temperatures were carried out with experimental validation. The influence of four important process parameters, namely,punch velocity, blank holder force(BHF), friction coefficient and initial forming temperature of blank on drawing characteristics(i.e.minimum thickness and thickness deviation) was investigated with the help of design of experiments(DOE), analysis of variance(ANOVA) and analysis of mean(ANOM). Based on the results of ANOVA, it is shown that the blank holder force has the greatest influence on minimum thickness. The importance of punch velocity for thickness deviation is 44.35% followed by BHF of 24.88%,friction coefficient of 15.77% and initial forming temperature of blank of 14.995%. After determining the significance of each factor on forming characteristics, how the individual parameter affects characteristics was further analyzed by ANOM.展开更多
An attempt is made in the present study to obtain the relationships among process parameters and physical dimensions of AA6063 aluminium alloy coating on IS2062 mild steel obtained through friction surfacing and their...An attempt is made in the present study to obtain the relationships among process parameters and physical dimensions of AA6063 aluminium alloy coating on IS2062 mild steel obtained through friction surfacing and their impact on strength and ductility of the coating. Factorial experimental design technique was used to investigate and select the parameter combination to achieve a coating with adequate strength and ductility. Spindle speed, axial force and table traverse speed were observed to be the most significant factors on physical dimensions. It was observed that the thickness of the coating decreased as the coating width increased. In addition, the width and thickness of the coatings are higher at low and high torques. At intermediate torque values, when the force is high, the width of the coating is high, and its thickness is thin; and when the force is low, the width and thickness are low. The interaction effect between axial force(F)-table traverse speed(Vx) and spindle speed(N)-table traverse speed(Vx) produced an increasing effect on coating width and thickness, but other interactions exhibited decreasing influence. It has also been observed that sound coatings could be obtained in a narrow set of parameter range as the substrate-coating materials are metallurgically incompatible and have a propensity to form brittle intermetallics.展开更多
Laser powder-bed fusion(LPBF)of Zn-0.8Cu(wt.%)alloys exhibits significant advantages in the customization of biodegradable bone implants.However,the formability of LPBFed Zn alloy is not sufficient due to the spheroid...Laser powder-bed fusion(LPBF)of Zn-0.8Cu(wt.%)alloys exhibits significant advantages in the customization of biodegradable bone implants.However,the formability of LPBFed Zn alloy is not sufficient due to the spheroidization during the interaction of powder and laser beam,of which the mechanism is still not well understood.In this study,the evolution of morphology and grain structure of the LPBFed Zn-Cu alloy was investigated based on single-track deposition experiments.As the scanning speed increases,the grain structure of a single track of Zn-Cu alloy gradually refines,but the formability deteriorates,leading to the defect’s formation in the subsequent fabrication.The Zn-Cu alloys fabricated by optimum processing parameters exhibit a tensile strength of 157.13 MPa,yield strength of 106.48 MPa and elongation of 14.7%.This work provides a comprehensive understanding of the processing optimization of Zn-Cu alloy,achieving LPBFed Zn-Cu alloy with high density and excellent mechanical properties.展开更多
The heat treatable aluminum-copper alloy AA2014 finds wide application in the aerospace and defence industry due to its high strength-toweight ratio and good ductility. Friction stir welding(FSW) process, an emerging ...The heat treatable aluminum-copper alloy AA2014 finds wide application in the aerospace and defence industry due to its high strength-toweight ratio and good ductility. Friction stir welding(FSW) process, an emerging solid state joining process, is suitable for joining this alloy compared to fusion welding processes. This work presents the formulation of a mathematical model with process parameters and tool geometry to predict the responses of friction stir welds of AA 2014-T6 aluminum alloy, viz yield strength, tensile strength and ductility. The most influential process parameters considered are spindle speed, welding speed, tilt angle and tool pin profile. A four-factor, five-level central composite design was used and a response surface methodology(RSM) was employed to develop the regression models to predict the responses.The mechanical properties, such as yield strength(YS), ultimate tensile strength(UTS) and percentage elongation(%El), are considered as responses. Method of analysis of variance was used to determine the important process parameters that affect the responses. Validation trials were carried out to validate these results. These results indicate that the friction stir welds of AA 2014-T6 aluminum alloy welded with hexagonal tool pin profile have the highest tensile strength and elongation, whereas the joints fabricated with conical tool pin profile have the lowest tensile strength and elongation.展开更多
