Optical bistability(OB)is capable of rapidly and reversibly transforming a parameter of an optical signal from one state to another,and homologous nonlinear optical bistable devices are core components of high-speed a...Optical bistability(OB)is capable of rapidly and reversibly transforming a parameter of an optical signal from one state to another,and homologous nonlinear optical bistable devices are core components of high-speed all-optical communication and all-optical networks.In this paper,we theoretically investigated the controllable OB from a Fabry-Pérot(FP)cavity with a nonlinear three-dimensional Dirac semimetal(3D DSM)in the terahertz band.The OB stems from the third-order nonlinear bulk conductivity of the 3D DSM and the resonance mode has a positive effect on the generation of OB.This FP cavity structure is able to tune the OB because the transmittance and the reflectance can be modulated by the Fermi energy of the 3D DSM.We believe that this FP cavity configuration could provide a reference concept for realizing tunable bistable devices.展开更多
We theoretically investigate the Doppler effect on optical bistability in an N-type active Raman gain atomic system inside an optical ring cavity. It is shown that the Doppler effect can greatly enhance the dispersion...We theoretically investigate the Doppler effect on optical bistability in an N-type active Raman gain atomic system inside an optical ring cavity. It is shown that the Doppler effect can greatly enhance the dispersion and thus create the bistable behaviour or greatly increase the bistable region, which has been known as the positive Doppler effect on optical bistability. In addition, we find that a positive Doppler effect can change optical bistability from the hybrid dispersion-gain type to a dispersive type.展开更多
Under a nonresonant condition, we theoretically investigate hybrid absorptive-dispersive optical bistability and multistability behaviours in a three-level △-type system by using a microwave field to drive a hyperfin...Under a nonresonant condition, we theoretically investigate hybrid absorptive-dispersive optical bistability and multistability behaviours in a three-level △-type system by using a microwave field to drive a hyperfine transition between two upper excited states inside a unidirectional ring cavity. We find that the optical bistability and multistability behaviours can be controlled by adjusting the intensity of the microwave field or the intensity of the coherent coupling field. Furthermore, our studies show an interesting phenomenon of the transition from the optical bistability to the optical multistability only by changing the negative detuning of the coupling field into the positive detuning of the coupling field.展开更多
We study the optical bistability for a Bose-Einstein condensate of atoms in a driven optical cavity with a Kerr medium. We find that both the threshold point of optical bistability transition and the width of optical ...We study the optical bistability for a Bose-Einstein condensate of atoms in a driven optical cavity with a Kerr medium. We find that both the threshold point of optical bistability transition and the width of optical bistability hysteresis can be controlled by appropriately adjusting the Kerr interaction between the photons. In particular, we show that the optical bistability will disappear when the Kerr interaction exceeds a critical value.展开更多
The effects of optical field on the phenomenon of optical bistability(OB) are investigated in a K-type semiconductor double quantum well(SDQW) under various parametric conditions. It is shown that the OB threshold can...The effects of optical field on the phenomenon of optical bistability(OB) are investigated in a K-type semiconductor double quantum well(SDQW) under various parametric conditions. It is shown that the OB threshold can be manipulated by increasing the intensity of coupling field. The dependence of the shift of OB hysteresis curve on probe wavelength detuning is then explored. In order to demonstrate controllability of the OB in this SDQW, we compare the OB features of three different configurations which could arise in this SDQW scheme, i.e., K-type, Y-type, and inverted Y-type systems. The controllability of this semiconductor nanostructure medium makes the presented OB scheme more valuable for applications in all-optical switches, information storage, and logic circuits of all optical information processing.展开更多
Role of Fano interference and incoherent pumping field on optical bistability in a four-level designed InGaN/GaN quantum dot nanostructure embedded in a unidirectional ring cavity are analyzed. It is found that intens...Role of Fano interference and incoherent pumping field on optical bistability in a four-level designed InGaN/GaN quantum dot nanostructure embedded in a unidirectional ring cavity are analyzed. It is found that intensity threshold of optical bistability can be manipulated by Fano interference. It is shown that incoherent pumping fields make the threshold of optical bistability behave differently by Fano interference. Moreover, in the presence of Fano interference the medium becomes phase-dependent. Therefore, the relative phase of applied fields can affect the behaviors of optical bistability and intensity threshold can be controlled easily.展开更多
