Understanding the steady mechanism of biomass smoldering plays a great role in the utilization of smoldering technology.In this study numerical analysis of steady smoldering of biomass rods was performed.A two-dimensi...Understanding the steady mechanism of biomass smoldering plays a great role in the utilization of smoldering technology.In this study numerical analysis of steady smoldering of biomass rods was performed.A two-dimensional(2D)steady model taking into account both char oxidation and pyrolysis was developed on the basis of a calculated propagation velocity according to empirical correlation.The model was validated against the smoldering experiment of biomass rods under natural conditions,and the maximum error was smaller than 31%.Parameter sensitivity analysis found that propagation velocity decreases significantly while oxidation area and pyrolysis zone increase significantly with the increasing diameter of rod fuel.展开更多
The utilization of prefabricated light modular radiant heating system has demonstrated significant increases in heat transfer efficiency and energy conservation capabilities.Within prefabricated building construction,...The utilization of prefabricated light modular radiant heating system has demonstrated significant increases in heat transfer efficiency and energy conservation capabilities.Within prefabricated building construction,this new heating method presents an opportunity for the development of comprehensive facilities.The parameters for evaluating the effectiveness of such a system are the upper surface layer’s heat flux and temperature.In this paper,thermal resistance analysis calculation based on a simplified model for this unique radiant heating system analysis is presented with the heat transfer mechanism’s evaluation.The results obtained from thermal resistance analysis calculation and numerical simulation indicate that the thermal resistance analysis method is highly accurate with temperature discrepancies ranging from 0.44℃ to−0.44℃ and a heat flux discrepancy of less than 7.54%,which can meet the requirements of practical engineering applications,suggesting a foundation for the prefabricated radiant heating system.展开更多
In order to optimize the embedded system implementation for Ethernet-based computer numerical control （CNC） system, it is very necessary to establish the performance analysis model and further adopt the codesign met...In order to optimize the embedded system implementation for Ethernet-based computer numerical control （CNC） system, it is very necessary to establish the performance analysis model and further adopt the codesign method from the control, communication and computing perspectives. On the basis of analyzing real-time Ethemet, system architecture, time characteristic parameters of control-loop ere, a performance analysis model for real-time Ethemet-based CNC system was proposed, which is able to include the timing effects caused by the implementation platform in the simulation. The key for establishing the model is accomplished by designing the error analysis module and the controller nodes. Under the restraint of CPU resource and communication bandwidth, the experiment with a case study was conducted, and the results show that if the deadline miss ratio of data packets is 0.2%, then the percentage error is 1.105%. The proposed model can be used at several stages of CNC system development.展开更多
The intersection is a widely used traffic line structure from the shallow tunnel to the deep roadway,and determining the subsidence hidden danger area of the roof is the key to its stability control.However,applying t...The intersection is a widely used traffic line structure from the shallow tunnel to the deep roadway,and determining the subsidence hidden danger area of the roof is the key to its stability control.However,applying traditional maximum equivalent span beam(MESB)theory to determine deformation range,peak point,and angle influence poses a challenge.Considering the overall structure of the intersection roof,the maximum equivalent triangular plate(METP)theory is proposed,and its geometric parameter calculation formula and deflection calculation formula are obtained.The application of the two theories in 18 models with different intersection angles,roadway types,and surrounding rock lithology is verified by numerical analysis.The results show that:1)The METP structure of the intersection roof established by the simulation results of each model successfully determined the location of the roof’s high displacement zone;2)The area comparison method of the METP theory can be reasonably explained:①The roof subsidence of the intersection decreases with the increase of the intersection angle;②The roof subsidence at the intersection of different roadway types has a rectangular type>arch type>circular type;③The roof subsidence of the intersection with weak surrounding rock is significantly larger than that of the intersection with hard surrounding rock.According to the application results of the two theories,the four advantages of the METP theory are compared and clarified in the basic assumptions,mechanical models,main viewpoints,and mechanism analysis.The large deformation inducement of the intersection roof is then explored.The J 2 peak area of the roof drives the large deformation of the area,the peak point of which is consistent with the center of gravity position of the METP.Furthermore,the change in the range of this peak is consistent with the change law of the METP’s area.Hence,this theory clarifies the large deformation area of the intersection roof,which provides a clear guiding basis for its initial support design,mid-term monitoring,and late local reinforcement.展开更多
