This study demonstrates the design and application of a novel high temperature rotatory apparatus for insitu synchrotron X-ray diffraction studies of molten salts,facilitating investigation into the interaction betwee...This study demonstrates the design and application of a novel high temperature rotatory apparatus for insitu synchrotron X-ray diffraction studies of molten salts,facilitating investigation into the interaction between various structural materials and molten salts.The apparatus enables accurate detection of every phase change during hightemperature experiments,including strong reaction processes like corrosion.Molten salts,such as chlorides or fluo⁃rides,together with the structure materials,are inserted into either quartz or boron nitride capillaries,where X-ray diffraction pattern can be continuously collected,as the samples are heated to high temperature.The replacement re⁃action,when molten ZnCl2 are etching Ti3AlC2,can be clearly observed through changes in diffraction peak intensity as well as expansion in c-axis lattice parameter of the hexagonal matrix,due to the larger atomic number and ionic ra⁃dius of Zn2+.Furthermore,we investigated the high-temperature corrosion process when GH3535 alloy is in FLiNaK molten salt,and can help to optimize its stability for potential applications in molten salt reactor.Additionally,this high temperature apparatus is fully compatible with the combined usage of X-ray diffraction and Raman technique,providing both bulk and surface structural information.This high temperature apparatus has been open to users and is extensively used at BL14B1 beamline of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility.展开更多
针对稠油注汽系统高耗能、高碳排放的问题,开展适用于稠油注汽的电热熔盐储能注汽技术研究,以实现稠油绿色开发。利用Abaqus软件模拟方法和系统综合热效率评价方法对系统工况进行优化设计,并开展现场试验。研究表明:电热熔盐储能注汽技...针对稠油注汽系统高耗能、高碳排放的问题,开展适用于稠油注汽的电热熔盐储能注汽技术研究,以实现稠油绿色开发。利用Abaqus软件模拟方法和系统综合热效率评价方法对系统工况进行优化设计,并开展现场试验。研究表明:电热熔盐储能注汽技术通过消纳绿电/谷电替代燃烧化石能源生产稠油注汽用湿饱和蒸汽的技术可行;蒸汽预热系统的蒸汽流量随蒸汽压力变化波动范围小,有利于系统稳定运行,是电热熔盐储能注汽系统的优选预热工艺;电热熔盐储能注汽系统负荷率为60%~100%时,系统综合热效率为92.61%~94.34%,且系统综合热效率随系统运行负荷的增加而提升;系统综合热效率的试验值平均数比理论计算值平均数低0.44个百分点,偏差小;与现有燃气注汽锅炉相比,试验站年产蒸汽4.8×10^(4) t,替代天然气313×10^(4) m 3,CO_(2)减排6768 t。该技术可为稠油注汽系统实现绿色转型发展提供技术支撑和实践指导,系统综合热效率评价方法可用于指导工程设计。展开更多
As by-products of petroleum refining,heavy oils are characterized by a high carbon content,low cost and great variability,making them competitive precursors for the anodes of potassium ion batteries(PIBs).However,the ...As by-products of petroleum refining,heavy oils are characterized by a high carbon content,low cost and great variability,making them competitive precursors for the anodes of potassium ion batteries(PIBs).However,the relationship between heavy oil composition and potassium storage performance remains unclear.Using heavy oils containing distinct chemical groups as the carbon source,namely fluid catalytic cracking slurry(FCCS),petroleum asphalt(PA)and deoiled asphalt(DOA),three carbon nanosheets(CNS)were prepared through a molten salt method,and used as the anodes for PIBs.The composition of the heavy oil determines the lamellar thicknesses,sp^(3)-C/sp^(2)-C ratio and defect concentration,thereby affecting the potassium storage performance.The high content of aromatic hydrocarbons and moderate amount of heavy component moieties in FCCS produce carbon nanosheets(CNS-FCCS)that have a smaller layer thickness,larger interlayer spacing(0.372 nm),and increased number of folds than in CNS derived from the other three precursors.These features give it faster charge/ion transfer,more potassium storage sites and better reaction kinetics.CNS-FCCS has a remarkable K^(+)storage capacity(248.7 mAh g^(-1) after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g^(-1)),long cycle lifespan(190.8 mAh g^(-1) after 800 cycles at 1.0 A g^(-1))and excellent rate capability,ranking it among the best materials for this application.This work sheds light on the influence of heavy oil composition on carbon structure and electrochemical performance,and provides guidance for the design and development of advanced heavy oil-derived carbon electrodes for PIBs.展开更多
Molecular dynamics method has been used to study NaCl-NaBr molten salt mixture, as one of the simplest examples of common cation molten salt systems. It has been found that some Cl- and Na+ ions in NaCl-NaBr mixture t...Molecular dynamics method has been used to study NaCl-NaBr molten salt mixture, as one of the simplest examples of common cation molten salt systems. It has been found that some Cl- and Na+ ions in NaCl-NaBr mixture tend to form denser ionic clusters, while the Br- ions distribute in the spaces between the Na Cl clusters. The number of ions with No ≤3 increases in the mixing process between NaCl and NaBr melts. The internal energy data of NaCl, NaBr and NaCl-NaBr (1:1) melts estimated by the molecular dynamics are in agreement with the "experimental data" estimated by Born-Haber cycle. These internal energy data indicate that the mixing process between NaCl and NaBr melts is slightly endothermic. This is chiefly due to the increase of the short-range repulsion energy between Na+ ions and halide anions.展开更多
