Physical methods show great potential and advantages on comprehensive reutilization of waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) because of lower investment and operation cost, higher efficiency and environment friendliness...Physical methods show great potential and advantages on comprehensive reutilization of waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) because of lower investment and operation cost, higher efficiency and environment friendliness. However, metals contained in fine fraction of PCBs cannot be recovered effectively by conventional equipments such as high tension electrostatic separator or shaking table. In the paper, this conundrum was resolved successfully with the enhanced Falcon SB concentrator. The separation mechanism of Falcon SB concentrator was analyzed and main factors affecting separation efficiency such as magnitude of rotation frequency of bowl, water counter pressure and slurry concentration of feed were studied and interaction of factors above also were investigated using Design-Expert software. Experiment results show that complete liberation degree and great difference of density between metals and nonmetals are suitable to recover metals from -74 μm PCBs using enhanced Falcon SB concentrator and 80.77 % integration efficiency can be achieved when slurry concentration of feed is 40 g/L with the water counter pressure of 0.01 MPa and rotation frequency of 50 Hz.展开更多
Electronic scrap, especially wasted printed circuit boards (PCBs), is regarded as an environmental challenge. At present, the physical separation is thought to be the environmental friendly and economical method of tr...Electronic scrap, especially wasted printed circuit boards (PCBs), is regarded as an environmental challenge. At present, the physical separation is thought to be the environmental friendly and economical method of treating and reutilizing electronic waste. An effective liberation of metals from non metallic components is a crucial step towards mechanical separation and recycling of wasted PCBs. In this paper, the selective shredding theory and mechanics characteristics of wasted PCBs were analyzed, and the shredded experiments of wasted PCBs by hammer mill were investigated. The result shows that the selective shredding exists in the wasted PCBs shredded process by hammer mill. The shredding velocity of non metallic components is far greater than that of metals in the wasted PCBs shredding, which makes the metals concentrate in the coarser fraction. And the impact force of hammer mill is superior to metal liberation from non metallic components, a satisfied metal liberation degree can be achieved in the wasted PCBs shredding by hammer mill.展开更多
Vacuum pyrolysis was employed to dispose scrap brominated epoxy printed circuit boards (PCBs).Pyrolysis characteristics of waste PCBs under normal pressure and vacuum were investigated in this paper.A detailed study o...Vacuum pyrolysis was employed to dispose scrap brominated epoxy printed circuit boards (PCBs).Pyrolysis characteristics of waste PCBs under normal pressure and vacuum were investigated in this paper.A detailed study on the analysis of the elemental composition of PCBs and the pyrolysis products was performed.The thermal decomposition kinetics was measured by a thermogravimetric (TG) analyzer.The activation energy of pyrolysis under nitrogen atmosphere and vacuum were 193 kJ/mol to 206 kJ/mol and 145 kJ/mol to 165 kJ/mol,respectively.The composition of materials was analyzed by elemental analyzer.The pyrolysis products were analyzed by GC (gas chromatograph),GC-MS (chromatography and mass spectrometry) and FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy).Vacuum helped to increase the yield of pyrolysis oil.The liquid yield of PCBs pyrolysis at 15 kPa and normal pressure were 31.3% and 23.5%,respectively.The main components in pyrolysis oils were phenol,isopropyl-phenol,and their brominated substitution.展开更多
Conventional exploding foil initiator (EFI) in ignition or detonation applications hosts many performance advantages, but was hindered by the bulky, inaccurate, inefficient and expensive shortcomings. We highlight a n...Conventional exploding foil initiator (EFI) in ignition or detonation applications hosts many performance advantages, but was hindered by the bulky, inaccurate, inefficient and expensive shortcomings. We highlight a novel micro-chip exploding foil initiator (McEFI) using printed circuit board (PCB) technology. The structural parameters were determined based on energy coupling relationship at the component interfaces. Next, the prototype McEFI has been batch-fabricated using PCB technology, with a monolithic structure of 7.0 mm (l) × 4.5 mm (w) × 4.0 mm (δ). As expected, this PCB-McEFI illustrated the successful firing validations for explosives pellets. This paper has addressed the cost problem in both military munitions and civil markets wherever reliable, insensitive and timing-dependent ignition or detonation are involved.展开更多