Bistability behaviors in an optical ring cavity filled with a dense V-type four-level atomic medium are theoretically investigated. It is found that the optical bistability can appear in the negative refraction freque...Bistability behaviors in an optical ring cavity filled with a dense V-type four-level atomic medium are theoretically investigated. It is found that the optical bistability can appear in the negative refraction frequency band, while both the bistability and multi-stability can occur in the positive refraction frequency bands. Therefore, optical bistability can be realized from conventional material to negative index material due to quantum coherence in our scheme.展开更多
In this paper we investigate the optical properties of an open four-level tripod atomic system driven by an elliptically polarized probe field and compare its properties with the corresponding closed system. Our resul...In this paper we investigate the optical properties of an open four-level tripod atomic system driven by an elliptically polarized probe field and compare its properties with the corresponding closed system. Our results reveal that absorption,dispersion, group velocity, and optical bistability of the probe field can be manipulated by adjusting the phase difference between the two circularly polarized components of a single coherent field and cavity parameters, i.e., the atomic exit rate from cavity and atomic injection rates.展开更多
We discuss the influences of two different types of mechanisms of quantum coherence on optical bistability in a semiconductor quantum well structure.In the first mechanism,only quantum coherence induced by the resonan...We discuss the influences of two different types of mechanisms of quantum coherence on optical bistability in a semiconductor quantum well structure.In the first mechanism,only quantum coherence induced by the resonant coupling of a strong control laser is considered.In the second mechanism,the decay coherence is taken into account under the condition where the control field is weak.In two different cases,optical bistability can be obtained through choosing appropriate physical parameters.Our studies show quantum coherence makes the optical nonlinear effect of the system become stronger,which takes an important role in the process of generating optical bistability.A semiconductor quantum well with flexibility and easy integration in design could potentially be exploited in real solid-state devices.展开更多
We propose a simple all-optical diode which is comprised of an asymmetric ring cavity containing a two-level atomic ensemble. Attributed to spatial symmetry breaking of the ring cavity, direction-dependent optical bis...We propose a simple all-optical diode which is comprised of an asymmetric ring cavity containing a two-level atomic ensemble. Attributed to spatial symmetry breaking of the ring cavity, direction-dependent optical bistability is obtained in a classical bistable system. Therefore, a giant optical non-reciprocity is generated, which guarantees an all-optical diode with a high contrast up to 22 d B. Furthermore, its application as an all-optical logic AND gate is also discussed.展开更多
Electrons in graphene nanoribbons can lead to exceptionally strong optical responses in the infrared and terahertz regions owing to their unusual dispersion relation.Therefore,on the basis of quantum optics and solid-...Electrons in graphene nanoribbons can lead to exceptionally strong optical responses in the infrared and terahertz regions owing to their unusual dispersion relation.Therefore,on the basis of quantum optics and solid-material scientific principles,we show that optical bistability and multistability can be generated in graphene nanostructure under strong magnetic field.We also show that by adjusting the intensity and detuning of infrared laser field,the threshold intensity and hysteresis loop can be manipulated efficiently.The effects of the electronic cooperation parameter which are directly proportional to the electronic number density and the length of the graphene sample are discussed.Our proposed model may be useful for the nextgeneration all-optical systems and information processing based on nano scale devices.展开更多
We proposed a new model for controlling the optical bistability（OB） and optical multistability（OM） in a defect slab doped with four-level GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum wells with 15 periods of 17.5 nm GaAs wells an...We proposed a new model for controlling the optical bistability（OB） and optical multistability（OM） in a defect slab doped with four-level GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum wells with 15 periods of 17.5 nm GaAs wells and 15-nm Al_（0.3）Ga_（0.7）As barriers. The effects of biexciton energy renormalization, exciton spin relaxation, and thickness of the slab on the OB and OM properties of the defect slab were theoretically investigated. We found that the transition from OB to OM or vice versa is possible by adjusting the controllable parameters in a lab. Moreover, the transmission, reflection, and absorption properties of the weak probe light through the slab were also discussed in detail.展开更多