The Jianpudong No. 4 tunnel is a shallow tunnel, which belongs to Shaoshan County scenic highway in Hunan province, China and whose surrounding rock is weak. According to its characteristics, the field monitoring test...The Jianpudong No. 4 tunnel is a shallow tunnel, which belongs to Shaoshan County scenic highway in Hunan province, China and whose surrounding rock is weak. According to its characteristics, the field monitoring tests and numerical analysis were done. The mechanical characteristics of shallow tunnels under weak surrounding rock and the stress-strain rule of surrounding rock and support were analyzed. The numerical analysis results show that the settlement caused by upper bench excavating accounts for 44% of the total settlement, and the settlement caused by tunnel upper bench supporting accounts for 56% of the total settlement. The maximum axial force of shotcrete lining is 177.2 k N, which locates in hance under the secondary lining. The maximum moment of shotcrete lining is 5.08 k N·m, which locates in the arch foot. The stress curve of steel arch has three obvious stages during the tunnel construction. The maximum axial force of steel arch is 297.4 k N, which locates in tunnel vault. The axial forces of steel arch are respectively 23.5 k N and-21.8 k N, which is influenced by eccentric compression of shallow tunnel and locates in hance. The results show that there is larger earth pressure in tunnel vault which is most unfavorable position of steel arch. Therefore, the advance support should be strengthened in tunnel vault during construction process.展开更多
The numerical simulation model for predicting fast filling process of 70 MPa type Ⅲ(with metal liner) hydrogen vehicle cylinder was presented,which has considered turbulence,real gas effect and solid heat transfer is...The numerical simulation model for predicting fast filling process of 70 MPa type Ⅲ(with metal liner) hydrogen vehicle cylinder was presented,which has considered turbulence,real gas effect and solid heat transfer issues.Through the numerical analysis method,the temperature distributions of the gas within the solid walls were revealed; adiabatic filling was studied to evaluate the heat dissipation during the filling; the influences of various filling conditions on temperature rise were analyzed in detail.Finally,cold filling was proposed to evaluate the effect on temperature rise and SoC(state of charge) within the cylinder.The hydrogen pre-cooling was proved to be an effective solution to reduce maximum temperature and acquire higher SoC during the filling process.展开更多
Depending on the numerical test approach on a computer, the relationships among relevant parameters, eg branch number, node number, mesh number, computation accuracy, preliminary value of airflow rate, iteration numbe...Depending on the numerical test approach on a computer, the relationships among relevant parameters, eg branch number, node number, mesh number, computation accuracy, preliminary value of airflow rate, iteration number, computation time and convergence in a mine ventilation network analysis, were investigated based on 5 mine ventilation systems. The results show that a higher computation accuracy greatly influences the iteration number. When the accuracy reaches 10-6m3·s-1 for solving a complicated mine ventilation network, the running time is too long though a high-speed computer is used. The preliminary value of airflow rate in the range of 1100m3·s-1 has little effects the iteration number. The structure of network also has some effect on the iteration number.展开更多
A numerical case study on the seismic behavior of embankment was carried out based on a prototype of earth embankment in Yun-Gui Railway （from Kunming City to Nanning City） in southwest of China. A full-scale model ...A numerical case study on the seismic behavior of embankment was carried out based on a prototype of earth embankment in Yun-Gui Railway （from Kunming City to Nanning City） in southwest of China. A full-scale model of earth embankment was established by means of numerical simulation with FLAC3D code. The numerical results were verified by shaking table test. The seismic behaviors of earth embankment were studied, including the horizontal acceleration response, the vertical acceleration response, the dynamic displacement response, and the block state of earth embankment. Results show that the acceleration magnification near the embankment slope is larger than that in internal earth embankment body. With the increase of input peak acceleration, the horizontal acceleration magnification presents a decreasing trend. The horizontal acceleration response at the top of embankment is more sensitive to the intensity of ground motion than that at the bottom of cmbankment. The embankment presents an obvious nonlinear-plastic characteristic when the input horizontal peak acceleration is larger than 0.3 g. The maximum residual deformation occurs in the middle of embankment slope surface instead of at the top of embankment. The upper part of embankment experiences tension failure without shear failure, and area at mainly presents shear failure under the earthquake loading. surface of earth embankment. the bottom of embankment around the symmetry-axis of embankment The tension failure and shear failure repeatedly occur along the slope展开更多
The flip chip package is a kind of advanced electri ca l packages. Due to the requirement of miniaturization, lower weight, higher dens ity and higher performance in the advanced electric package, it is expected that ...The flip chip package is a kind of advanced electri ca l packages. Due to the requirement of miniaturization, lower weight, higher dens ity and higher performance in the advanced electric package, it is expected that flip chip package will soon be a mainstream technology. The silicon chip is dir ectly connected to printing circuit substrate by SnPb solder joints. Also, the u nderfill, a composite of polymer and silica particles, is filled in the gap betw een the chip and substrate around the solder joints to improve the reliabili ty of solder joints. When flip chip package specimen is tested with thermal cycl ing, the cyclic stress/strain response that exists at the underfill interfaces and solder joints may result in interfacial crack initiation and propagation. Therefore, the chip cracking and the interfacial delamination between underfill and chip corner have been investigated in many studies. Also, most researches h ave focused on the effect of fatigue and creep properties of solder joint induce d by the plastic strain alternation and accumulation. The nuderfill must have lo w viscosity in the liquid state and good adhesion to the interface after solidif ying. Also, the mechanical behavior of such epoxy