This paper investigates process parameter effects on microstructure and mechanical properties of the tubes processed via recently developed friction assisted tube straining(FATS)method.For this purpose,design of exper...This paper investigates process parameter effects on microstructure and mechanical properties of the tubes processed via recently developed friction assisted tube straining(FATS)method.For this purpose,design of experiment was used to arrange finite element analyses and experimental tests.Numerical and experimental tests were executed by changing rotary speed,feed rate and die angle.Taguchi design results show that increasing feed rate and decreasing rotary speed enhance Zener-Hollomon(Z)parameter and decrease average grain size,while die angle has no considerable effect.Increasing Z value reduces grain size and enhances flow stress of the processed samples,while the experiment with the highest Z value refines initial microstructure from 40 to 8μm and increases flow stress by 5 times.展开更多
To explore a new evaluation method for spontaneous combustion tendency of different areas in sulfide ore heap, ore samples from a pyrite mine in China were taken as experimental materials, and the temperature variatio...To explore a new evaluation method for spontaneous combustion tendency of different areas in sulfide ore heap, ore samples from a pyrite mine in China were taken as experimental materials, and the temperature variations of the measuring points of simulated ore heap were measured. Combined with wavelet transform and nonlinear parameters extraction, a new method for spontaneous combustion tendency of different areas in sulfide ore heap based on nonlinear parameters was proposed and its reliability was verified by field test. The results indicate that temperature field evolution of the simulated ore heap presents significant spatial difference during self-heating process. Area with the maximum increasing extent of temperature in sulfide ore heap changes notably with the proceeding of self-heating reaction. Self-heating of sulfide ore heap is a chaotic evolution process, which means that it is feasible to evaluate spontaneous combustion tendency of different areas by nonlinear analysis method. There is a relatively strong correlation between the maximum Lyapunov exponent and spontaneous combustion tendency with the correlation coefficient of 0.9792. Furthermore, the sort of the maximum Lyapunov exponent is consistent with that of spontaneous combustion tendency. Therefore, spontaneous combustion tendency of different areas in sulfide ore heap can be evaluated by means of the maximum Lyapunov exponent method.展开更多
A central composite design(CCD),with three variables and three levels,was used to optimize withering and fermentation processing during manufacture of Congou black tea of Sichuan.The three independent variables were w...A central composite design(CCD),with three variables and three levels,was used to optimize withering and fermentation processing during manufacture of Congou black tea of Sichuan.The three independent variables were withering time,fermentation time and fermentation temperature.Each factor was set by three levels.The responses were predicted by analysis of the regression equation.In the study,the models of regression equation were significant by the analysis of variance(ANOVA).The second-order response surface figures were showed that interaction term is correlated with the response.Optimal process parameters for the maximum of TF and TR formation were obtained at withering time of 12 hours,fermentation time of 2 hours,and fermentation temperature of 30℃.The predictions of TF and TR formation were 0.52% and 3.98%.The results obtained in this study showed that the CCD and Response Surface Methodology(RSM) could be an effective tool to optimize the process parameters of Congou black tea manufacture.展开更多