We study the optical bistability （OB） in a three-mode cavity optomechanical system, where an oscillating membrane of perfect reflection is inserted between two fixed mirrors of partial transmission. By investigating...We study the optical bistability （OB） in a three-mode cavity optomechanical system, where an oscillating membrane of perfect reflection is inserted between two fixed mirrors of partial transmission. By investigating the behavior of steady state solutions, we find that the left and right cavities will exhibit the bistable behavior simultaneously in this optomechanical system by adjusting the left and right coupling fields. In addition, one can control the OB threshold and the width of the OB curve via adjusting the coupling strength, the detuning, and the decay rate. Moreover, we further illustrate the OB appearing in the cavity by the effective potential as a function of the position.展开更多
This paper studies the effects of vacuum-induced coherence （VIC） in a four-level atomic system. The effects of VIC lead to the coherent hole burnings exhibited in the system at some certain points of the Rabi freque...This paper studies the effects of vacuum-induced coherence （VIC） in a four-level atomic system. The effects of VIC lead to the coherent hole burnings exhibited in the system at some certain points of the Rabi frequency. This is also the reason for the enhancement of the coherent population trapping. In addition, optical bistability occurs in the evolution curves of absorption versus the phase of Rabi frequencies.展开更多
We experimentally demonstrate an In P-based hybrid integration of a single-mode DFB laser emitting at around 1310 nm and a tunneling diode. The evident negative differential resistance regions are obtained in both ele...We experimentally demonstrate an In P-based hybrid integration of a single-mode DFB laser emitting at around 1310 nm and a tunneling diode. The evident negative differential resistance regions are obtained in both electrical and optical output characteristics. The electrical and optical bistabilities controlled by the voltage through the tunneling diode are also measured. When the voltage changes between 1.46 V and 1.66 V, a 200-mV-wide hysteresis loop and an optical power ON/OFF ratio of 17 dB are obtained. A side-mode suppression ratio of the integrated device in the ON state is up to 43 dB. The tunneling diode can switch on/off the laser within a very small voltage range compared with that directly controlled by a voltage source.展开更多
Taking the intensity-dependent coupling between atoms and cavity mode into account, we investigate a system consisting of N homogeneously broadened two-level atoms interacting with the field inside a single-mode Fabry...Taking the intensity-dependent coupling between atoms and cavity mode into account, we investigate a system consisting of N homogeneously broadened two-level atoms interacting with the field inside a single-mode Fabry- Perot cavity containing a nonlinear Kerr-like medium. We derive the steady-state bistable behaviour of the system, and further analyse in details the influence of several critical parameters on the bistable behaviour.展开更多
Owing to the enormously enhanced oscillating wave,a minute variation of the incident light intensity will give rise to a change in the dielectric constant of the Kerr nonlinear medium and lead to a bistable reflection...Owing to the enormously enhanced oscillating wave,a minute variation of the incident light intensity will give rise to a change in the dielectric constant of the Kerr nonlinear medium and lead to a bistable reflection with an ultra-low threshold intensity,which is closely related to the angle of incidence and the thickness of the Kerr nonlinear medium.The criterion for the existence of optical bistability is derived.Our bistability scheme is simple and not limited to the TM-polarization.展开更多
In this paper, we observe experimentally the optical bistability induced by the side-mode injection power and wave- length detuning in a single mode Fabry-P6rot laser diode （SMFP-LD）. Results show that the bistabili...In this paper, we observe experimentally the optical bistability induced by the side-mode injection power and wave- length detuning in a single mode Fabry-P6rot laser diode （SMFP-LD）. Results show that the bistability characteristics of the dominant and injected modes are strongly dependent on the injected input optical power and wavelength detuning in an SMFP-LD. We observe three types of hysteresis loops： counterclockwise, clockwise, and butterfly hysteresis with various loop widths. In the case of a bistability loop caused by injection power, the transition from counterclockwise to clockwise in the hysteresis direction with the wavelength detuning from 0.028 nm to 0.112 nm is observed in a way of butterfly hys- teresis for the dominant mode by increasing the wavelength detuning. The width of hysteresis loop, induced by wavelength detuning is also changed while the injection power is enhanced from -7 dBm to -5 dBm.展开更多
基金Project supported by the Wenzhou Major Science and Technology Innovation Project:Research and Industrialization of Key Technologies for Intelligent Dynamic Ultrahigh Pressure Microfluidizer(Grant No.ZG2023012)Wenzhou Major Science and Technology Innovation PR Project(Grant No.ZG2022011)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62305254)the Scientific Research Fund of the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(Grant No.2022JJ30394)the Changsha Natural Science Foundation(Grant Nos.kq2202236 and kq2202246)the Science and Technology Project of Jiangxi Provincial Education Department(Grant No.GJJ190911).