material has much dependen ce on temperature in its glass transition temperature range that is usually cove red by the temperature range of thermal cycling test. Therefore, the materia l behavior of underfill exists a significant non-linearity and the assumption o f linear elastic can lack for accuracy in numerical analysis. Through numerical analysis, this study had some comparisons about the effect of linear and non -linear properties of underfill on strain behaviors around the interface of fli p chip assembly. Especially, the deformation tendency inside solder bumps could be predicted. Also, it is worthily mentioned that we have pointed out which comp onent of plastic strain, thus, either normal or shear, has dominant influence to the fatigue and creep of solder bump, which have not brought up before. About the numerical analysis to the thermal plastic strain occurs in flip chip i nterconnection during thermal cycling test, a commercial finite element software , namely, ANSYS, was employed to simulate the thermal cycling test obeyed by MIL-STD-883C. The temperatures of thermal cycling ranged from -55 ℃ to 125 ℃ with ramp rate of 36 ℃/min and a dwell time of 25 min at peak temperature. T he schematic drawing of diagonal cross-section of flip chip package composed of FR-4 substrate, silicon chip, underfill and solder bump was shown as Fig.1. Th e numerical model was two-dimensional (2-D) with plane strain assumption and o nly one half of the cross-section was modeled due to geometry symmetry. The dim ensions and boundary conditions of numerical model were shown in Fig.2. The symm etric boundary conditions were applied along the left edge of the model, and the left bottom corner was additional constrained in vertical direction to prevent body motion. The finite element meshes of overall and local numerical model was shown as Fig.3. In this study, two cases of material model were used to describe the material behavior of the underfill: the case1 was linear elastic model that assumed Young’s Modulus (E) and thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) were consta nt during thermal cycling; the case2 was MKIN model (in ANSYS) that had nonlinea r temperature-dependent stress-strain relationship and temperature-dependent CTE. The material model applied to the solder bump was ANAND model (in ANSYS) th at described time-dependent plasticity phenomenon of viscoplastic material. Bot h the FR-4 substrate and silicon chip were assumed as temperature-independent elastic material; moreover, FR-4 substrate is orthotropic while silicon chip is isotropic. From the comparison between numerical results of linear and nonlinear material a ssumption of underfill, (i.e. case1 and case2), the quantities of plastic strain around the interconnection from case1 are higher than that in case2. Thus, the linear展开更多
Two modifications for the basic Barcelona model(BBM) are present. One is the replacement of the net stress by the average skeleton stress in unsaturated soil modeling, and the other is the adoption of an expression fo...Two modifications for the basic Barcelona model(BBM) are present. One is the replacement of the net stress by the average skeleton stress in unsaturated soil modeling, and the other is the adoption of an expression for the load-collapse(LC) yield surface that can match flexibly the normal compression lines at different suctions. The predictions of the modified BBM for the controlled-suction triaxial test on the unsaturated compacted clay are presented and compared with the experimental results. A good agreement between the predicted and experimental results demonstrates the reasonability of the modified BBM. On this basis, the coupled processes of groundwater flow and soil deformation in a homogeneous soil slope under a long heavy rainfall are simulated with the proposed elasto-plastic model. The numerical results reveal that the failure of a slope under rainfall infiltration is due to both the reduction of soil suction and the significant rise in groundwater table. The evolution of the displacements is greatly related to the change of suction. The maximum collapse deformation happens near the surface of slope where infiltrated rainwater can quickly reach. The results may provide a helpful reference for hazard assessment and control of rainfall-induced landslides.展开更多
Cavitation is a destructive phenomenon in control valves.In order to delay cavitation,a multi-series of perforated cylindrical plates,called trims,are used.Previously,the effects of orifice diameter and different type...Cavitation is a destructive phenomenon in control valves.In order to delay cavitation,a multi-series of perforated cylindrical plates,called trims,are used.Previously,the effects of orifice diameter and different types of trims have been investigated.In this study,by numerical analysis,a globe control valve was investigated by employing four different cases(without trim,with one trim,with two and three trims)and the impact of the number of these trims on the intensity,formation region and the initiation point of cavitation was analyzed.It was found that the addition of one stage or two stages of trims reduces the intensity and delays the onset of cavitation,relative to the valve without trim.However,no significant differences in terms of intensity and initiation point of cavitation were observed in the cases where two or three trims were used.Therefore,due to the high cost of producing the trims,and the severe drop in flow coefficient,it is not economically and technically justified to increase the number of trims to more than three.展开更多