基金CAS Photon Science Research Center for Carbon DioxideCAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(2024PVA0097)+1 种基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA0403000,2017YFA0402800)National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1932201,U1732121)。
文摘This study demonstrates the design and application of a novel high temperature rotatory apparatus for insitu synchrotron X-ray diffraction studies of molten salts,facilitating investigation into the interaction between various structural materials and molten salts.The apparatus enables accurate detection of every phase change during hightemperature experiments,including strong reaction processes like corrosion.Molten salts,such as chlorides or fluo⁃rides,together with the structure materials,are inserted into either quartz or boron nitride capillaries,where X-ray diffraction pattern can be continuously collected,as the samples are heated to high temperature.The replacement re⁃action,when molten ZnCl2 are etching Ti3AlC2,can be clearly observed through changes in diffraction peak intensity as well as expansion in c-axis lattice parameter of the hexagonal matrix,due to the larger atomic number and ionic ra⁃dius of Zn2+.Furthermore,we investigated the high-temperature corrosion process when GH3535 alloy is in FLiNaK molten salt,and can help to optimize its stability for potential applications in molten salt reactor.Additionally,this high temperature apparatus is fully compatible with the combined usage of X-ray diffraction and Raman technique,providing both bulk and surface structural information.This high temperature apparatus has been open to users and is extensively used at BL14B1 beamline of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility.
文摘针对稠油注汽系统高耗能、高碳排放的问题,开展适用于稠油注汽的电热熔盐储能注汽技术研究,以实现稠油绿色开发。利用Abaqus软件模拟方法和系统综合热效率评价方法对系统工况进行优化设计,并开展现场试验。研究表明:电热熔盐储能注汽技术通过消纳绿电/谷电替代燃烧化石能源生产稠油注汽用湿饱和蒸汽的技术可行;蒸汽预热系统的蒸汽流量随蒸汽压力变化波动范围小,有利于系统稳定运行,是电热熔盐储能注汽系统的优选预热工艺;电热熔盐储能注汽系统负荷率为60%~100%时,系统综合热效率为92.61%~94.34%,且系统综合热效率随系统运行负荷的增加而提升;系统综合热效率的试验值平均数比理论计算值平均数低0.44个百分点,偏差小;与现有燃气注汽锅炉相比,试验站年产蒸汽4.8×10^(4) t,替代天然气313×10^(4) m 3,CO_(2)减排6768 t。该技术可为稠油注汽系统实现绿色转型发展提供技术支撑和实践指导,系统综合热效率评价方法可用于指导工程设计。
文摘As by-products of petroleum refining,heavy oils are characterized by a high carbon content,low cost and great variability,making them competitive precursors for the anodes of potassium ion batteries(PIBs).However,the relationship between heavy oil composition and potassium storage performance remains unclear.Using heavy oils containing distinct chemical groups as the carbon source,namely fluid catalytic cracking slurry(FCCS),petroleum asphalt(PA)and deoiled asphalt(DOA),three carbon nanosheets(CNS)were prepared through a molten salt method,and used as the anodes for PIBs.The composition of the heavy oil determines the lamellar thicknesses,sp^(3)-C/sp^(2)-C ratio and defect concentration,thereby affecting the potassium storage performance.The high content of aromatic hydrocarbons and moderate amount of heavy component moieties in FCCS produce carbon nanosheets(CNS-FCCS)that have a smaller layer thickness,larger interlayer spacing(0.372 nm),and increased number of folds than in CNS derived from the other three precursors.These features give it faster charge/ion transfer,more potassium storage sites and better reaction kinetics.CNS-FCCS has a remarkable K^(+)storage capacity(248.7 mAh g^(-1) after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g^(-1)),long cycle lifespan(190.8 mAh g^(-1) after 800 cycles at 1.0 A g^(-1))and excellent rate capability,ranking it among the best materials for this application.This work sheds light on the influence of heavy oil composition on carbon structure and electrochemical performance,and provides guidance for the design and development of advanced heavy oil-derived carbon electrodes for PIBs.
文摘Molecular dynamics method has been used to study NaCl-NaBr molten salt mixture, as one of the simplest examples of common cation molten salt systems. It has been found that some Cl- and Na+ ions in NaCl-NaBr mixture tend to form denser ionic clusters, while the Br- ions distribute in the spaces between the Na Cl clusters. The number of ions with No ≤3 increases in the mixing process between NaCl and NaBr melts. The internal energy data of NaCl, NaBr and NaCl-NaBr (1:1) melts estimated by the molecular dynamics are in agreement with the "experimental data" estimated by Born-Haber cycle. These internal energy data indicate that the mixing process between NaCl and NaBr melts is slightly endothermic. This is chiefly due to the increase of the short-range repulsion energy between Na+ ions and halide anions.