文摘Optical bistability(OB)is capable of rapidly and reversibly transforming a parameter of an optical signal from one state to another,and homologous nonlinear optical bistable devices are core components of high-speed all-optical communication and all-optical networks.In this paper,we theoretically investigated the controllable OB from a Fabry-Pérot(FP)cavity with a nonlinear three-dimensional Dirac semimetal(3D DSM)in the terahertz band.The OB stems from the third-order nonlinear bulk conductivity of the 3D DSM and the resonance mode has a positive effect on the generation of OB.This FP cavity structure is able to tune the OB because the transmittance and the reflectance can be modulated by the Fermi energy of the 3D DSM.We believe that this FP cavity configuration could provide a reference concept for realizing tunable bistable devices.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 60978013)the Shanghai Rising Star Project,China (Grant No. 11QA1407400)
文摘We theoretically investigate the Doppler effect on optical bistability in an N-type active Raman gain atomic system inside an optical ring cavity. It is shown that the Doppler effect can greatly enhance the dispersion and thus create the bistable behaviour or greatly increase the bistable region, which has been known as the positive Doppler effect on optical bistability. In addition, we find that a positive Doppler effect can change optical bistability from the hybrid dispersion-gain type to a dispersive type.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi,China (Grant Nos 2007GZW0819 and 2008GQW0017)the Scientific Research Foundation of Jiangxi Provincial Department of Education,China (Grant Nos [2007]191 and GJJ09504)+1 种基金the Science Foundation of East China Jiaotong University of China (Grant No 06ZKJC01)the Foundation of Talent of Jinggang of Jiangxi Province of China
文摘Under a nonresonant condition, we theoretically investigate hybrid absorptive-dispersive optical bistability and multistability behaviours in a three-level △-type system by using a microwave field to drive a hyperfine transition between two upper excited states inside a unidirectional ring cavity. We find that the optical bistability and multistability behaviours can be controlled by adjusting the intensity of the microwave field or the intensity of the coherent coupling field. Furthermore, our studies show an interesting phenomenon of the transition from the optical bistability to the optical multistability only by changing the negative detuning of the coupling field into the positive detuning of the coupling field.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11065005 and 11105079)the Governor’s Foundation for Science and Education Elites of Guizhou Province, China
文摘We study the optical bistability for a Bose-Einstein condensate of atoms in a driven optical cavity with a Kerr medium. We find that both the threshold point of optical bistability transition and the width of optical bistability hysteresis can be controlled by appropriately adjusting the Kerr interaction between the photons. In particular, we show that the optical bistability will disappear when the Kerr interaction exceeds a critical value.
基金supported by the Lithuanian Research Council(Grant No.VP1-3.1-M-01-V-03-001)
文摘The effects of optical field on the phenomenon of optical bistability(OB) are investigated in a K-type semiconductor double quantum well(SDQW) under various parametric conditions. It is shown that the OB threshold can be manipulated by increasing the intensity of coupling field. The dependence of the shift of OB hysteresis curve on probe wavelength detuning is then explored. In order to demonstrate controllability of the OB in this SDQW, we compare the OB features of three different configurations which could arise in this SDQW scheme, i.e., K-type, Y-type, and inverted Y-type systems. The controllability of this semiconductor nanostructure medium makes the presented OB scheme more valuable for applications in all-optical switches, information storage, and logic circuits of all optical information processing.