The buffeting performance of kilometer-level high-speed railway suspension bridges has a great impact on the smooth operation of high-speed trains.To investigate the buffeting performance of the structure significantl...The buffeting performance of kilometer-level high-speed railway suspension bridges has a great impact on the smooth operation of high-speed trains.To investigate the buffeting performance of the structure significantly different from traditional suspension bridges,the first long-span high-speed railway suspension bridge,Wufengshan Yangtze River Bridge(WYRB),is taken as a numerical example to demonstrate the effects of structural parameters and wind field parameters on the buffeting responses.Based on the design information,the spatial finite element model(FEM)of WYRB is established before testing its accuracy.The fluctuating wind fields are simulated via both classical and stochastic wave based spectral representation method(SRM).Finite element method is further taken to analyze the parametric sensitivity on wind induced buffeting responses in time domain.The results show that the vertical displacement is more sensitive to the changing dead load than the lateral and torsional ones.The larger stiffness of the main girder and the lower sag-to-span ratio are both helpful to reduce the buffeting responses.Wind spectrum and coherence function are key influencing factors to the responses so setting proper wind field parameters are essential in the wind-resistant design stage.The analytical results can provide references for wind resistance analysis and selection of structural and fluctuating wind field parameters for similar long-span high-speed railway suspension bridges.展开更多
The long-term stability of large-span soft rock tunnel is influenced greatly by the creep effect of surrounding rock.The development of a new type of foam concrete which has the property of high compressibility and lo...The long-term stability of large-span soft rock tunnel is influenced greatly by the creep effect of surrounding rock.The development of a new type of foam concrete which has the property of high compressibility and low ductility was introduced.And it was made as filling material of reserved deformation layer between the first lining and the second lining used in large-span soft rock tunnel.The effect of the new type of foam concrete was simulated as filling material of reserved deformation layer using numerical simulation.Through the comparison with the common large-span soft rock tunnel,the vault settlement and surrounding convergence are reduced by about 61% and 45%,respectively,after creep of 100 a.And in the second lining,the plastic zone reduces apparently and the maximum equivalent plastic strain decreases relatively.So,it can be found that the application of the new type of foam concrete as the filling material of reserved deformation layer can relieve the excessive force in second lining induced by rock creep,reduce its deformation and improve the stability of tunnel.展开更多
For contact dominated numerical control(NC) bending process of tube, the effect of friction on bending deformation behaviors should be focused on to achieve precision bending forming. A three dimensional(3D) elastic-p...For contact dominated numerical control(NC) bending process of tube, the effect of friction on bending deformation behaviors should be focused on to achieve precision bending forming. A three dimensional(3D) elastic-plastic finite element(FE) model of NC bending process was established under ABAQUS/Explicit platform, and its reliability was validated by the experiment. Then, numerical study on bending deformation behaviors under different frictions between tube and various dies was explored from multiple aspects such as wrinkling, wall thickness change and cross section deformation. The results show that the large friction of wiper die-tube reduces the wrinkling wave ratio η and cross section deformation degree ΔD and increases the wall thinning degree Δt. The large friction of mandrel-tube causes large η, Δt and ΔD, and the onset of wrinkling near clamp die. The large friction of pressure die-tube reduces Δt and ΔD, and the friction on this interface has little effect on η. The large friction of bending die-tube reduces η and ΔD, and the friction on this interface has little effect on Δt. The reasonable friction coefficients on wiper die-tube, mandrel-tube, pressure die-tube and bending die-tube of 21-6-9(0Cr21Ni6Mn9N) stainless steel tube in NC bending are 0.05-0.15, 0.05-0.15, 0.25-0.35 and 0.25-0.35, respectively. The results can provide a guideline for applying the friction conditions to establish the robust bending environment for stable and precise bending deformation of tube bending.展开更多
The dynamic response of a multi-cabin protective structure subjected to impact load directly affects the protective performance of materials;thus,studying the dynamic response and communication law of wave effect of t...The dynamic response of a multi-cabin protective structure subjected to impact load directly affects the protective performance of materials;thus,studying the dynamic response and communication law of wave effect of the load plays an important role in the prediction of protective performance.In this study,the protection experiments of box-structure under air-and/or water-medium are conducted,the dynamic response of the structure subjected to low-impact load is analyzed,and the corresponding numerical simulations are analyzed using the theory of finite element method(FEM).Combined with experimental and FEM simulations,the shock strain distribution,acceleration attenuation,and signal energy in defensive materials are determined.Based on the results,the metal structure exhibits good absorption characteristics for shock vibration.Using the experimental data,we also show that the attenuation of shock wave in water medium should be significantly better than that in air medium,and the protective structure should be designed for a combination of water and air mediums.Meanwhile,the numerical simulation can provide a quantitative analysis process for dynamic analysis of defensive materials.展开更多
文摘Understanding the steady mechanism of biomass smoldering plays a great role in the utilization of smoldering technology.In this study numerical analysis of steady smoldering of biomass rods was performed.A two-dimensional(2D)steady model taking into account both char oxidation and pyrolysis was developed on the basis of a calculated propagation velocity according to empirical correlation.The model was validated against the smoldering experiment of biomass rods under natural conditions,and the maximum error was smaller than 31%.Parameter sensitivity analysis found that propagation velocity decreases significantly while oxidation area and pyrolysis zone increase significantly with the increasing diameter of rod fuel.
基金Project(NB-2020-JG-07)supported by the Research and Engineering Application of Key Technologies for New Building Industrialization Project of China Northwest Architectural Design and Research Institute Co.,Ltd.Project(2023-CXTD-29)supported by the Key Scientific and Technological Innovation Team of Shaanxi Province,ChinaProject supported by the K.C.Wong Education Foundation。
文摘The utilization of prefabricated light modular radiant heating system has demonstrated significant increases in heat transfer efficiency and energy conservation capabilities.Within prefabricated building construction,this new heating method presents an opportunity for the development of comprehensive facilities.The parameters for evaluating the effectiveness of such a system are the upper surface layer’s heat flux and temperature.In this paper,thermal resistance analysis calculation based on a simplified model for this unique radiant heating system analysis is presented with the heat transfer mechanism’s evaluation.The results obtained from thermal resistance analysis calculation and numerical simulation indicate that the thermal resistance analysis method is highly accurate with temperature discrepancies ranging from 0.44℃ to−0.44℃ and a heat flux discrepancy of less than 7.54%,which can meet the requirements of practical engineering applications,suggesting a foundation for the prefabricated radiant heating system.
基金Projects(50875090,50905063) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2009AA04Z111) supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China+2 种基金Project(20090460769) supported by China Postdoctoral Science FoundationProject(2011ZM0070) supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in ChinaProject(S2011010001155) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China
文摘In order to optimize the embedded system implementation for Ethernet-based computer numerical control （CNC） system, it is very necessary to establish the performance analysis model and further adopt the codesign method from the control, communication and computing perspectives. On the basis of analyzing real-time Ethemet, system architecture, time characteristic parameters of control-loop ere, a performance analysis model for real-time Ethemet-based CNC system was proposed, which is able to include the timing effects caused by the implementation platform in the simulation. The key for establishing the model is accomplished by designing the error analysis module and the controller nodes. Under the restraint of CPU resource and communication bandwidth, the experiment with a case study was conducted, and the results show that if the deadline miss ratio of data packets is 0.2%, then the percentage error is 1.105%. The proposed model can be used at several stages of CNC system development.
基金Project(52204164)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2021QNRC001)supported by the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST,China。
文摘The intersection is a widely used traffic line structure from the shallow tunnel to the deep roadway,and determining the subsidence hidden danger area of the roof is the key to its stability control.However,applying traditional maximum equivalent span beam(MESB)theory to determine deformation range,peak point,and angle influence poses a challenge.Considering the overall structure of the intersection roof,the maximum equivalent triangular plate(METP)theory is proposed,and its geometric parameter calculation formula and deflection calculation formula are obtained.The application of the two theories in 18 models with different intersection angles,roadway types,and surrounding rock lithology is verified by numerical analysis.The results show that:1)The METP structure of the intersection roof established by the simulation results of each model successfully determined the location of the roof’s high displacement zone;2)The area comparison method of the METP theory can be reasonably explained:①The roof subsidence of the intersection decreases with the increase of the intersection angle;②The roof subsidence at the intersection of different roadway types has a rectangular type>arch type>circular type;③The roof subsidence of the intersection with weak surrounding rock is significantly larger than that of the intersection with hard surrounding rock.According to the application results of the two theories,the four advantages of the METP theory are compared and clarified in the basic assumptions,mechanical models,main viewpoints,and mechanism analysis.The large deformation inducement of the intersection roof is then explored.The J 2 peak area of the roof drives the large deformation of the area,the peak point of which is consistent with the center of gravity position of the METP.Furthermore,the change in the range of this peak is consistent with the change law of the METP’s area.Hence,this theory clarifies the large deformation area of the intersection roof,which provides a clear guiding basis for its initial support design,mid-term monitoring,and late local reinforcement.
基金Projects(51408060,51208063)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The Jianpudong No. 4 tunnel is a shallow tunnel, which belongs to Shaoshan County scenic highway in Hunan province, China and whose surrounding rock is weak. According to its characteristics, the field monitoring tests and numerical analysis were done. The mechanical characteristics of shallow tunnels under weak surrounding rock and the stress-strain rule of surrounding rock and support were analyzed. The numerical analysis results show that the settlement caused by upper bench excavating accounts for 44% of the total settlement, and the settlement caused by tunnel upper bench supporting accounts for 56% of the total settlement. The maximum axial force of shotcrete lining is 177.2 k N, which locates in hance under the secondary lining. The maximum moment of shotcrete lining is 5.08 k N·m, which locates in the arch foot. The stress curve of steel arch has three obvious stages during the tunnel construction. The maximum axial force of steel arch is 297.4 k N, which locates in tunnel vault. The axial forces of steel arch are respectively 23.5 k N and-21.8 k N, which is influenced by eccentric compression of shallow tunnel and locates in hance. The results show that there is larger earth pressure in tunnel vault which is most unfavorable position of steel arch. Therefore, the advance support should be strengthened in tunnel vault during construction process.
基金support of Institute of Beijing Aeronautic and Astronautic Testing Technology in the experiments of hydrogen fast filling process under 70 MPa
文摘The numerical simulation model for predicting fast filling process of 70 MPa type Ⅲ(with metal liner) hydrogen vehicle cylinder was presented,which has considered turbulence,real gas effect and solid heat transfer issues.Through the numerical analysis method,the temperature distributions of the gas within the solid walls were revealed; adiabatic filling was studied to evaluate the heat dissipation during the filling; the influences of various filling conditions on temperature rise were analyzed in detail.Finally,cold filling was proposed to evaluate the effect on temperature rise and SoC(state of charge) within the cylinder.The hydrogen pre-cooling was proved to be an effective solution to reduce maximum temperature and acquire higher SoC during the filling process.
基金Project (50474050) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Depending on the numerical test approach on a computer, the relationships among relevant parameters, eg branch number, node number, mesh number, computation accuracy, preliminary value of airflow rate, iteration number, computation time and convergence in a mine ventilation network analysis, were investigated based on 5 mine ventilation systems. The results show that a higher computation accuracy greatly influences the iteration number. When the accuracy reaches 10-6m3·s-1 for solving a complicated mine ventilation network, the running time is too long though a high-speed computer is used. The preliminary value of airflow rate in the range of 1100m3·s-1 has little effects the iteration number. The structure of network also has some effect on the iteration number.
基金Project(51308551)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2012M511760)supported by the China Postdoctoral Science FoundationProject(13JJ4017)supported by the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘A numerical case study on the seismic behavior of embankment was carried out based on a prototype of earth embankment in Yun-Gui Railway （from Kunming City to Nanning City） in southwest of China. A full-scale model of earth embankment was established by means of numerical simulation with FLAC3D code. The numerical results were verified by shaking table test. The seismic behaviors of earth embankment were studied, including the horizontal acceleration response, the vertical acceleration response, the dynamic displacement response, and the block state of earth embankment. Results show that the acceleration magnification near the embankment slope is larger than that in internal earth embankment body. With the increase of input peak acceleration, the horizontal acceleration magnification presents a decreasing trend. The horizontal acceleration response at the top of embankment is more sensitive to the intensity of ground motion than that at the bottom of cmbankment. The embankment presents an obvious nonlinear-plastic characteristic when the input horizontal peak acceleration is larger than 0.3 g. The maximum residual deformation occurs in the middle of embankment slope surface instead of at the top of embankment. The upper part of embankment experiences tension failure without shear failure, and area at mainly presents shear failure under the earthquake loading. surface of earth embankment. the bottom of embankment around the symmetry-axis of embankment The tension failure and shear failure repeatedly occur along the slope
文摘The flip chip package is a kind of advanced electri ca l packages. Due to the requirement of miniaturization, lower weight, higher dens ity and higher performance in the advanced electric package, it is expected that flip chip package will soon be a mainstream technology. The silicon chip is dir ectly connected to printing circuit substrate by SnPb solder joints. Also, the u nderfill, a composite of polymer and silica particles, is filled in the gap betw een the chip and substrate around the solder joints to improve the reliabili ty of solder joints. When flip chip package specimen is tested with thermal cycl ing, the cyclic stress/strain response that exists at the underfill interfaces and solder joints may result in interfacial crack initiation and propagation. Therefore, the chip cracking and the interfacial delamination between underfill and chip corner have been investigated