This paper explores the hypothesis that using a computer network for real - synchronous discussion has noticeable effects on EFL students’ motivation language learning. Three motives emerge from the students’ respon...This paper explores the hypothesis that using a computer network for real - synchronous discussion has noticeable effects on EFL students’ motivation language learning. Three motives emerge from the students’ responses to a survey:chatting on the Internet provides an opportunity for "real" communication; it improves personal confidence. It encourages students to overcome writing apprehension. Further analysis proves the hypothesis to a certain extent.展开更多
Motivation plays an vital role in foreign language learning.Every language teacher should pay more attention to it.Firstly,inspire achievement motivation;Secondly,let students recognize the importance of learning lang...Motivation plays an vital role in foreign language learning.Every language teacher should pay more attention to it.Firstly,inspire achievement motivation;Secondly,let students recognize the importance of learning language.展开更多
This essay, from the view of psycholinguistics, analyses the causes of the instrumental motivation college students have for their College English study and points out the negative results from this kind of learner mo...This essay, from the view of psycholinguistics, analyses the causes of the instrumental motivation college students have for their College English study and points out the negative results from this kind of learner motivation based on the theory of English as communication. Then it suggests some measures to overcome the negative results from the instrumental motivation.展开更多
Most language teachers will agree that motivation of the students is one of the most important factors influencing their success or failure in language learning. Corder’s phrase, “ Given motivation, anyone can learn...Most language teachers will agree that motivation of the students is one of the most important factors influencing their success or failure in language learning. Corder’s phrase, “ Given motivation, anyone can learn a language" brings out the importance of motivation and the way it can overcome unfavourable circumstances in other aspects of language learning. There have been overwhelming researches & literature on this area. However, the definition and study of motivation have not been without problem. This paper starts with a brief historical review on psychological approaches underlying motivational research, followed by the remarkable motivation theories. The third part is concerned with SL/FL motivation, which attempts to relate the findings on motivation with situation of China.展开更多
OBJECTIVE Glutamatergic projections from prefrontal cortex(PFc) to nucleus accumbens(NAc) regulate the dopamine(DA) release in NAc.However,it is not clear whether this circuit is effective for the reward and motivatio...OBJECTIVE Glutamatergic projections from prefrontal cortex(PFc) to nucleus accumbens(NAc) regulate the dopamine(DA) release in NAc.However,it is not clear whether this circuit is effective for the reward and motivation of heroin addiction.Our study investigates the effects of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3(mGluR2/3) and the projections from ventromedial prefrontal cortex(vmPFc) to the NAc shell on the reward and motivation of heroin-addicted rats.METHODS First,rats were trained to selfadministration for 14 d.On the 15 thday,parts of rats were injected with mGluR 2/3 agonist LY379268(0.1,0.3 and 1.0 mg·kg-1,ip) systematically and another parts of rats were bilaterally microinjected with LY379268(0.3 and 1.0 g·L^(-1))at the volume of 0.5 μL into the ventral tegmental area(VTA),NAc core or NAc shell,respectively.All rats were followed by heroin self-administration testing under fixed ratio 1(FR1) schedule or progressed ratio(PR) schedule to observe the effect of LY379268 on the heroin reward or motivation.Second,rats were injected chemogenetic glutamatergic virus(pAAV-CaMKIIa-hM3 D(Gq)-mCherry or pAOV-CaMKIIa-hM4 D(Gi)-mCherry-3 Flag) or negative control virus in vmPFc,and trained to heroin self-administration for 14 d.On the 15 thday,rats were bilateral y microinjected with clozapine-N-oxide(CNO,1 mmol·L^(-1),0.5 μL) into NAc shell and tested the effect on the heroin reward or motivation.Finally,rats were injected optogenetical glutamatergic virus(AAV2/9-CaM KⅡ-hChR2-EYFP) or negative control virus in vmPFc,implanted 16 channel photoelectrode in ipsilateral NAc shell,and trained to heroin selfadministration for 14 d.On the 15 thday,rats were tested heroin reward under FR1 procedure with blue light stimulation in the wavelength of470 nm,frequency of 25 HZ and power of 5 mW.Each stimulation lasting for 1 h and interval for1 h.The spike changes before and after stimulation in NAc Shel neural nerve was recorded.RESULTS LY379268 cloud dose-dependent attenuated the heroin reward or motivation and the local effective site was mainly in the NAc shell.Chemogenetic results showed activation or inactivation the projection from vmPFc to NAc shell enhanced or attenuated the heroin reward and motivation,respectively.Optogenetical stimulation the same projection also enhanced the heroin reward,and a tonic neuronal firing at the nerve of NAc shell was observed during the light stimulation session.CONCLUSION mGluR2/3 activation in the NAc shell is involved in the inhibition of heroin reward and motivation.Activation the projection from PFc to NAc shell can enhance the effects on heroin reward and motivation.展开更多