文摘Role of Fano interference and incoherent pumping field on optical bistability in a four-level designed InGaN/GaN quantum dot nanostructure embedded in a unidirectional ring cavity are analyzed. It is found that intensity threshold of optical bistability can be manipulated by Fano interference. It is shown that incoherent pumping fields make the threshold of optical bistability behave differently by Fano interference. Moreover, in the presence of Fano interference the medium becomes phase-dependent. Therefore, the relative phase of applied fields can affect the behaviors of optical bistability and intensity threshold can be controlled easily.
基金Project supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University (Grant Nos.GK201002024 and GK201003003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.11104176 and 11104185)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province,China (Grant No.2011JQ1008)the Special Fund of Shanghai Outstanding Young Teachers,China (Grant Nos.slg10054 and slg10023)the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission,China (Grant No.11YZ118)
文摘Bistability behaviors in an optical ring cavity filled with a dense V-type four-level atomic medium are theoretically investigated. It is found that the optical bistability can appear in the negative refraction frequency band, while both the bistability and multi-stability can occur in the positive refraction frequency bands. Therefore, optical bistability can be realized from conventional material to negative index material due to quantum coherence in our scheme.
文摘In this paper we investigate the optical properties of an open four-level tripod atomic system driven by an elliptically polarized probe field and compare its properties with the corresponding closed system. Our results reveal that absorption,dispersion, group velocity, and optical bistability of the probe field can be manipulated by adjusting the phase difference between the two circularly polarized components of a single coherent field and cavity parameters, i.e., the atomic exit rate from cavity and atomic injection rates.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11165008 and 11065007)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province,China (Grant Nos. 20114BAB202001 and 2010GQW0011)the Science Foundation of East China Jiaotong University,China (Grant No. 10JC03)
文摘We discuss the influences of two different types of mechanisms of quantum coherence on optical bistability in a semiconductor quantum well structure.In the first mechanism,only quantum coherence induced by the resonant coupling of a strong control laser is considered.In the second mechanism,the decay coherence is taken into account under the condition where the control field is weak.In two different cases,optical bistability can be obtained through choosing appropriate physical parameters.Our studies show quantum coherence makes the optical nonlinear effect of the system become stronger,which takes an important role in the process of generating optical bistability.A semiconductor quantum well with flexibility and easy integration in design could potentially be exploited in real solid-state devices.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11274242,11474221,and 11574229)the Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the China Academy of Engineering Physics(Grant No.U1330203)the National Key Basic Research Special Foundation of China(Grant Nos.2011CB922203 and 2013CB632701)
文摘We propose a simple all-optical diode which is comprised of an asymmetric ring cavity containing a two-level atomic ensemble. Attributed to spatial symmetry breaking of the ring cavity, direction-dependent optical bistability is obtained in a classical bistable system. Therefore, a giant optical non-reciprocity is generated, which guarantees an all-optical diode with a high contrast up to 22 d B. Furthermore, its application as an all-optical logic AND gate is also discussed.
文摘Electrons in graphene nanoribbons can lead to exceptionally strong optical responses in the infrared and terahertz regions owing to their unusual dispersion relation.Therefore,on the basis of quantum optics and solid-material scientific principles,we show that optical bistability and multistability can be generated in graphene nanostructure under strong magnetic field.We also show that by adjusting the intensity and detuning of infrared laser field,the threshold intensity and hysteresis loop can be manipulated efficiently.The effects of the electronic cooperation parameter which are directly proportional to the electronic number density and the length of the graphene sample are discussed.Our proposed model may be useful for the nextgeneration all-optical systems and information processing based on nano scale devices.