in many studies. Also, most researches h ave focused on the effect of fatigue and creep properties of solder joint induce d by the plastic strain alternation and accumulation. The nuderfill must have lo w viscosity in the liquid state and good adhesion to the interface after solidif ying. Also, the mechanical behavior of such epoxy material has much dependen ce on temperature in its glass transition temperature range that is usually cove red by the temperature range of thermal cycling test. Therefore, the materia l behavior of underfill exists a significant non-linearity and the assumption o f linear elastic can lack for accuracy in numerical analysis. Through numerical analysis, this study had some comparisons about the effect of linear and non -linear properties of underfill on strain behaviors around the interface of fli p chip assembly. Especially, the deformation tendency inside solder bumps could be predicted. Also, it is worthily mentioned that we have pointed out which comp onent of plastic strain, thus, either normal or shear, has dominant influence to the fatigue and creep of solder bump, which have not brought up before. About the numerical analysis to the thermal plastic strain occurs in flip chip i nterconnection during thermal cycling test, a commercial finite element software , namely, ANSYS, was employed to simulate the thermal cycling test obeyed by MIL-STD-883C. The temperatures of thermal cycling ranged from -55 ℃ to 125 ℃ with ramp rate of 36 ℃/min and a dwell time of 25 min at peak temperature. T he schematic drawing of diagonal cross-section of flip chip package composed of FR-4 substrate, silicon chip, underfill and solder bump was shown as Fig.1. Th e numerical model was two-dimensional (2-D) with plane strain assumption and o nly one half of the cross-section was modeled due to geometry symmetry. The dim ensions and boundary conditions of numerical model were shown in Fig.2. The symm etric boundary conditions were applied along the left edge of the model, and the left bottom corner was additional constrained in vertical direction to prevent body motion. The finite element meshes of overall and local numerical model was shown as Fig.3. In this study, two cases of material model were used to describe the material behavior of the underfill: the case1 was linear elastic model that assumed Young’s Modulus (E) and thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) were consta nt during thermal cycling; the case2 was MKIN model (in ANSYS) that had nonlinea r temperature-dependent stress-strain relationship and temperature-dependent CTE. The material model applied to the solder bump was ANAND model (in ANSYS) th at described time-dependent plasticity phenomenon of viscoplastic material. Bot h the FR-4 substrate and silicon chip were assumed as temperature-independent elastic material; moreover, FR-4 substrate is orthotropic while silicon chip is isotropic. From the comparison between numerical results of linear and nonlinear material a ssumption of underfill, (i.e. case1 and case2), the quantities of plastic strain around the interconnection from case1 are higher than that in case2. Thus, the linear
基金Project(1301015A)supported by the Post-doctoral Research Fund of Jiangsu Province,ChinaProject Funded by the Priority Academic Program of Jiangsu Higher Education Institution,China+1 种基金Project(2014M561566)supported by China Postdoctoral Science FoundationProject(YK913007)supported by Key Laboratory of Earth-Rock Dam Failure Mechanism and Safety Control Technologies,China
文摘Two modifications for the basic Barcelona model(BBM) are present. One is the replacement of the net stress by the average skeleton stress in unsaturated soil modeling, and the other is the adoption of an expression for the load-collapse(LC) yield surface that can match flexibly the normal compression lines at different suctions. The predictions of the modified BBM for the controlled-suction triaxial test on the unsaturated compacted clay are presented and compared with the experimental results. A good agreement between the predicted and experimental results demonstrates the reasonability of the modified BBM. On this basis, the coupled processes of groundwater flow and soil deformation in a homogeneous soil slope under a long heavy rainfall are simulated with the proposed elasto-plastic model. The numerical results reveal that the failure of a slope under rainfall infiltration is due to both the reduction of soil suction and the significant rise in groundwater table. The evolution of the displacements is greatly related to the change of suction. The maximum collapse deformation happens near the surface of slope where infiltrated rainwater can quickly reach. The results may provide a helpful reference for hazard assessment and control of rainfall-induced landslides.
文摘Cavitation is a destructive phenomenon in control valves.In order to delay cavitation,a multi-series of perforated cylindrical plates,called trims,are used.Previously,the effects of orifice diameter and different types of trims have been investigated.In this study,by numerical analysis,a globe control valve was investigated by employing four different cases(without trim,with one trim,with two and three trims)and the impact of the number of these trims on the intensity,formation region and the initiation point of cavitation was analyzed.It was found that the addition of one stage or two stages of trims reduces the intensity and delays the onset of cavitation,relative to the valve without trim.However,no significant differences in terms of intensity and initiation point of cavitation were observed in the cases where two or three trims were used.Therefore,due to the high cost of producing the trims,and the severe drop in flow coefficient,it is not economically and technically justified to increase the number of trims to more than three.