The design of experimental system of digital imaging system for control parameter is discussed in detail. Signal processing of digital CCD imaging system is first analyzed. Then the real time control of CCD driver and...The design of experimental system of digital imaging system for control parameter is discussed in detail. Signal processing of digital CCD imaging system is first analyzed. Then the real time control of CCD driver and digital processing circuit and man-machine interaction are achieved by the design of digital CCD imaging module and control module. Experimental results indicate that the image quality of CCD experimental system makes a good response to the change of control parameters. The system gives an important base for improving image quality and the applicability of micro imaging system in complex environment.展开更多
To overcome the deficiencies addressed in the conventional PID control and improve the dynamic performance and robustness of the system, a simple design and parameters tuning approach of internal model control-PID （I...To overcome the deficiencies addressed in the conventional PID control and improve the dynamic performance and robustness of the system, a simple design and parameters tuning approach of internal model control-PID （IMC-PID） controller was proposed for the first order plus time-delay （FOPTD） process and the second order plus time-delay （SOPTD） process. By approximating the time-delay term of the process model with the first-order Taylor series, the expressions for IMC-PID controller parameters were derived, and they had only one adjustable parameter 2 which was directly related to the dynamic performance and robustness of the system. Moreover, an analytical approach of selecting 2 was given based on the maximum sensitivity Ms. Then, the robust tuning of the system could be achieved according to the value of Ms. In addition, the proposed method could be extended to the integrator plus time-delay （IPTD） process and the first order delay integrating （FODI） process. Simulation studies were carried out on various processes with time-delay, and the results show that the proposed method could provide a better dynamic performance of both the set-point tracking and disturbance rejection and robustness against parameters perturbation.展开更多
In this research, effect of varying spatial orientations on the build time requirements for fused deposition modelling process is studied. Constructive solid geometry cylindrical primitive is taken as work piece and m...In this research, effect of varying spatial orientations on the build time requirements for fused deposition modelling process is studied. Constructive solid geometry cylindrical primitive is taken as work piece and modeling is accomplished for it. Response surface methodology is used to design the experiments and obtain statistical models for build time requirements corresponding to different orientations of the given primitive in modeller build volume. Contour width, air gap, slice height, raster width, raster angle and angle of orientation are treated as process parameters. Percentage contribution of individual process parameter is found to change for build time corresponding to different spatial orientations. Also, the average of build time requirement changes with spatial orientation. This paper attempts to clearly discuss and describe the observations with an aim to develop a clear understanding of effect of spatial variations on the build time for Fused Deposition Modelling process. This work is an integral part of process layout optimization and these results can effectively aid designers specially while tackling nesting issues.展开更多
To reduce the fuel consumption and emissions and also enhance the molten aluminum quality, a mathematical model with user-developed melting model and burning capacity model, were established according to the features ...To reduce the fuel consumption and emissions and also enhance the molten aluminum quality, a mathematical model with user-developed melting model and burning capacity model, were established according to the features of melting process of regenerative aluminum melting furnaces. Based on validating results by heat balance test for an aluminum melting furnace, CFD （computational fluid dynamics） technique, in association with statistical experimental design were used to optimize the melting process of the aluminum melting furnace. Four important factors influencing the melting time, such as horizontal angle between burners, height-to-radius ratio, natural gas mass flow and air preheated temperature, were identified by PLACKETT-BURMAN design. A steepest descent method was undertaken to determine the optimal regions of these factors. Response surface methodology with BOX-BEHNKEN design was adopted to further investigate the mutual interactions between these variables on RSD （relative standard deviation） of aluminum temperature, RSD of furnace temperature and melting time. Multiple-response optimization by desirability function approach was used to determine the optimum melting process parameters. The results indicate that the interaction between the height-to-radius ratio and horizontal angle between burners affects the response variables significantly. The predicted results show that the minimum RSD of aluminum temperature （12.13%）, RSD of furnace temperature （18.50%） and melting time （3.9 h） could be obtained under the optimum conditions of horizontal angle between burners as 64°, height-to-radius ratio as 0.3, natural gas mass flow as 599 m3/h, and air preheated temperature as 639 ℃. These predicted values were further verified by validation experiments. The excellent correlation between the predicted and experimental values confirms the validity and practicability of this statistical optimum strategy.展开更多
In order to obtain better quality cookies, food 3D printing technology was employed to prepare cookies. The texture, color, deformation, moisture content, and temperature of the cookie as evaluation indicators, the in...In order to obtain better quality cookies, food 3D printing technology was employed to prepare cookies. The texture, color, deformation, moisture content, and temperature of the cookie as evaluation indicators, the influences of baking process parameters, such as baking time, surface heating temperature and bottom heating temperature, on the quality of the cookie were studied to optimize the baking process parameters. The results showed that the baking process parameters had obvious effects on the texture, color, deformation, moisture content, and temperature of the cookie. All of the roasting surface heating temperature, bottom heating temperature and baking time had positive influences on the hardness, crunchiness, crispiness, and the total color difference(ΔE) of the cookie. When the heating temperatures of the surfac and bottom increased, the diameter and thickness deformation rate of the cookie increased. However,with the extension of baking time, the diameter and thickness deformation rate of the cookie first increased and then decreased. With the surface heating temperature of 180 ℃, the bottom heating temperature of 150 ℃, and baking time of 15 min, the cookie was crisp and moderate with moderate deformation and uniform color. There was no burnt phenomenon with the desired quality. Research results provided a theoretical basis for cookie manufactory based on food 3D printing technology.展开更多
基金Projects(U22B2084,52275483,52075142)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2023ZY01050)supported by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology High Quality Development,China。
文摘The gears of new energy vehicles are required to withstand higher rotational speeds and greater loads,which puts forward higher precision essentials for gear manufacturing.However,machining process parameters can cause changes in cutting force/heat,resulting in affecting gear machining precision.Therefore,this paper studies the effect of different process parameters on gear machining precision.A multi-objective optimization model is established for the relationship between process parameters and tooth surface deviations,tooth profile deviations,and tooth lead deviations through the cutting speed,feed rate,and cutting depth of the worm wheel gear grinding machine.The response surface method(RSM)is used for experimental design,and the corresponding experimental results and optimal process parameters are obtained.Subsequently,gray relational analysis-principal component analysis(GRA-PCA),particle swarm optimization(PSO),and genetic algorithm-particle swarm optimization(GA-PSO)methods are used to analyze the experimental results and obtain different optimal process parameters.The results show that optimal process parameters obtained by the GRA-PCA,PSO,and GA-PSO methods improve the gear machining precision.Moreover,the gear machining precision obtained by GA-PSO is superior to other methods.
文摘The angular resolution of radar is of crucial signifi-cance to its tracking performance.In this paper,a super-resolu-tion parameter estimation algorithm based on wide-narrowband joint processing is proposed to improve the angular resolution of wideband monopulse radar.The range cells containing resolv-able scattering points are detected in the wideband mode,and these range cells are adopted to estimate part of the target parameters by algorithms of low computational requirement.Then,the likelihood function of the echo is constructed in the narrow-band mode to estimate the rest of the parameters,and the parameters estimated in the wideband mode are employed to reduce computation and enhance estimation accuracy.Simu-lation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has higher estimation accuracy and lower computational complexity than the current algorithm and can avoid the risk of model mis-match.
基金Project(20122BAB206014)supported by National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(51365038)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province,ChinaProject(GJJ13068)supported by the Science and Technology Program of Educational Committee of Jiangxi Province,China
文摘The effects of process parameters in rapid heat cycle moulding （RHCM） on parts warpage were investigated. A vehicle-used blue-tooth front shell （consisting of ABS material） was considered as a part example manufactured by RHCM method. The corresponding rapid heat response mould with an innovational conformal heating/cooling channel system and a dynamic mould temperature control system based on the Jll-W-160 type precise temperature controller was proposed. During heating/cooling process, the mould was able to be heated from room temperature to 160 ~C in 6 s and then cooled to 80 ~C in 22 s. The effects of processing conditions in RHCM on part warpage were investigated based on the single factor experimental method and Taguchi theory. Results reveal that the elevated mould temperature reduces unwanted freezing during the injection stage, thus improving mouldability and enhancing part quality, whereas the overheated of mould temperature will lead to defective product. The feasible mould temperature scope in RHCM should be no higher than 140 ~C, and the efficient mould temperature scope should be around the polymer heat distortion temperature. Melt temperature as well as injection pressure effects on warpage can be divided into two stages The lower stage gives a no explicit effect on warpage whereas the higher stage leads to a quasi-linear downtrend. But others affect the warpage as a V-type fluctuation, reaching to the minimum around the heat distortion temperature. Under the same mould temperature condition, the effects of process parameters on warpage decrease according to the following order, packing time, packing pressure, melt temperature, injection pressure and cooling time, respectively.
基金financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NO.11902255,U1837601 and 52090051).
文摘High-performance thermoplastic composites have been developed as significant structural materials for cutting-edge equipment in the aerospace and defence fields.However,the internal mechanism of processing parameters on mechanical properties in the manufacturing process of thermoplastic composite structures is still a serious challenge.The purpose of this study is to investigate the process/crystallization/property relationships for continuous carbon fiber(CF)reinforced polyether-ether-ketone(PEEK)composites.The composite laminates are fabricated according to orthogonal experiments via the thermoforming method.The mechanical performance is investigated in terms of crystallization properties and fracture morphology characterizations.Experimental results show that the mechanical performance and crystallization properties of thermoplastic composites are significantly affected by the coupling of processing parameters.The increased molding temperature,pressure,and holding time improve the degree of fiber/matrix infiltration and affect the crystallinity and crystalline morphology of the matrix,which further influences the mechanical properties of the composites.This is reflected in the test results that crystallinity has an approximately linear effect on mode-I interlaminar fracture toughness and transverse flexural modulus.As well as the higher molding temperature can destroy the pre-existent crystals to improve the toughness of the matrix,and the well-defined crystalline structures can be observed when fabricated at higher temperatures and longer periods of holding time.
基金Supported by Prevent and Cure the Livestock and Poultry Industry Pollution Fund of Exchequer Department National Environmental Protection Department (2004)
文摘The research was aimed at studying the effect of adding certain proportion chicken manure to cattle manure on compost below 0℃ with aerobic compost method, which was suitable for northern cold climate. The results indicated that the mixed compost completed 3 days earlier than the single compost, the temperature of the mixed compost rose to 50.7℃ at the 1st day,and achieved its highest temperature 74.4℃ at the 3rd day. The temperature of the single compost rose to 40.0℃ at the 1st day,rose to 55.6℃ at the 3rd day,and achieved its highest temperature 70.1℃ at the 5th day. Adding chicken manure had no impact on the variety trend of the process parameters such as moisture content, pH and C/N ratio, hut increased the variety range of these parameters.
基金Project(2009ZX04014-074)supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of ChinaProject(20120006110017)supported by Doctoral Fund Program of Ministry of Education of ChinaProject(P2014-15)supported by State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology(Huazhong University of Science and Technology),China
文摘To gain a deep insight into the hot drawing process of aluminum alloy sheet, simulations of cylindrical cup drawing at elevated temperatures were carried out with experimental validation. The influence of four important process parameters, namely,punch velocity, blank holder force(BHF), friction coefficient and initial forming temperature of blank on drawing characteristics(i.e.minimum thickness and thickness deviation) was investigated with the help of design of experiments(DOE), analysis of variance(ANOVA) and analysis of mean(ANOM). Based on the results of ANOVA, it is shown that the blank holder force has the greatest influence on minimum thickness. The importance of punch velocity for thickness deviation is 44.35% followed by BHF of 24.88%,friction coefficient of 15.77% and initial forming temperature of blank of 14.995%. After determining the significance of each factor on forming characteristics, how the individual parameter affects characteristics was further analyzed by ANOM.
文摘An attempt is made in the present study to obtain the relationships among process parameters and physical dimensions of AA6063 aluminium alloy coating on IS2062 mild steel obtained through friction surfacing and their impact on strength and ductility of the coating. Factorial experimental design technique was used to investigate and select the parameter combination to achieve a coating with adequate strength and ductility. Spindle speed, axial force and table traverse speed were observed to be the most significant factors on physical dimensions. It was observed that the thickness of the coating decreased as the coating width increased. In addition, the width and thickness of the coatings are higher at low and high torques. At intermediate torque values, when the force is high, the width of the coating is high, and its thickness is thin; and when the force is low, the width and thickness are low. The interaction effect between axial force(F)-table traverse speed(Vx) and spindle speed(N)-table traverse speed(Vx) produced an increasing effect on coating width and thickness, but other interactions exhibited decreasing influence. It has also been observed that sound coatings could be obtained in a narrow set of parameter range as the substrate-coating materials are metallurgically incompatible and have a propensity to form brittle intermetallics.
基金Project(2022YFC2406000)supported by the National Key R&D Program,ChinaProject(2022GDASZH-2022010107)supported by the Guangdong Academy of Science,China+4 种基金Project(2019BT02C629)supported by the Guangdong Special Support Program,ChinaProject(2022GDASZH-2022010203-003)supported by the GDAS’project of Science and Technology Development,ChinaProjects(2023B1212120008,2023B1212060045)supported by the Guangdong Province Science and Technology Plan Projects,ChinaProject(2023TQ07Z559)supported by the Special Support Foundation of Guangdong Province,ChinaProject(52105293)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘Laser powder-bed fusion(LPBF)of Zn-0.8Cu(wt.%)alloys exhibits significant advantages in the customization of biodegradable bone implants.However,the formability of LPBFed Zn alloy is not sufficient due to the spheroidization during the interaction of powder and laser beam,of which the mechanism is still not well understood.In this study,the evolution of morphology and grain structure of the LPBFed Zn-Cu alloy was investigated based on single-track deposition experiments.As the scanning speed increases,the grain structure of a single track of Zn-Cu alloy gradually refines,but the formability deteriorates,leading to the defect’s formation in the subsequent fabrication.The Zn-Cu alloys fabricated by optimum processing parameters exhibit a tensile strength of 157.13 MPa,yield strength of 106.48 MPa and elongation of 14.7%.This work provides a comprehensive understanding of the processing optimization of Zn-Cu alloy,achieving LPBFed Zn-Cu alloy with high density and excellent mechanical properties.
基金Financial assistance from Defence Research and Development Organization(DRDO)
文摘The heat treatable aluminum-copper alloy AA2014 finds wide application in the aerospace and defence industry due to its high strength-toweight ratio and good ductility. Friction stir welding(FSW) process, an emerging solid state joining process, is suitable for joining this alloy compared to fusion welding processes. This work presents the formulation of a mathematical model with process parameters and tool geometry to predict the responses of friction stir welds of AA 2014-T6 aluminum alloy, viz yield strength, tensile strength and ductility. The most influential process parameters considered are spindle speed, welding speed, tilt angle and tool pin profile. A four-factor, five-level central composite design was used and a response surface methodology(RSM) was employed to develop the regression models to predict the responses.The mechanical properties, such as yield strength(YS), ultimate tensile strength(UTS) and percentage elongation(%El), are considered as responses. Method of analysis of variance was used to determine the important process parameters that affect the responses. Validation trials were carried out to validate these results. These results indicate that the friction stir welds of AA 2014-T6 aluminum alloy welded with hexagonal tool pin profile have the highest tensile strength and elongation, whereas the joints fabricated with conical tool pin profile have the lowest tensile strength and elongation.
文摘This paper investigates process parameter effects on microstructure and mechanical properties of the tubes processed via recently developed friction assisted tube straining(FATS)method.For this purpose,design of experiment was used to arrange finite element analyses and experimental tests.Numerical and experimental tests were executed by changing rotary speed,feed rate and die angle.Taguchi design results show that increasing feed rate and decreasing rotary speed enhance Zener-Hollomon(Z)parameter and decrease average grain size,while die angle has no considerable effect.Increasing Z value reduces grain size and enhances flow stress of the processed samples,while the experiment with the highest Z value refines initial microstructure from 40 to 8μm and increases flow stress by 5 times.
基金Projects(51304238,51534008)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2015CX005)supported by Innovation Driven Plan of Central South University,China
文摘To explore a new evaluation method for spontaneous combustion tendency of different areas in sulfide ore heap, ore samples from a pyrite mine in China were taken as experimental materials, and the temperature variations of the measuring points of simulated ore heap were measured. Combined with wavelet transform and nonlinear parameters extraction, a new method for spontaneous combustion tendency of different areas in sulfide ore heap based on nonlinear parameters was proposed and its reliability was verified by field test. The results indicate that temperature field evolution of the simulated ore heap presents significant spatial difference during self-heating process. Area with the maximum increasing extent of temperature in sulfide ore heap changes notably with the proceeding of self-heating reaction. Self-heating of sulfide ore heap is a chaotic evolution process, which means that it is feasible to evaluate spontaneous combustion tendency of different areas by nonlinear analysis method. There is a relatively strong correlation between the maximum Lyapunov exponent and spontaneous combustion tendency with the correlation coefficient of 0.9792. Furthermore, the sort of the maximum Lyapunov exponent is consistent with that of spontaneous combustion tendency. Therefore, spontaneous combustion tendency of different areas in sulfide ore heap can be evaluated by means of the maximum Lyapunov exponent method.
基金Supported by the Pillar Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China 2012BAF07B05
文摘A central composite design(CCD),with three variables and three levels,was used to optimize withering and fermentation processing during manufacture of Congou black tea of Sichuan.The three independent variables were withering time,fermentation time and fermentation temperature.Each factor was set by three levels.The responses were predicted by analysis of the regression equation.In the study,the models of regression equation were significant by the analysis of variance(ANOVA).The second-order response surface figures were showed that interaction term is correlated with the response.Optimal process parameters for the maximum of TF and TR formation were obtained at withering time of 12 hours,fermentation time of 2 hours,and fermentation temperature of 30℃.The predictions of TF and TR formation were 0.52% and 3.98%.The results obtained in this study showed that the CCD and Response Surface Methodology(RSM) could be an effective tool to optimize the process parameters of Congou black tea manufacture.
基金the National "863" Program Project of China(2002AA742061)
文摘The design of experimental system of digital imaging system for control parameter is discussed in detail. Signal processing of digital CCD imaging system is first analyzed. Then the real time control of CCD driver and digital processing circuit and man-machine interaction are achieved by the design of digital CCD imaging module and control module. Experimental results indicate that the image quality of CCD experimental system makes a good response to the change of control parameters. The system gives an important base for improving image quality and the applicability of micro imaging system in complex environment.
基金Project(2007011049) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province,China
文摘To overcome the deficiencies addressed in the conventional PID control and improve the dynamic performance and robustness of the system, a simple design and parameters tuning approach of internal model control-PID （IMC-PID） controller was proposed for the first order plus time-delay （FOPTD） process and the second order plus time-delay （SOPTD） process. By approximating the time-delay term of the process model with the first-order Taylor series, the expressions for IMC-PID controller parameters were derived, and they had only one adjustable parameter 2 which was directly related to the dynamic performance and robustness of the system. Moreover, an analytical approach of selecting 2 was given based on the maximum sensitivity Ms. Then, the robust tuning of the system could be achieved according to the value of Ms. In addition, the proposed method could be extended to the integrator plus time-delay （IPTD） process and the first order delay integrating （FODI） process. Simulation studies were carried out on various processes with time-delay, and the results show that the proposed method could provide a better dynamic performance of both the set-point tracking and disturbance rejection and robustness against parameters perturbation.
文摘In this research, effect of varying spatial orientations on the build time requirements for fused deposition modelling process is studied. Constructive solid geometry cylindrical primitive is taken as work piece and modeling is accomplished for it. Response surface methodology is used to design the experiments and obtain statistical models for build time requirements corresponding to different orientations of the given primitive in modeller build volume. Contour width, air gap, slice height, raster width, raster angle and angle of orientation are treated as process parameters. Percentage contribution of individual process parameter is found to change for build time corresponding to different spatial orientations. Also, the average of build time requirement changes with spatial orientation. This paper attempts to clearly discuss and describe the observations with an aim to develop a clear understanding of effect of spatial variations on the build time for Fused Deposition Modelling process. This work is an integral part of process layout optimization and these results can effectively aid designers specially while tackling nesting issues.
基金Project(2009BSXT022) supported by the Dissertation Innovation Foundation of Central South University, ChinaProject(07JJ4016) supported by Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, ChinaProject(U0937604) supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘To reduce the fuel consumption and emissions and also enhance the molten aluminum quality, a mathematical model with user-developed melting model and burning capacity model, were established according to the features of melting process of regenerative aluminum melting furnaces. Based on validating results by heat balance test for an aluminum melting furnace, CFD （computational fluid dynamics） technique, in association with statistical experimental design were used to optimize the melting process of the aluminum melting furnace. Four important factors influencing the melting time, such as horizontal angle between burners, height-to-radius ratio, natural gas mass flow and air preheated temperature, were identified by PLACKETT-BURMAN design. A steepest descent method was undertaken to determine the optimal regions of these factors. Response surface methodology with BOX-BEHNKEN design was adopted to further investigate the mutual interactions between these variables on RSD （relative standard deviation） of aluminum temperature, RSD of furnace temperature and melting time. Multiple-response optimization by desirability function approach was used to determine the optimum melting process parameters. The results indicate that the interaction between the height-to-radius ratio and horizontal angle between burners affects the response variables significantly. The predicted results show that the minimum RSD of aluminum temperature （12.13%）, RSD of furnace temperature （18.50%） and melting time （3.9 h） could be obtained under the optimum conditions of horizontal angle between burners as 64°, height-to-radius ratio as 0.3, natural gas mass flow as 599 m3/h, and air preheated temperature as 639 ℃. These predicted values were further verified by validation experiments. The excellent correlation between the predicted and experimental values confirms the validity and practicability of this statistical optimum strategy.
基金Supported by Heilongjiang Provincial Fruit Tree Modernization Agro-industrial Technology Collaborative Innovation and Promotion System Project(2019-13)。
文摘In order to obtain better quality cookies, food 3D printing technology was employed to prepare cookies. The texture, color, deformation, moisture content, and temperature of the cookie as evaluation indicators, the influences of baking process parameters, such as baking time, surface heating temperature and bottom heating temperature, on the quality of the cookie were studied to optimize the baking process parameters. The results showed that the baking process parameters had obvious effects on the texture, color, deformation, moisture content, and temperature of the cookie. All of the roasting surface heating temperature, bottom heating temperature and baking time had positive influences on the hardness, crunchiness, crispiness, and the total color difference(ΔE) of the cookie. When the heating temperatures of the surfac and bottom increased, the diameter and thickness deformation rate of the cookie increased. However,with the extension of baking time, the diameter and thickness deformation rate of the cookie first increased and then decreased. With the surface heating temperature of 180 ℃, the bottom heating temperature of 150 ℃, and baking time of 15 min, the cookie was crisp and moderate with moderate deformation and uniform color. There was no burnt phenomenon with the desired quality. Research results provided a theoretical basis for cookie manufactory based on food 3D printing technology.