文摘We proposed a new model for controlling the optical bistability（OB） and optical multistability（OM） in a defect slab doped with four-level GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum wells with 15 periods of 17.5 nm GaAs wells and 15-nm Al_（0.3）Ga_（0.7）As barriers. The effects of biexciton energy renormalization, exciton spin relaxation, and thickness of the slab on the OB and OM properties of the defect slab were theoretically investigated. We found that the transition from OB to OM or vice versa is possible by adjusting the controllable parameters in a lab. Moreover, the transmission, reflection, and absorption properties of the weak probe light through the slab were also discussed in detail.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11504258 and 11347181)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province,China(Grant No.2014021011-1)the Qualified Personnel Foundation of Taiyuan University of Technology,China(Grant No.tyutrc201245a)
文摘We study the optical bistability （OB） in a three-mode cavity optomechanical system, where an oscillating membrane of perfect reflection is inserted between two fixed mirrors of partial transmission. By investigating the behavior of steady state solutions, we find that the left and right cavities will exhibit the bistable behavior simultaneously in this optomechanical system by adjusting the left and right coupling fields. In addition, one can control the OB threshold and the width of the OB curve via adjusting the coupling strength, the detuning, and the decay rate. Moreover, we further illustrate the OB appearing in the cavity by the effective potential as a function of the position.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10464002 and 60768001)the Youth Foundation of Guangdong University of Technology (Grant No. 072020)
文摘This paper studies the effects of vacuum-induced coherence （VIC） in a four-level atomic system. The effects of VIC lead to the coherent hole burnings exhibited in the system at some certain points of the Rabi frequency. This is also the reason for the enhancement of the coherent population trapping. In addition, optical bistability occurs in the evolution curves of absorption versus the phase of Rabi frequencies.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant No 2017YFB0405301the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 61604144 and 61504137
文摘We experimentally demonstrate an In P-based hybrid integration of a single-mode DFB laser emitting at around 1310 nm and a tunneling diode. The evident negative differential resistance regions are obtained in both electrical and optical output characteristics. The electrical and optical bistabilities controlled by the voltage through the tunneling diode are also measured. When the voltage changes between 1.46 V and 1.66 V, a 200-mV-wide hysteresis loop and an optical power ON/OFF ratio of 17 dB are obtained. A side-mode suppression ratio of the integrated device in the ON state is up to 43 dB. The tunneling diode can switch on/off the laser within a very small voltage range compared with that directly controlled by a voltage source.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 10575040 and 90503010.
文摘Taking the intensity-dependent coupling between atoms and cavity mode into account, we investigate a system consisting of N homogeneously broadened two-level atoms interacting with the field inside a single-mode Fabry- Perot cavity containing a nonlinear Kerr-like medium. We derive the steady-state bistable behaviour of the system, and further analyse in details the influence of several critical parameters on the bistable behaviour.
基金Projected supported by the Open Fund by State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks(Grant No.2017GZKF18)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12064017,61765008,11764020,11864017,11804133,and 51567011)+3 种基金the Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.20181BAB206034)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(Grant No.2017B14914),the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(Grant No.2016M601586)the Science and Technology Project of Changzhou(Grant No.CJ20180048)Scientific Research Fund of Jiangxi Provincial Education Department(Grant Nos.GJJ150313,GJJ160273,and GJJ170184).
文摘Owing to the enormously enhanced oscillating wave,a minute variation of the incident light intensity will give rise to a change in the dielectric constant of the Kerr nonlinear medium and lead to a bistable reflection with an ultra-low threshold intensity,which is closely related to the angle of incidence and the thickness of the Kerr nonlinear medium.The criterion for the existence of optical bistability is derived.Our bistability scheme is simple and not limited to the TM-polarization.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61205111)the Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves,China(Grant No.K201219)the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing Normal University,China(Grant No.2011XLZ06)
文摘In this paper, we observe experimentally the optical bistability induced by the side-mode injection power and wave- length detuning in a single mode Fabry-P6rot laser diode （SMFP-LD）. Results show that the bistability characteristics of the dominant and injected modes are strongly dependent on the injected input optical power and wavelength detuning in an SMFP-LD. We observe three types of hysteresis loops： counterclockwise, clockwise, and butterfly hysteresis with various loop widths. In the case of a bistability loop caused by injection power, the transition from counterclockwise to clockwise in the hysteresis direction with the wavelength detuning from 0.028 nm to 0.112 nm is observed in a way of butterfly hys- teresis for the dominant mode by increasing the wavelength detuning. The width of hysteresis loop, induced by wavelength detuning is also changed while the injection power is enhanced from -7 dBm to -5 dBm.