基金Projects(51908125,51978155) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(W03070080)supported by the National Ten Thousand Talent Program for Young Top-notch Talents,China+1 种基金Project(BK20190359)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,ChinaProject(BE2018120) supported by the Key Research and Development Plan of Jiangsu Province,China。
文摘The buffeting performance of kilometer-level high-speed railway suspension bridges has a great impact on the smooth operation of high-speed trains.To investigate the buffeting performance of the structure significantly different from traditional suspension bridges,the first long-span high-speed railway suspension bridge,Wufengshan Yangtze River Bridge(WYRB),is taken as a numerical example to demonstrate the effects of structural parameters and wind field parameters on the buffeting responses.Based on the design information,the spatial finite element model(FEM)of WYRB is established before testing its accuracy.The fluctuating wind fields are simulated via both classical and stochastic wave based spectral representation method(SRM).Finite element method is further taken to analyze the parametric sensitivity on wind induced buffeting responses in time domain.The results show that the vertical displacement is more sensitive to the changing dead load than the lateral and torsional ones.The larger stiffness of the main girder and the lower sag-to-span ratio are both helpful to reduce the buffeting responses.Wind spectrum and coherence function are key influencing factors to the responses so setting proper wind field parameters are essential in the wind-resistant design stage.The analytical results can provide references for wind resistance analysis and selection of structural and fluctuating wind field parameters for similar long-span high-speed railway suspension bridges.
基金Projects(41072238,51009133)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The long-term stability of large-span soft rock tunnel is influenced greatly by the creep effect of surrounding rock.The development of a new type of foam concrete which has the property of high compressibility and low ductility was introduced.And it was made as filling material of reserved deformation layer between the first lining and the second lining used in large-span soft rock tunnel.The effect of the new type of foam concrete was simulated as filling material of reserved deformation layer using numerical simulation.Through the comparison with the common large-span soft rock tunnel,the vault settlement and surrounding convergence are reduced by about 61% and 45%,respectively,after creep of 100 a.And in the second lining,the plastic zone reduces apparently and the maximum equivalent plastic strain decreases relatively.So,it can be found that the application of the new type of foam concrete as the filling material of reserved deformation layer can relieve the excessive force in second lining induced by rock creep,reduce its deformation and improve the stability of tunnel.
基金Project(51164030)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘For contact dominated numerical control(NC) bending process of tube, the effect of friction on bending deformation behaviors should be focused on to achieve precision bending forming. A three dimensional(3D) elastic-plastic finite element(FE) model of NC bending process was established under ABAQUS/Explicit platform, and its reliability was validated by the experiment. Then, numerical study on bending deformation behaviors under different frictions between tube and various dies was explored from multiple aspects such as wrinkling, wall thickness change and cross section deformation. The results show that the large friction of wiper die-tube reduces the wrinkling wave ratio η and cross section deformation degree ΔD and increases the wall thinning degree Δt. The large friction of mandrel-tube causes large η, Δt and ΔD, and the onset of wrinkling near clamp die. The large friction of pressure die-tube reduces Δt and ΔD, and the friction on this interface has little effect on η. The large friction of bending die-tube reduces η and ΔD, and the friction on this interface has little effect on Δt. The reasonable friction coefficients on wiper die-tube, mandrel-tube, pressure die-tube and bending die-tube of 21-6-9(0Cr21Ni6Mn9N) stainless steel tube in NC bending are 0.05-0.15, 0.05-0.15, 0.25-0.35 and 0.25-0.35, respectively. The results can provide a guideline for applying the friction conditions to establish the robust bending environment for stable and precise bending deformation of tube bending.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province,China(LH2019A008)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51508123,named‘Study on blast response of floating roof storage tank in material point method’).
文摘The dynamic response of a multi-cabin protective structure subjected to impact load directly affects the protective performance of materials;thus,studying the dynamic response and communication law of wave effect of the load plays an important role in the prediction of protective performance.In this study,the protection experiments of box-structure under air-and/or water-medium are conducted,the dynamic response of the structure subjected to low-impact load is analyzed,and the corresponding numerical simulations are analyzed using the theory of finite element method(FEM).Combined with experimental and FEM simulations,the shock strain distribution,acceleration attenuation,and signal energy in defensive materials are determined.Based on the results,the metal structure exhibits good absorption characteristics for shock vibration.Using the experimental data,we also show that the attenuation of shock wave in water medium should be significantly better than that in air medium,and the protective structure should be designed for a combination of water and air mediums.Meanwhile,the numerical simulation can provide a quantitative analysis process for dynamic analysis of defensive materials.