The purpose of the paper is to find out the individual differences among language learners from the following aspects: motivation;personality factors;the role of age in SLA.The author concludes that language learners ...The purpose of the paper is to find out the individual differences among language learners from the following aspects: motivation;personality factors;the role of age in SLA.The author concludes that language learners have a lot of individual differences which are of great importance to their proficiency of language. Teachers should apply different methods to motivate and teach students in order to make them well aquire language.展开更多
With continuing advances in technology, computer-assisted instruction provides opportunities for individualized, interactive instruction. The philosophy of constructivism has encouraged instructional designers to crea...With continuing advances in technology, computer-assisted instruction provides opportunities for individualized, interactive instruction. The philosophy of constructivism has encouraged instructional designers to create less behavioral, more democratic programs that promote learner control. In the area of ESL (English as a second language), computers are seen to be a highly motivating, instructional tool.展开更多
Most of readers are always bothered by how to increase reading speed for they have to read andabsorb increasing amounts of material within limited time scales.To increase their reading speed andto acquire further tech...Most of readers are always bothered by how to increase reading speed for they have to read andabsorb increasing amounts of material within limited time scales.To increase their reading speed andto acquire further techniques is urgently needed. A number of approaches to the problem of increasing reading speeds have been devised.Differ-展开更多
1.BackgroundThe speaking class is designed for the second-year university English majors,with an objective ofimprovement of the students’speaking ability and increase of vocabulary.The students are at an agerange of ...1.BackgroundThe speaking class is designed for the second-year university English majors,with an objective ofimprovement of the students’speaking ability and increase of vocabulary.The students are at an agerange of 16-20 years old;the class size is moderate with 20-28 students in one class.The students’motivation to improve tneir speaking in speaking class is high,as the second year of university is be-lieved to be the crucial period for acquisition of genuine articulation of English,even though it is a facttheat the focus on articulation extends to the 3rd and 4th year study.Usually the class hour for speak-ing is 4 hours per week,with two hours for each time.The content is highly contextualized from a com-municative meaningful base.2.Objectves（1）The course objective is set according to the needs of the students.By the end of the term,theStudents shall be able to be Well improved in speaking Prepared for verbal communication in English.They shall be able to:展开更多
文摘This paper explores the hypothesis that using a computer network for real - synchronous discussion has noticeable effects on EFL students’ motivation language learning. Three motives emerge from the students’ responses to a survey:chatting on the Internet provides an opportunity for "real" communication; it improves personal confidence. It encourages students to overcome writing apprehension. Further analysis proves the hypothesis to a certain extent.
文摘Motivation plays an vital role in foreign language learning.Every language teacher should pay more attention to it.Firstly,inspire achievement motivation;Secondly,let students recognize the importance of learning language.
文摘This essay, from the view of psycholinguistics, analyses the causes of the instrumental motivation college students have for their College English study and points out the negative results from this kind of learner motivation based on the theory of English as communication. Then it suggests some measures to overcome the negative results from the instrumental motivation.
文摘Most language teachers will agree that motivation of the students is one of the most important factors influencing their success or failure in language learning. Corder’s phrase, “ Given motivation, anyone can learn a language" brings out the importance of motivation and the way it can overcome unfavourable circumstances in other aspects of language learning. There have been overwhelming researches & literature on this area. However, the definition and study of motivation have not been without problem. This paper starts with a brief historical review on psychological approaches underlying motivational research, followed by the remarkable motivation theories. The third part is concerned with SL/FL motivation, which attempts to relate the findings on motivation with situation of China.
基金National Basic Research Program of China(2015CB553504)National Natural Science Foundationof China (81471350+1 种基金81671321)Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo Municipality,Zhejiang Province, China (2017A610214).