This paper proposes a corrected method of distorted image based on adaptive control. First, the adaptive control relationship of pixel point positions between distorted image and its corrected image is given by using ...This paper proposes a corrected method of distorted image based on adaptive control. First, the adaptive control relationship of pixel point positions between distorted image and its corrected image is given by using polynomial fitting, thus control point pairs between the distorted image and its corrected image are found. Secondly, the value of both image distortion centre and polynomial coefficient is obtained with least square method, thus the relationship of each control point pairs is deduced. In the course of distortion image processing, the gray value of the corrected image is changed into integer with bilinear interpolation. Finally, the experiments are performed to correct two distorted printed circuit board images. The results are perfect and the mean square errors of residual error are tiny.展开更多
A mechanical separation process was developed for recovering metals from printed circuit board(PCB) scrap;it included three steps:impact crushing,sieving and fluidization separation.The mechanism of the technique was ...A mechanical separation process was developed for recovering metals from printed circuit board(PCB) scrap;it included three steps:impact crushing,sieving and fluidization separation.The mechanism of the technique was based on the difference in the crushabilities of metallic and nonmetallic materials in the PCBs that led to the concentrated distribution of metals in particles of larger sizes and nonmetals mostly in particles of smaller sizes.It was found that crushed PCB particles from 0.125 mm to 1.000 mm contained about 80% of metals in the PCBs.Metals acquired satisfactory liberation in particles smaller than 0.800 mm.The crushed PCB particles were sieved into fractions of different size ranges.Each fraction separately went through a gas-solid fluidized bed operating at a selected optimal gas velocity for the specific size range.Approximately 95% of metals in printed circuit board particles from 0.125 mm to 0.800 mm was recovered by the gas-fluidized bed separator at the selected optimal gas velocity.However,separation of metals from particles smaller than 0.125 mm was not satisfactory.Further study is needed on metal recovery from fine particles.展开更多
Research on recycling waste Printed Circuit Boards(PCB) is at the forefront of preventing environmental pollution and finding ways to recycle resources.The Tapered Column Separation Bed(TCSB) is invented aiming at dis...Research on recycling waste Printed Circuit Boards(PCB) is at the forefront of preventing environmental pollution and finding ways to recycle resources.The Tapered Column Separation Bed(TCSB) is invented aiming at disposing the problem that fine particles of waste printed circuit boards cannot be separated efficiently so as to obtain further insight about the underlying mechanisms and demonstrate the separation feasibility in the tapered column separation bed.In this work,a Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) coupled with Discrete Element Method(DEM) model for two-phase flow has been extended to simulate the fluid-solid flow in the tapered column separation bed.Its validity is demonstrated by its successful capturing the key features of particles' flow pattern,velocity,the pressure distribution,the axial position with time and axial force for particles with different densities.Simulation results show that the plastic particles and resin particles become overflow,while copper particles,iron particles and aluminum particles successively become underflow,with a discharge water flow rate of 1 m^3/h,an obliquity of 30°.The simulated results agree reasonably well with the experimental observation.Using this equipment to separate waste PCBs is feasible,theoretically.展开更多
Triggered spark-gap switch is a popular discharge switch for pulse power systems.Previous studies have focused on planarizing this switch using thin film techniques in order to meet the requirements of compact size in...Triggered spark-gap switch is a popular discharge switch for pulse power systems.Previous studies have focused on planarizing this switch using thin film techniques in order to meet the requirements of compact size in the systems.Such switches are one-shot due to electrodes being too thin to sufficiently resist spark-erosion.Additionally,these switches did not employ any structures in securing internal gas composition,resulting in inconsistent performance under harsh atmospheres.In this work,a novel planar triggered spark-gap switch(PTS)with a hermetically sealed cavity was batched-prepared with printed circuit board(PCB)technology,to achieve reusability with low cost.The proposed PTS was inspected by micro-computed tomography to ensure PCB techniques meet the requirements of machining precision.The results from electrical experiments demonstrated that PCB PTS were consistent and reusable with lifespan over 20 times.The calculated switch voltage and circuit current were consistent with those derived from real-world measurements.Finally,PCB PTS was used to introduce hexanitrostilbene(HNS)pellets in a pulse power system to verify its performance.展开更多
基金Project 200360290015 supported by the Doctoral Program of Higher Education, China Ministry of Education
文摘Physical methods show great potential and advantages on comprehensive reutilization of waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) because of lower investment and operation cost, higher efficiency and environment friendliness. However, metals contained in fine fraction of PCBs cannot be recovered effectively by conventional equipments such as high tension electrostatic separator or shaking table. In the paper, this conundrum was resolved successfully with the enhanced Falcon SB concentrator. The separation mechanism of Falcon SB concentrator was analyzed and main factors affecting separation efficiency such as magnitude of rotation frequency of bowl, water counter pressure and slurry concentration of feed were studied and interaction of factors above also were investigated using Design-Expert software. Experiment results show that complete liberation degree and great difference of density between metals and nonmetals are suitable to recover metals from -74 μm PCBs using enhanced Falcon SB concentrator and 80.77 % integration efficiency can be achieved when slurry concentration of feed is 40 g/L with the water counter pressure of 0.01 MPa and rotation frequency of 50 Hz.
文摘Electronic scrap, especially wasted printed circuit boards (PCBs), is regarded as an environmental challenge. At present, the physical separation is thought to be the environmental friendly and economical method of treating and reutilizing electronic waste. An effective liberation of metals from non metallic components is a crucial step towards mechanical separation and recycling of wasted PCBs. In this paper, the selective shredding theory and mechanics characteristics of wasted PCBs were analyzed, and the shredded experiments of wasted PCBs by hammer mill were investigated. The result shows that the selective shredding exists in the wasted PCBs shredded process by hammer mill. The shredding velocity of non metallic components is far greater than that of metals in the wasted PCBs shredding, which makes the metals concentrate in the coarser fraction. And the impact force of hammer mill is superior to metal liberation from non metallic components, a satisfied metal liberation degree can be achieved in the wasted PCBs shredding by hammer mill.
基金Funded by the National High Technology Research and Development Key Program of China (No. 2006AA06Z375)
文摘Vacuum pyrolysis was employed to dispose scrap brominated epoxy printed circuit boards (PCBs).Pyrolysis characteristics of waste PCBs under normal pressure and vacuum were investigated in this paper.A detailed study on the analysis of the elemental composition of PCBs and the pyrolysis products was performed.The thermal decomposition kinetics was measured by a thermogravimetric (TG) analyzer.The activation energy of pyrolysis under nitrogen atmosphere and vacuum were 193 kJ/mol to 206 kJ/mol and 145 kJ/mol to 165 kJ/mol,respectively.The composition of materials was analyzed by elemental analyzer.The pyrolysis products were analyzed by GC (gas chromatograph),GC-MS (chromatography and mass spectrometry) and FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy).Vacuum helped to increase the yield of pyrolysis oil.The liquid yield of PCBs pyrolysis at 15 kPa and normal pressure were 31.3% and 23.5%,respectively.The main components in pyrolysis oils were phenol,isopropyl-phenol,and their brominated substitution.
基金We gratefully acknowledge the support from National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22075145).
文摘Conventional exploding foil initiator (EFI) in ignition or detonation applications hosts many performance advantages, but was hindered by the bulky, inaccurate, inefficient and expensive shortcomings. We highlight a novel micro-chip exploding foil initiator (McEFI) using printed circuit board (PCB) technology. The structural parameters were determined based on energy coupling relationship at the component interfaces. Next, the prototype McEFI has been batch-fabricated using PCB technology, with a monolithic structure of 7.0 mm (l) × 4.5 mm (w) × 4.0 mm (δ). As expected, this PCB-McEFI illustrated the successful firing validations for explosives pellets. This paper has addressed the cost problem in both military munitions and civil markets wherever reliable, insensitive and timing-dependent ignition or detonation are involved.
基金Project supported by the Research Foundation of the State Key Laboratory,China(Grant No.9140C1406020708)the Program Research Foundation of Hunan Province Science-Technology Department,China(Grant No.2009FJ3187)the 11th Five Year Plan for Key Construction Academic Subject(Optics)of Hunan Province,China(Grant No.06GXCD02)
文摘This paper proposes a corrected method of distorted image based on adaptive control. First, the adaptive control relationship of pixel point positions between distorted image and its corrected image is given by using polynomial fitting, thus control point pairs between the distorted image and its corrected image are found. Secondly, the value of both image distortion centre and polynomial coefficient is obtained with least square method, thus the relationship of each control point pairs is deduced. In the course of distortion image processing, the gray value of the corrected image is changed into integer with bilinear interpolation. Finally, the experiments are performed to correct two distorted printed circuit board images. The results are perfect and the mean square errors of residual error are tiny.
基金the Shanghai EXPO Special Project from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China under the Grant No. 2004BA908B02
文摘A mechanical separation process was developed for recovering metals from printed circuit board(PCB) scrap;it included three steps:impact crushing,sieving and fluidization separation.The mechanism of the technique was based on the difference in the crushabilities of metallic and nonmetallic materials in the PCBs that led to the concentrated distribution of metals in particles of larger sizes and nonmetals mostly in particles of smaller sizes.It was found that crushed PCB particles from 0.125 mm to 1.000 mm contained about 80% of metals in the PCBs.Metals acquired satisfactory liberation in particles smaller than 0.800 mm.The crushed PCB particles were sieved into fractions of different size ranges.Each fraction separately went through a gas-solid fluidized bed operating at a selected optimal gas velocity for the specific size range.Approximately 95% of metals in printed circuit board particles from 0.125 mm to 0.800 mm was recovered by the gas-fluidized bed separator at the selected optimal gas velocity.However,separation of metals from particles smaller than 0.125 mm was not satisfactory.Further study is needed on metal recovery from fine particles.
基金the National Key Basic Research Program of China(No.2012CB214904)the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Innovative Research Group(No.51221462)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51304196,51134022,and 51174203)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China(No. BK2012136)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(No.20120095130001)
文摘Research on recycling waste Printed Circuit Boards(PCB) is at the forefront of preventing environmental pollution and finding ways to recycle resources.The Tapered Column Separation Bed(TCSB) is invented aiming at disposing the problem that fine particles of waste printed circuit boards cannot be separated efficiently so as to obtain further insight about the underlying mechanisms and demonstrate the separation feasibility in the tapered column separation bed.In this work,a Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) coupled with Discrete Element Method(DEM) model for two-phase flow has been extended to simulate the fluid-solid flow in the tapered column separation bed.Its validity is demonstrated by its successful capturing the key features of particles' flow pattern,velocity,the pressure distribution,the axial position with time and axial force for particles with different densities.Simulation results show that the plastic particles and resin particles become overflow,while copper particles,iron particles and aluminum particles successively become underflow,with a discharge water flow rate of 1 m^3/h,an obliquity of 30°.The simulated results agree reasonably well with the experimental observation.Using this equipment to separate waste PCBs is feasible,theoretically.
基金We gratefully acknowledge support from the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China(Grant No.BK20151486).
文摘Triggered spark-gap switch is a popular discharge switch for pulse power systems.Previous studies have focused on planarizing this switch using thin film techniques in order to meet the requirements of compact size in the systems.Such switches are one-shot due to electrodes being too thin to sufficiently resist spark-erosion.Additionally,these switches did not employ any structures in securing internal gas composition,resulting in inconsistent performance under harsh atmospheres.In this work,a novel planar triggered spark-gap switch(PTS)with a hermetically sealed cavity was batched-prepared with printed circuit board(PCB)technology,to achieve reusability with low cost.The proposed PTS was inspected by micro-computed tomography to ensure PCB techniques meet the requirements of machining precision.The results from electrical experiments demonstrated that PCB PTS were consistent and reusable with lifespan over 20 times.The calculated switch voltage and circuit current were consistent with those derived from real-world measurements.Finally,PCB PTS was used to introduce hexanitrostilbene(HNS)pellets in a pulse power system to verify its performance.