文摘OBJECTIVE Glutamatergic projections from prefrontal cortex(PFc) to nucleus accumbens(NAc) regulate the dopamine(DA) release in NAc.However,it is not clear whether this circuit is effective for the reward and motivation of heroin addiction.Our study investigates the effects of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3(mGluR2/3) and the projections from ventromedial prefrontal cortex(vmPFc) to the NAc shell on the reward and motivation of heroin-addicted rats.METHODS First,rats were trained to selfadministration for 14 d.On the 15 thday,parts of rats were injected with mGluR 2/3 agonist LY379268(0.1,0.3 and 1.0 mg·kg-1,ip) systematically and another parts of rats were bilaterally microinjected with LY379268(0.3 and 1.0 g·L^(-1))at the volume of 0.5 μL into the ventral tegmental area(VTA),NAc core or NAc shell,respectively.All rats were followed by heroin self-administration testing under fixed ratio 1(FR1) schedule or progressed ratio(PR) schedule to observe the effect of LY379268 on the heroin reward or motivation.Second,rats were injected chemogenetic glutamatergic virus(pAAV-CaMKIIa-hM3 D(Gq)-mCherry or pAOV-CaMKIIa-hM4 D(Gi)-mCherry-3 Flag) or negative control virus in vmPFc,and trained to heroin self-administration for 14 d.On the 15 thday,rats were bilateral y microinjected with clozapine-N-oxide(CNO,1 mmol·L^(-1),0.5 μL) into NAc shell and tested the effect on the heroin reward or motivation.Finally,rats were injected optogenetical glutamatergic virus(AAV2/9-CaM KⅡ-hChR2-EYFP) or negative control virus in vmPFc,implanted 16 channel photoelectrode in ipsilateral NAc shell,and trained to heroin selfadministration for 14 d.On the 15 thday,rats were tested heroin reward under FR1 procedure with blue light stimulation in the wavelength of470 nm,frequency of 25 HZ and power of 5 mW.Each stimulation lasting for 1 h and interval for1 h.The spike changes before and after stimulation in NAc Shel neural nerve was recorded.RESULTS LY379268 cloud dose-dependent attenuated the heroin reward or motivation and the local effective site was mainly in the NAc shell.Chemogenetic results showed activation or inactivation the projection from vmPFc to NAc shell enhanced or attenuated the heroin reward and motivation,respectively.Optogenetical stimulation the same projection also enhanced the heroin reward,and a tonic neuronal firing at the nerve of NAc shell was observed during the light stimulation session.CONCLUSION mGluR2/3 activation in the NAc shell is involved in the inhibition of heroin reward and motivation.Activation the projection from PFc to NAc shell can enhance the effects on heroin reward and motivation.
文摘The purpose of the paper is to find out the individual differences among language learners from the following aspects: motivation;personality factors;the role of age in SLA.The author concludes that language learners have a lot of individual differences which are of great importance to their proficiency of language. Teachers should apply different methods to motivate and teach students in order to make them well aquire language.
文摘With continuing advances in technology, computer-assisted instruction provides opportunities for individualized, interactive instruction. The philosophy of constructivism has encouraged instructional designers to create less behavioral, more democratic programs that promote learner control. In the area of ESL (English as a second language), computers are seen to be a highly motivating, instructional tool.
文摘Most of readers are always bothered by how to increase reading speed for they have to read andabsorb increasing amounts of material within limited time scales.To increase their reading speed andto acquire further techniques is urgently needed. A number of approaches to the problem of increasing reading speeds have been devised.Differ-
文摘1.BackgroundThe speaking class is designed for the second-year university English majors,with an objective ofimprovement of the students’speaking ability and increase of vocabulary.The students are at an agerange of 16-20 years old;the class size is moderate with 20-28 students in one class.The students’motivation to improve tneir speaking in speaking class is high,as the second year of university is be-lieved to be the crucial period for acquisition of genuine articulation of English,even though it is a facttheat the focus on articulation extends to the 3rd and 4th year study.Usually the class hour for speak-ing is 4 hours per week,with two hours for each time.The content is highly contextualized from a com-municative meaningful base.2.Objectves（1）The course objective is set according to the needs of the students.By the end of the term,theStudents shall be able to be Well improved in speaking Prepared for verbal communication in English.They shall be able to:
