The structure-performance relationship of Cu/Al_(2)O_(3) catalysts in the hydrogenation of diethyl oxalate(DEO)for the synthesis of alcohol ether esters has been investigated by various characterization techniques inc...The structure-performance relationship of Cu/Al_(2)O_(3) catalysts in the hydrogenation of diethyl oxalate(DEO)for the synthesis of alcohol ether esters has been investigated by various characterization techniques including XRD,XPS,N2O titration,and 27Al MAS-NMR.The results showed that when the crystal configurations of Al_(2)O_(3) were the same,increasing the specific surface area could effectively refine the size of copper nanoparticles(Cu NPs),and ultimately improve the conversion of DEO.Meanwhile,the smaller size ofγ-Al_(2)O_(3)(HSAl and SBAl)loaded Cu NPs promotes the reaction towards the deep hydrogenation to produce ethanol(EtOH)and ethylene glycol(EG).Besides,the larger size of Cu NPs on the surface of amorphous Al_(2)O_(3)(HTAl and SolAl)resulted in a lower conversion rate,where ethyl glycolate(Egly)is the main product.Despite there are differences in Al^(3+)ionic coordination in Al_(2)O_(3) with different crystal structures,the experimental data showed that the differences in Al^(3+)ionic coordination did not significantly affect the catalytic performance in the hydrogenation reaction.The formation of alcohol-ether ester chemicals is critically dependent on the interactions between Cu sites and acidic sites.Among them,EG and EtOH were dehydrated to form 2-ethoxyethanol via the SN2 mechanism,while Egly and EtOH were reacted to form ethyl ethoxyacetate(EEA)via the SN2 mechanism.This study provides a theoretical basis for the optimization of the coal-based glycol processes to achieve a diversified product portfolio.展开更多
OBJECTIVE Alcoholism is one of the most damaging psychiatric disorders and causes serious social and health problems in the world. However,there are no ideal treatments for this disease in clinic.Phosphodiesterases(PD...OBJECTIVE Alcoholism is one of the most damaging psychiatric disorders and causes serious social and health problems in the world. However,there are no ideal treatments for this disease in clinic.Phosphodiesterases(PDEs) are a superfamily of enzymes consisting of 11 PDE families that hydrolyze cyclicAMP(cA MP) and/or cyclicGMP(cGMP). Among them,PDE4 is critical in the control of intracellular cAMP levels and has been shown to play an important role in the regulation of ethanol consumption.However,the functional role of PDE4 in mediating alcoholism remains unclear. METHODS Ethanol drinking and preference were examined using the two-bottle choice and/or drinking-in-dark(DID) test in high alcohol preferring(HAP) animals,including C57,HAP,and PDE4-subtype knockout mice,and Fawn-Hooded(FH/Wjd) rats,treated with or without the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram or roflumilast. Ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety-and depressive-like behaviors were examined using the elevated plusmaze,holeboard,forced-swim,and tail-suspension tests in C57 mice or FH rats in the presence of PDE4 inhibition. Levels of cAMP,CREB were determined in brain regions. RESULTS Treatment with rolipram or roflumilast decreased ethanol intake and preference in two-bottle choice and DID tests in C57 and HAP mice as well as FH rats. Mice deficient in PDE4 B,but not PDE4 D,displayed similar effects to general PDE4 inhibition. In addition,rolipram reversed ethanol withdrawal-induced anxietyand depressive-like behaviors 1 d and 14 d,respectively,following withdrawal from ethanol drinking in the two-bottle choice in C57 mice or FH rats. Locomotor activity was not changed in either mice or rats treated with the PDE4 inhibitors. Levels of cAMP,p CREB in the brain were increased by rolipram.CONCLUSION The results provide solid evidence for the important role of PDE4 in ethanol consumptionand ethanol withdrawal-induced symptoms. Inhibitors of PDE4,in particular the PDE4 B isoform,can be a novel class of treatment for alcoholism.展开更多
In this work,a novel alcohol alkali hydrolysis method was explored for the preparation of terephthalic acid(TPA)from waste polyethylene terephthalate(PET).First,a series of single factor experiments on the depolymeriz...In this work,a novel alcohol alkali hydrolysis method was explored for the preparation of terephthalic acid(TPA)from waste polyethylene terephthalate(PET).First,a series of single factor experiments on the depolymerization rate of waste PET bottles and the yield of TPA were conducted to determine the optimized experimental conditions,in terms of reaction time,reaction temperature,dosage of ethylene glycol and sodium bicarbonate,amount of distilled water and stirring rate.Then IR spectra and elemental analysis were carried out for the characterization of obtained product.Under optimal experimental conditions,over 98%PET can be depolymerized into the target product(TPA)and the purity and yield of TPA are over 97%and 94%,respectively.Both the experimental and analytical results support a feasible process for the preparation of TPA from waste PET.It is expected that this alcohol alkali hydrolysis method can promise an effective way for the sustainable recycling of waste PET.展开更多
A novel technology of preparation of felt-metal supported modified polyvinyl alcohol（PVA） ultrafiltration（UF） membrane was invented, which could avoid the blockage of the holes of support layer and the leakage of ...A novel technology of preparation of felt-metal supported modified polyvinyl alcohol（PVA） ultrafiltration（UF） membrane was invented, which could avoid the blockage of the holes of support layer and the leakage of the casting solution through the holes of support layer. Felt-metal supported ferric sulfate modified PVA composite UF membranes were prepared by the innovative technology. The results show that the composite membranes are used to treat 1 000 mg/L oil/water emulsion at trans-membrane pressure from 0.25 to 0.45 MPa, the permeate flux is from 36 to 52 L/（m2·h）, and the retention of chemical oxygen demand（COD） is over 92%. The composite membrane resistance increases with the increase of trans-naembrane pressure.展开更多
Polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) physiological saline gel was prepared using physiological saline solution of the polymer by freezing and thawing method. The influences of the concentration of PVA, freezing and thawing cycle ti...Polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) physiological saline gel was prepared using physiological saline solution of the polymer by freezing and thawing method. The influences of the concentration of PVA, freezing and thawing cycle times and solvent swelling media on the swelling properties of PVA saline gel were investigated. The result show that the electrolytical ions have great effect on the swelling behavior of PVA saline gel. The equilibrium swelling ratio of PVA saline gel in aqueous swelling media is larger than that in saline swelling media. Also, the equilibrium swelling ratios of PVA saline gel in aqueous and in saline media decrease with the increase of gel concentration and the increase of freezing and thawing cycle times. The decreasing speed of equilibrium swelling ratio with the increase of freezing and thawing cycle times of PVA gel in distilled water is faster than that in physiological saline. The swelling kinetic equation can sufficiently describe the swelling behavior of PVA physiological saline gel.展开更多
Reaction of Cp2TiCl2-Mg synthetic equivalent of practical Ti(II) reagent with propargyl alcohol derivatives affords allenyl titanium compounds in good yields.thus, providing an efficient and practical methods for synt...Reaction of Cp2TiCl2-Mg synthetic equivalent of practical Ti(II) reagent with propargyl alcohol derivatives affords allenyl titanium compounds in good yields.thus, providing an efficient and practical methods for synthesis of both allenyl and homopropargyl alcohols by the successive treatment with aldehydes and ketones.展开更多
OBJECTIVE Regulating P2x7R-NLRP3 inflammasome activation might be a potential therapeutic strategy to treat alcoholic hepatosteatosis.We investigated whether this process would be modulated by gentiopicroside(GPS),whi...OBJECTIVE Regulating P2x7R-NLRP3 inflammasome activation might be a potential therapeutic strategy to treat alcoholic hepatosteatosis.We investigated whether this process would be modulated by gentiopicroside(GPS),which is attributed to the bitterness of gentian root extract.METHODS An in vivo model was established by intragastrically treating mice with ethanol,and an in vitro model was created by treating HepG2 cells with ethanol or treating RAW 264.7 macrophages and murine bone marrow-derived macrophages(BMDMs) with lipopolysaccharides(LPS) plus adenosine triphos.phate(ATP).RESULTS In alcoholic hepatosteatotic mice model,GPS decreased serum aminotrans.ferase and triglyceride accumulation.GPS regulated sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1(Srebp1),peroxisome proliferators-actived receptors α(PPARα) and acetyl CoA carboxylase(ACC) expression via elevating liver kinase B1(LKB1)/AMP-activated Kinase(AMPK).Suppression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3),caspase-1 and expression by GPS resulted in the inhibition of interleukin-1β(IL-1β) production.In ethanol-exposed HepG2 cells,GPS reduced lipo.genesis and promoted lipid oxidation via P2x7R-NLRP3 inflammasome activation.P2x7R silencing enhanced AMPK activity,and reduced Srebp1 expression in ethanol-treated hepatocytes.GPS down.regulated P2x7R-mediated inflammatory response to extracellular ATP in LPS-primed RAW 264.7 macro.phages and BMDMs.Additionally,P2x7R deficiency attenuated IL-1β cleavage in RAW 264.7 macro.phages,and GPS further suppressed IL-1β cleavage.CONCLUSION Activation of LKB1/AMPK signaling by GPS might be mediated by P2x7R-NLRP3 inflammasome,suggesting a therapeutic utility of P2x7R blockade in alcoholic hepatosteatosis treatment.展开更多
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of puerarin on alcoholtoxicity in rat pheochromocytoma cell line(PC12). METHODS The PC12 cells were incubated with different concentrations of p...OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of puerarin on alcoholtoxicity in rat pheochromocytoma cell line(PC12). METHODS The PC12 cells were incubated with different concentrations of puerarin in advance. The protective effects of the puerarin on alcohol induced PC12 cel impairment were evaluated according to the fol owing approach: the viability of PC12 cel was determined by MTT assay and the impairment level was evaluated by analysis the leakage content of the lactate dehydrogenase(LDH). The cel apoptosis degree and the pro-apoptotic p53 protein expression were measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS Alcohol significantly impaired PC12 cel viability(P<0.05),and increased LDH leakage(P<0.05),induced cell apoptosis and upregulated expression of p53(P<0.05).While Puerarin significantly reversed these changes(P<0.05). CONCLUSION Puerarin might exert protection effect against ethanol-induced neurotoxicity via inhibition the expression of p53 protein.展开更多
The low-temperature thermal treatment to degrade PCDD/Fs contained in fly ash was promoted by alcohol amines in a closed system. Three types of fly ash collected separately from municipal solid waste incinerator, medi...The low-temperature thermal treatment to degrade PCDD/Fs contained in fly ash was promoted by alcohol amines in a closed system. Three types of fly ash collected separately from municipal solid waste incinerator, medical waste incinerator and hazardous waste incinerator, were compared. Experimental design was used to investigate the homologue patterns of PCDD/Fs and distribution of the toxic congeners in fly ash from incinerator after thermal treatment promoted by alcohol amines. The effect of ethanolamine (MEA) on the hydrodechlorination reaction of polychlorinated aromatics pollutants on fly ash from solid waste incinerator was carried out, and the three ashes clearly showed different degradation potentials for PCDD/F during thermal treatment. Results from the present study indicate that (1) the concentration of alkaline species and metals strongly influenced the degradation of PCDD/F; (2) after addition of 8% MEA, the toxicity equivalent (TEQ) values of PCDD/Fs in fly ash were significantly lower than those obtained without MEA. 49%–71% of PCDD/Fs in TEQ was removed from different types of ash at 250℃ with 8% MEA; (3) the destruction and dechlorination are major mechanism for PCDD/Fs degradation.展开更多
Despite years of interventions in the United States, substance abuse continues to be a major national problem in our society. For individuals affected, it can constitute a major disability and a decrease in quality of...Despite years of interventions in the United States, substance abuse continues to be a major national problem in our society. For individuals affected, it can constitute a major disability and a decrease in quality of life. Current American societal expectations are that individuals who identify!they are involved in substance abuse will go to treatment, eventually recover, get off public assistance straightaway, and return to work. Most rehabilitation professionals also maintain the same expectations. The reality is that efforts of prevention do not appear to diminish the number of people with substance abuse. Traditional treatment appears to have minimal, if any, influence upon the cessation of substance abuse, and traditional vocational rehabilitation practices appear unsuited for the unique problems and types of symptoms experienced by substance abusers. Creative, yet sound, alternatives that combine effective treatment strategies and non-traditional vocational rehabilitation methods need to be exqlored and tested for effectiveness, and applied.展开更多
Alcoholic hepatitis(AH)was first reported in 1961 as an acute disease in alcoholics with severe clinical syndromes including jaundice,anorexia,nausea,upper abdominal pain,hepatomegaly and fever etc.1 Today,it is gener...Alcoholic hepatitis(AH)was first reported in 1961 as an acute disease in alcoholics with severe clinical syndromes including jaundice,anorexia,nausea,upper abdominal pain,hepatomegaly and fever etc.1 Today,it is generally accepted that severe AH is a form of acute-on-chronic liver failure in patients with underlying chronic alcohol-related liver disease(ALD).The detailed diagnosis of AH was recently defined by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism(NIAAA)-supported consortia and published in 2016.2 The first diagnostic criterion is alcohol drinking history,which includes heavy drinking>5 years,recent drinking>6 months with<60 days of abstinence before the onset of jaundice,and men with>4 drinks(50-60 g)/day,and women with>3 drinks(40 g)/day.The typical clinical sign is jaundice with some non-specific signs and symptoms including malaise,tender hepatomegaly,decompensation(ascites,encephalopathy,bacterial infection,variceal bleeding).展开更多
OBJECTIVE To prepare gingerol dropping pills and to investigate its protective effect on alcoholic liver injury. METHODS The prescription was selected by orthogonal design method and the effect of the option and ratio...OBJECTIVE To prepare gingerol dropping pills and to investigate its protective effect on alcoholic liver injury. METHODS The prescription was selected by orthogonal design method and the effect of the option and ratio of ground substance,the temperature of drug. The hardness,circular degree,the tail formation and the dissolution time were studied. Totally 40 KM mice were randomly divided into control group,model group,gingerol dropping pill group(400 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)) and positive control group(bifendate,150 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)) of 10 mice each. The mice from the model and two drug groups were administrated with liqueur[0.15 mL/(10 g·d)]daily by gavage for 3 weeks,Two hours later,drug group mice were treated corresponding gingerol dropping pill and bifendate. Meanwhile,the control group were gavaged same amount of normal saline. Finally,when the model of acute alcoholic liver injury was established on the 22 stday,Biochemical indicators of ocular blood in mice were observed.We also observed the change of liver morphology. RESULTS Under optimum conditions,we can obtain dropping pills having circular shape,touching with hardness and short dissolution time. Compared with the control group,the levels of alanine transaminase(ALT),glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase(AST) and malondialdehyde(MDA) in model group were obviously increased(P<0.01),While the activity of Superoxide dismutase(SOD) were decreased. In addition,In model group,mice liver disorders,hepatic lobule fusion,accompanying a large number of patchy sample liver cell vacuoles,various sizes of fat vacuoles appeared in cytoplasm and inflammatory cell infiltration were visible around the central vein. On the contrary,compared with the model group,drug groups attenuated or even reversed hepatic pathological changes. Form gingerol dropping pill group,an increase in hepatic SOD activity and serum ALT and AST activities were found and a significant decrease in hepatic MDA content were also observed(P<0.01). CONCLUSION The prescription of gingerol dropping pills was reasonable,and the preparation process was simple. Gingerol dropping pills can protect liver from alcoholic liver injury to some extend,and the mechanism may be related to its antioxidant effect.展开更多
The hydrogen bonding interactions between N-methylformamide and primary,secondary,and tertiary alcohols have been studied using the FTIR spectroscopic method.The most likely association complex between alcohol and N-m...The hydrogen bonding interactions between N-methylformamide and primary,secondary,and tertiary alcohols have been studied using the FTIR spectroscopic method.The most likely association complex between alcohol and N-methylformamide is the 1∶1 stoichiometric complex formed between the hydroxyl group of alcohol and the carbonyl group of N-methylformamide.The formation constant of the 1∶1 complexes has been calculated using the Nash method.It appears that the primary alcohols have larger formation constant compared with the secondary and tertiary alcohols.The results showed that the proton-donating ability of the alcohols decreased in the order:primary>secondary>tertiary,and that the association constant increased with the increase in carbon chain of the alkyl group of alcohols.展开更多
OBJECTIVE The current study was designed to investigate the anti-steatosis effect of Pleurotus citrinopileatus extract(PC) and the underlying mechanism in vivo and in vitro.METHODS Acute and chronic alcoholic hepatost...OBJECTIVE The current study was designed to investigate the anti-steatosis effect of Pleurotus citrinopileatus extract(PC) and the underlying mechanism in vivo and in vitro.METHODS Acute and chronic alcoholic hepatosteatosis murine models and ethanol-treated HepG2 cells were applied.RESULTS In vitro,the anti-steatosis effect of PC was further confirmed via Nile red staining in HepG2 cells treated with ethanol.Both of acute and chronic alcohol-induced mice hepatosteatosis model,PC decreased serum aminotransferase and triglyceride accumulation.Upregulated sterol-regulatory element binding protein1(Srebp1),purinergic ligand-gated ion channel 7 receptor(P2 X7 R) and downregulated sirtuin1(SIRT1),adenosine 5′-monophosphate(AMP)-activated protein kinase α(AMPKα) caused by acute and chronic alcohol intake were modulated by PC.In ethanol-exposed HepG2 cells,PC reduced lipid accumulation in a concentration-dependent manner and exhibited superior ability in controlling lipid accumulation compared with metformin.CONCLUSION PC could abolish hepatic lipid accumulation through regulating SIRT1-AMPKα signaling in acute and chronic alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis.展开更多
Illegal production of alcoholic beverages is a common problem in most countries.The consumption of these counterfeit alcoholic products in Turkey has increasingly been one of the major health concerns.In this study,a ...Illegal production of alcoholic beverages is a common problem in most countries.The consumption of these counterfeit alcoholic products in Turkey has increasingly been one of the major health concerns.In this study,a comparison between GC-MS and Raman spectroscopy techniques was made to determine the amount of methanol in BogmaRaki which is a counterfeit alcoholic beverage produced and consumed in Hatay region.Different ratios of methanol/ethanol concentrations were prepared to obtain a calibration curve.This curve was used to measure the amount of methanol in the actual product samples using both GC-MS and Raman spectroscopy techniques.Results obtained from both techniques were compared using Paired sample t-tests.The Limit of Detection and the Limit of Quantification values were determined as 0.03(%v/v) and 0.11(%v/v),respectively.Both techniques demonstrated a similar sensitivity in the determination of methanol concentration in these counterfeit products(p>0.05).Raman Spectroscopy,however,has an advantage of being easy to use,inexpensive,rapid and non-destructive analytical technique with little or no sample preparation.展开更多
Aim Ginseng is the dried root of Panax ginseng C. A. Mayer. Since ancient times, ginseng has been used as one kind of treatment drug or tonic in China and even other eastern countries like Korea and Japan. Phar- macol...Aim Ginseng is the dried root of Panax ginseng C. A. Mayer. Since ancient times, ginseng has been used as one kind of treatment drug or tonic in China and even other eastern countries like Korea and Japan. Phar- macological active chemical ingredients and its extract of ginseng are a mixture of triterpenoid saponins, collectively called ginsenosides. Among them, ginsenoside Rgl is the most pharmacological active one. Based on prior experi- mental results and the understanding of alcoholic hepatitis, the major aim of this study is to investigate whether Rgl is beneficial in a rodent model mimic alcoholic hepatic injury associated with binge drinking and explore the under- lying possible mechanisms. Methods C57BL/6 mice were given oral consumption of 6 g · kg^-1 alcohol 1 h after treated with Rgl （ 10, 20 and 40 mg · kg^-1） or dexamethasone （ 1 mg · kg^-1） for 9 consecutive days. Biochemi- cal analyses were performed and liver fragments were processed for microscopy, immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Results According to our data, Rgl treatment significantly reversed the high mortality rate induced by alcohol consumption and also alleviated liver impairment as evidenced by the decrease of serum parameters. Meanwhile, histological and ultrastructural analysis of alcoholic groups showed hepatocellular impairment but re- stored in Rgl-treated groups. Overproductive inflammatory cytokines were also suppressed by Rgl in alcohol-intoxi- cated mouse livers. In addition, changes of GR related NF-KB pathway, including phospho-IKB-ot, were also mod- ulated to normal levels. Conclusion This study demonstrates that Rgl might promote GR mediating the repression of NF-KB and inhibit the inflammatory reactions in alcoholic hepatitis.展开更多
OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect and potential mechanism of desmethylbellidifolin(DMB)in chronic alcoholic fatty liver disease.METHODS C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into five groups.Control,metadoxi...OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect and potential mechanism of desmethylbellidifolin(DMB)in chronic alcoholic fatty liver disease.METHODS C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into five groups.Control,metadoxine and DMB group(high dose and low dose)mice were fed with Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet containing 5%alcohol for six weeks.Pair-fed group mice were fed with a liquid diet containing the same calories.After treatment,serum GOT,GPT,TG and hepatic T-CHO,TG,GSH,GSH-Px,SOD and CAT levels were measured.Ectopic liver lipid deposition was determined by oil red O and hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining.Lipid metabolism and autophagy related genes expression were determined by real-time PCR and Western blotting.Electron microscope and laser scanning confocal microscope were used to detect autophagosome and autophagy flux.RESULTS DMB treatment markedly reduced serum TG,GOT and GPT levels in alcohol-induced mice,as well as hepatic levels of T-CHO,TG and MDA,while increased the GSH,GSH-Px,SOD and CAT levels in the liver.Oil red O and HE staining showed that the alcohol-induced lipid accumulation and hepatocyte morphology changes were significantly improved by DMB treatment.Mechanistically,the expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 and fatty acid synthase were significantly decreased,while lipolysis related hormone-sensitive lipase was elevated in mouse liver by DMB treatment.In addition,DMB could inhibit the phosphorylation of Akt and mTORC1,and activate autophagy process by inducing autophagy related genes expression,such as LC3,ATG5 and ATG7.Moreover,treatment with DMB notably increased the number of autolysosome and promote the autophagy flux,which may therefore induce the lipolysis and oxidation of lipids and prevent the alcohol-induced excessive lipid accumulation in the liver.CONCLUSION DMB exerts a protective role in alcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating the Akt-mTORC1 pathway mediated autophagy activation.展开更多
OBJECTIVE Alcohol dependence is not only the most common public health prob⁃lem worldwide,but also the cause of many alco⁃hol-related diseases,such as anxiety and depres⁃sion.However,the mechanism of these comor⁃bidit...OBJECTIVE Alcohol dependence is not only the most common public health prob⁃lem worldwide,but also the cause of many alco⁃hol-related diseases,such as anxiety and depres⁃sion.However,the mechanism of these comor⁃bidities is not clear.Recently,the role of phos⁃phodiesterases(PDEs)in anxiety-and depres⁃sion-like behavior induced by alcohol withdrawal has received increasing attentions.PDEs are a superfamily of enzymes that catalyze the hydroly⁃sis of intracellular cyclic AMP(cAMP)and(or)cyclic GMP(cGMP).There are 11 families(PDE1-PDE11),each of which has 1 to 4 sub⁃types encoded by different genes.In the present study,we identified the key PDEs involved in anxiety-and depression-like behavior induced by alcohol withdrawal.METHODS After withdrawal from short-term or chronic intermittent ethanol vapor exposure(STEVE and CIEVE,respectively),adult male C57BL/6J(B6)mice were tested for anxiety-and depression-like behavior using the sucrose preference,open field,elevated plus-maze,tail suspension,forced swimming,hole board and light-dark tests.In addition,the expression of PDE subtypes(PDE2,PDE4,and PDE7)in the hippocampus,amygdala,and stria⁃tum,which are considered as anxiety-and(or)depression-related brain regions,was detected by Western blotting.RESULTS①Differences in anxiety-and depression-like behaviors between STEVE and CIEVE mice.Compared to STEVE mice,CIEVE mice showed greater anxiety-and depression-like behavior in the tests described above.②The expression of PDE2,PDE4 and PDE7 in the anxiety-and depression-related brain regions of CIEVE mice.Compared to the STEVE mice,CIEVE mice showed significant higher expression of PDE4A and PDE7A in the hippo⁃campus(P<0.05)and PDE4D and PDE7A in the amygdala(P<0.05).However,the expres⁃sion of PDE2A,PDE4B,PDE4D and PDE7B in the hippocampus,PDE2A,PDE4A,PDE4B and PDE7B in the amygdala,PDE2A,PDE4A,PDE4B,PDE4D,PDE7A and PDE7B in the striatum was not significantly changed.CONCLUSION The model of CIEVE showed significant anxiety-and depression-like behavior,with concurrent increases in the expression of PDE4A and PDE7A in the hippocampus and PDE4D and PDE7A in the amygdala.These results suggest that PDE4A,PDE4D,and DE7A may play an important role in the regulation of anxiety-and depression-like behavior induced by alcohol withdrawal.展开更多
文摘The structure-performance relationship of Cu/Al_(2)O_(3) catalysts in the hydrogenation of diethyl oxalate(DEO)for the synthesis of alcohol ether esters has been investigated by various characterization techniques including XRD,XPS,N2O titration,and 27Al MAS-NMR.The results showed that when the crystal configurations of Al_(2)O_(3) were the same,increasing the specific surface area could effectively refine the size of copper nanoparticles(Cu NPs),and ultimately improve the conversion of DEO.Meanwhile,the smaller size ofγ-Al_(2)O_(3)(HSAl and SBAl)loaded Cu NPs promotes the reaction towards the deep hydrogenation to produce ethanol(EtOH)and ethylene glycol(EG).Besides,the larger size of Cu NPs on the surface of amorphous Al_(2)O_(3)(HTAl and SolAl)resulted in a lower conversion rate,where ethyl glycolate(Egly)is the main product.Despite there are differences in Al^(3+)ionic coordination in Al_(2)O_(3) with different crystal structures,the experimental data showed that the differences in Al^(3+)ionic coordination did not significantly affect the catalytic performance in the hydrogenation reaction.The formation of alcohol-ether ester chemicals is critically dependent on the interactions between Cu sites and acidic sites.Among them,EG and EtOH were dehydrated to form 2-ethoxyethanol via the SN2 mechanism,while Egly and EtOH were reacted to form ethyl ethoxyacetate(EEA)via the SN2 mechanism.This study provides a theoretical basis for the optimization of the coal-based glycol processes to achieve a diversified product portfolio.
文摘OBJECTIVE Alcoholism is one of the most damaging psychiatric disorders and causes serious social and health problems in the world. However,there are no ideal treatments for this disease in clinic.Phosphodiesterases(PDEs) are a superfamily of enzymes consisting of 11 PDE families that hydrolyze cyclicAMP(cA MP) and/or cyclicGMP(cGMP). Among them,PDE4 is critical in the control of intracellular cAMP levels and has been shown to play an important role in the regulation of ethanol consumption.However,the functional role of PDE4 in mediating alcoholism remains unclear. METHODS Ethanol drinking and preference were examined using the two-bottle choice and/or drinking-in-dark(DID) test in high alcohol preferring(HAP) animals,including C57,HAP,and PDE4-subtype knockout mice,and Fawn-Hooded(FH/Wjd) rats,treated with or without the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram or roflumilast. Ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety-and depressive-like behaviors were examined using the elevated plusmaze,holeboard,forced-swim,and tail-suspension tests in C57 mice or FH rats in the presence of PDE4 inhibition. Levels of cAMP,CREB were determined in brain regions. RESULTS Treatment with rolipram or roflumilast decreased ethanol intake and preference in two-bottle choice and DID tests in C57 and HAP mice as well as FH rats. Mice deficient in PDE4 B,but not PDE4 D,displayed similar effects to general PDE4 inhibition. In addition,rolipram reversed ethanol withdrawal-induced anxietyand depressive-like behaviors 1 d and 14 d,respectively,following withdrawal from ethanol drinking in the two-bottle choice in C57 mice or FH rats. Locomotor activity was not changed in either mice or rats treated with the PDE4 inhibitors. Levels of cAMP,p CREB in the brain were increased by rolipram.CONCLUSION The results provide solid evidence for the important role of PDE4 in ethanol consumptionand ethanol withdrawal-induced symptoms. Inhibitors of PDE4,in particular the PDE4 B isoform,can be a novel class of treatment for alcoholism.
基金Project(2016TP1007)supported by the Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Plan,China
文摘In this work,a novel alcohol alkali hydrolysis method was explored for the preparation of terephthalic acid(TPA)from waste polyethylene terephthalate(PET).First,a series of single factor experiments on the depolymerization rate of waste PET bottles and the yield of TPA were conducted to determine the optimized experimental conditions,in terms of reaction time,reaction temperature,dosage of ethylene glycol and sodium bicarbonate,amount of distilled water and stirring rate.Then IR spectra and elemental analysis were carried out for the characterization of obtained product.Under optimal experimental conditions,over 98%PET can be depolymerized into the target product(TPA)and the purity and yield of TPA are over 97%and 94%,respectively.Both the experimental and analytical results support a feasible process for the preparation of TPA from waste PET.It is expected that this alcohol alkali hydrolysis method can promise an effective way for the sustainable recycling of waste PET.
文摘A novel technology of preparation of felt-metal supported modified polyvinyl alcohol（PVA） ultrafiltration（UF） membrane was invented, which could avoid the blockage of the holes of support layer and the leakage of the casting solution through the holes of support layer. Felt-metal supported ferric sulfate modified PVA composite UF membranes were prepared by the innovative technology. The results show that the composite membranes are used to treat 1 000 mg/L oil/water emulsion at trans-membrane pressure from 0.25 to 0.45 MPa, the permeate flux is from 36 to 52 L/（m2·h）, and the retention of chemical oxygen demand（COD） is over 92%. The composite membrane resistance increases with the increase of trans-naembrane pressure.
文摘Polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) physiological saline gel was prepared using physiological saline solution of the polymer by freezing and thawing method. The influences of the concentration of PVA, freezing and thawing cycle times and solvent swelling media on the swelling properties of PVA saline gel were investigated. The result show that the electrolytical ions have great effect on the swelling behavior of PVA saline gel. The equilibrium swelling ratio of PVA saline gel in aqueous swelling media is larger than that in saline swelling media. Also, the equilibrium swelling ratios of PVA saline gel in aqueous and in saline media decrease with the increase of gel concentration and the increase of freezing and thawing cycle times. The decreasing speed of equilibrium swelling ratio with the increase of freezing and thawing cycle times of PVA gel in distilled water is faster than that in physiological saline. The swelling kinetic equation can sufficiently describe the swelling behavior of PVA physiological saline gel.
文摘Reaction of Cp2TiCl2-Mg synthetic equivalent of practical Ti(II) reagent with propargyl alcohol derivatives affords allenyl titanium compounds in good yields.thus, providing an efficient and practical methods for synthesis of both allenyl and homopropargyl alcohols by the successive treatment with aldehydes and ketones.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(8156059781260664+1 种基金8136065881660689)
文摘OBJECTIVE Regulating P2x7R-NLRP3 inflammasome activation might be a potential therapeutic strategy to treat alcoholic hepatosteatosis.We investigated whether this process would be modulated by gentiopicroside(GPS),which is attributed to the bitterness of gentian root extract.METHODS An in vivo model was established by intragastrically treating mice with ethanol,and an in vitro model was created by treating HepG2 cells with ethanol or treating RAW 264.7 macrophages and murine bone marrow-derived macrophages(BMDMs) with lipopolysaccharides(LPS) plus adenosine triphos.phate(ATP).RESULTS In alcoholic hepatosteatotic mice model,GPS decreased serum aminotrans.ferase and triglyceride accumulation.GPS regulated sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1(Srebp1),peroxisome proliferators-actived receptors α(PPARα) and acetyl CoA carboxylase(ACC) expression via elevating liver kinase B1(LKB1)/AMP-activated Kinase(AMPK).Suppression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3),caspase-1 and expression by GPS resulted in the inhibition of interleukin-1β(IL-1β) production.In ethanol-exposed HepG2 cells,GPS reduced lipo.genesis and promoted lipid oxidation via P2x7R-NLRP3 inflammasome activation.P2x7R silencing enhanced AMPK activity,and reduced Srebp1 expression in ethanol-treated hepatocytes.GPS down.regulated P2x7R-mediated inflammatory response to extracellular ATP in LPS-primed RAW 264.7 macro.phages and BMDMs.Additionally,P2x7R deficiency attenuated IL-1β cleavage in RAW 264.7 macro.phages,and GPS further suppressed IL-1β cleavage.CONCLUSION Activation of LKB1/AMPK signaling by GPS might be mediated by P2x7R-NLRP3 inflammasome,suggesting a therapeutic utility of P2x7R blockade in alcoholic hepatosteatosis treatment.
基金The project supported by National Training Program of Innovation and Entrepreneurship for Undergraduates(201510439085)
文摘OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of puerarin on alcoholtoxicity in rat pheochromocytoma cell line(PC12). METHODS The PC12 cells were incubated with different concentrations of puerarin in advance. The protective effects of the puerarin on alcohol induced PC12 cel impairment were evaluated according to the fol owing approach: the viability of PC12 cel was determined by MTT assay and the impairment level was evaluated by analysis the leakage content of the lactate dehydrogenase(LDH). The cel apoptosis degree and the pro-apoptotic p53 protein expression were measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS Alcohol significantly impaired PC12 cel viability(P<0.05),and increased LDH leakage(P<0.05),induced cell apoptosis and upregulated expression of p53(P<0.05).While Puerarin significantly reversed these changes(P<0.05). CONCLUSION Puerarin might exert protection effect against ethanol-induced neurotoxicity via inhibition the expression of p53 protein.
文摘The low-temperature thermal treatment to degrade PCDD/Fs contained in fly ash was promoted by alcohol amines in a closed system. Three types of fly ash collected separately from municipal solid waste incinerator, medical waste incinerator and hazardous waste incinerator, were compared. Experimental design was used to investigate the homologue patterns of PCDD/Fs and distribution of the toxic congeners in fly ash from incinerator after thermal treatment promoted by alcohol amines. The effect of ethanolamine (MEA) on the hydrodechlorination reaction of polychlorinated aromatics pollutants on fly ash from solid waste incinerator was carried out, and the three ashes clearly showed different degradation potentials for PCDD/F during thermal treatment. Results from the present study indicate that (1) the concentration of alkaline species and metals strongly influenced the degradation of PCDD/F; (2) after addition of 8% MEA, the toxicity equivalent (TEQ) values of PCDD/Fs in fly ash were significantly lower than those obtained without MEA. 49%–71% of PCDD/Fs in TEQ was removed from different types of ash at 250℃ with 8% MEA; (3) the destruction and dechlorination are major mechanism for PCDD/Fs degradation.
文摘Despite years of interventions in the United States, substance abuse continues to be a major national problem in our society. For individuals affected, it can constitute a major disability and a decrease in quality of life. Current American societal expectations are that individuals who identify!they are involved in substance abuse will go to treatment, eventually recover, get off public assistance straightaway, and return to work. Most rehabilitation professionals also maintain the same expectations. The reality is that efforts of prevention do not appear to diminish the number of people with substance abuse. Traditional treatment appears to have minimal, if any, influence upon the cessation of substance abuse, and traditional vocational rehabilitation practices appear unsuited for the unique problems and types of symptoms experienced by substance abusers. Creative, yet sound, alternatives that combine effective treatment strategies and non-traditional vocational rehabilitation methods need to be exqlored and tested for effectiveness, and applied.
文摘Alcoholic hepatitis(AH)was first reported in 1961 as an acute disease in alcoholics with severe clinical syndromes including jaundice,anorexia,nausea,upper abdominal pain,hepatomegaly and fever etc.1 Today,it is generally accepted that severe AH is a form of acute-on-chronic liver failure in patients with underlying chronic alcohol-related liver disease(ALD).The detailed diagnosis of AH was recently defined by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism(NIAAA)-supported consortia and published in 2016.2 The first diagnostic criterion is alcohol drinking history,which includes heavy drinking>5 years,recent drinking>6 months with<60 days of abstinence before the onset of jaundice,and men with>4 drinks(50-60 g)/day,and women with>3 drinks(40 g)/day.The typical clinical sign is jaundice with some non-specific signs and symptoms including malaise,tender hepatomegaly,decompensation(ascites,encephalopathy,bacterial infection,variceal bleeding).
基金The project supported by Col ege Students Of Science and Technology Innovation Project of Tai'an City(2015D064)the National College Students'Innovative and Entrepreneurial Training Project(201510439078)
文摘OBJECTIVE To prepare gingerol dropping pills and to investigate its protective effect on alcoholic liver injury. METHODS The prescription was selected by orthogonal design method and the effect of the option and ratio of ground substance,the temperature of drug. The hardness,circular degree,the tail formation and the dissolution time were studied. Totally 40 KM mice were randomly divided into control group,model group,gingerol dropping pill group(400 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)) and positive control group(bifendate,150 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)) of 10 mice each. The mice from the model and two drug groups were administrated with liqueur[0.15 mL/(10 g·d)]daily by gavage for 3 weeks,Two hours later,drug group mice were treated corresponding gingerol dropping pill and bifendate. Meanwhile,the control group were gavaged same amount of normal saline. Finally,when the model of acute alcoholic liver injury was established on the 22 stday,Biochemical indicators of ocular blood in mice were observed.We also observed the change of liver morphology. RESULTS Under optimum conditions,we can obtain dropping pills having circular shape,touching with hardness and short dissolution time. Compared with the control group,the levels of alanine transaminase(ALT),glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase(AST) and malondialdehyde(MDA) in model group were obviously increased(P<0.01),While the activity of Superoxide dismutase(SOD) were decreased. In addition,In model group,mice liver disorders,hepatic lobule fusion,accompanying a large number of patchy sample liver cell vacuoles,various sizes of fat vacuoles appeared in cytoplasm and inflammatory cell infiltration were visible around the central vein. On the contrary,compared with the model group,drug groups attenuated or even reversed hepatic pathological changes. Form gingerol dropping pill group,an increase in hepatic SOD activity and serum ALT and AST activities were found and a significant decrease in hepatic MDA content were also observed(P<0.01). CONCLUSION The prescription of gingerol dropping pills was reasonable,and the preparation process was simple. Gingerol dropping pills can protect liver from alcoholic liver injury to some extend,and the mechanism may be related to its antioxidant effect.
文摘The hydrogen bonding interactions between N-methylformamide and primary,secondary,and tertiary alcohols have been studied using the FTIR spectroscopic method.The most likely association complex between alcohol and N-methylformamide is the 1∶1 stoichiometric complex formed between the hydroxyl group of alcohol and the carbonyl group of N-methylformamide.The formation constant of the 1∶1 complexes has been calculated using the Nash method.It appears that the primary alcohols have larger formation constant compared with the secondary and tertiary alcohols.The results showed that the proton-donating ability of the alcohols decreased in the order:primary>secondary>tertiary,and that the association constant increased with the increase in carbon chain of the alkyl group of alcohols.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81560597 81260664+1 种基金 81360658 81660689)
文摘OBJECTIVE The current study was designed to investigate the anti-steatosis effect of Pleurotus citrinopileatus extract(PC) and the underlying mechanism in vivo and in vitro.METHODS Acute and chronic alcoholic hepatosteatosis murine models and ethanol-treated HepG2 cells were applied.RESULTS In vitro,the anti-steatosis effect of PC was further confirmed via Nile red staining in HepG2 cells treated with ethanol.Both of acute and chronic alcohol-induced mice hepatosteatosis model,PC decreased serum aminotransferase and triglyceride accumulation.Upregulated sterol-regulatory element binding protein1(Srebp1),purinergic ligand-gated ion channel 7 receptor(P2 X7 R) and downregulated sirtuin1(SIRT1),adenosine 5′-monophosphate(AMP)-activated protein kinase α(AMPKα) caused by acute and chronic alcohol intake were modulated by PC.In ethanol-exposed HepG2 cells,PC reduced lipid accumulation in a concentration-dependent manner and exhibited superior ability in controlling lipid accumulation compared with metformin.CONCLUSION PC could abolish hepatic lipid accumulation through regulating SIRT1-AMPKα signaling in acute and chronic alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis.
基金There isn’t fund project and this issue was presented as a poster at the 7th European Academy of Forensic Science Conference,Prague,2015
文摘Illegal production of alcoholic beverages is a common problem in most countries.The consumption of these counterfeit alcoholic products in Turkey has increasingly been one of the major health concerns.In this study,a comparison between GC-MS and Raman spectroscopy techniques was made to determine the amount of methanol in BogmaRaki which is a counterfeit alcoholic beverage produced and consumed in Hatay region.Different ratios of methanol/ethanol concentrations were prepared to obtain a calibration curve.This curve was used to measure the amount of methanol in the actual product samples using both GC-MS and Raman spectroscopy techniques.Results obtained from both techniques were compared using Paired sample t-tests.The Limit of Detection and the Limit of Quantification values were determined as 0.03(%v/v) and 0.11(%v/v),respectively.Both techniques demonstrated a similar sensitivity in the determination of methanol concentration in these counterfeit products(p>0.05).Raman Spectroscopy,however,has an advantage of being easy to use,inexpensive,rapid and non-destructive analytical technique with little or no sample preparation.
文摘Aim Ginseng is the dried root of Panax ginseng C. A. Mayer. Since ancient times, ginseng has been used as one kind of treatment drug or tonic in China and even other eastern countries like Korea and Japan. Phar- macological active chemical ingredients and its extract of ginseng are a mixture of triterpenoid saponins, collectively called ginsenosides. Among them, ginsenoside Rgl is the most pharmacological active one. Based on prior experi- mental results and the understanding of alcoholic hepatitis, the major aim of this study is to investigate whether Rgl is beneficial in a rodent model mimic alcoholic hepatic injury associated with binge drinking and explore the under- lying possible mechanisms. Methods C57BL/6 mice were given oral consumption of 6 g · kg^-1 alcohol 1 h after treated with Rgl （ 10, 20 and 40 mg · kg^-1） or dexamethasone （ 1 mg · kg^-1） for 9 consecutive days. Biochemi- cal analyses were performed and liver fragments were processed for microscopy, immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Results According to our data, Rgl treatment significantly reversed the high mortality rate induced by alcohol consumption and also alleviated liver impairment as evidenced by the decrease of serum parameters. Meanwhile, histological and ultrastructural analysis of alcoholic groups showed hepatocellular impairment but re- stored in Rgl-treated groups. Overproductive inflammatory cytokines were also suppressed by Rgl in alcohol-intoxi- cated mouse livers. In addition, changes of GR related NF-KB pathway, including phospho-IKB-ot, were also mod- ulated to normal levels. Conclusion This study demonstrates that Rgl might promote GR mediating the repression of NF-KB and inhibit the inflammatory reactions in alcoholic hepatitis.
文摘OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect and potential mechanism of desmethylbellidifolin(DMB)in chronic alcoholic fatty liver disease.METHODS C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into five groups.Control,metadoxine and DMB group(high dose and low dose)mice were fed with Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet containing 5%alcohol for six weeks.Pair-fed group mice were fed with a liquid diet containing the same calories.After treatment,serum GOT,GPT,TG and hepatic T-CHO,TG,GSH,GSH-Px,SOD and CAT levels were measured.Ectopic liver lipid deposition was determined by oil red O and hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining.Lipid metabolism and autophagy related genes expression were determined by real-time PCR and Western blotting.Electron microscope and laser scanning confocal microscope were used to detect autophagosome and autophagy flux.RESULTS DMB treatment markedly reduced serum TG,GOT and GPT levels in alcohol-induced mice,as well as hepatic levels of T-CHO,TG and MDA,while increased the GSH,GSH-Px,SOD and CAT levels in the liver.Oil red O and HE staining showed that the alcohol-induced lipid accumulation and hepatocyte morphology changes were significantly improved by DMB treatment.Mechanistically,the expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 and fatty acid synthase were significantly decreased,while lipolysis related hormone-sensitive lipase was elevated in mouse liver by DMB treatment.In addition,DMB could inhibit the phosphorylation of Akt and mTORC1,and activate autophagy process by inducing autophagy related genes expression,such as LC3,ATG5 and ATG7.Moreover,treatment with DMB notably increased the number of autolysosome and promote the autophagy flux,which may therefore induce the lipolysis and oxidation of lipids and prevent the alcohol-induced excessive lipid accumulation in the liver.CONCLUSION DMB exerts a protective role in alcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating the Akt-mTORC1 pathway mediated autophagy activation.
文摘OBJECTIVE Alcohol dependence is not only the most common public health prob⁃lem worldwide,but also the cause of many alco⁃hol-related diseases,such as anxiety and depres⁃sion.However,the mechanism of these comor⁃bidities is not clear.Recently,the role of phos⁃phodiesterases(PDEs)in anxiety-and depres⁃sion-like behavior induced by alcohol withdrawal has received increasing attentions.PDEs are a superfamily of enzymes that catalyze the hydroly⁃sis of intracellular cyclic AMP(cAMP)and(or)cyclic GMP(cGMP).There are 11 families(PDE1-PDE11),each of which has 1 to 4 sub⁃types encoded by different genes.In the present study,we identified the key PDEs involved in anxiety-and depression-like behavior induced by alcohol withdrawal.METHODS After withdrawal from short-term or chronic intermittent ethanol vapor exposure(STEVE and CIEVE,respectively),adult male C57BL/6J(B6)mice were tested for anxiety-and depression-like behavior using the sucrose preference,open field,elevated plus-maze,tail suspension,forced swimming,hole board and light-dark tests.In addition,the expression of PDE subtypes(PDE2,PDE4,and PDE7)in the hippocampus,amygdala,and stria⁃tum,which are considered as anxiety-and(or)depression-related brain regions,was detected by Western blotting.RESULTS①Differences in anxiety-and depression-like behaviors between STEVE and CIEVE mice.Compared to STEVE mice,CIEVE mice showed greater anxiety-and depression-like behavior in the tests described above.②The expression of PDE2,PDE4 and PDE7 in the anxiety-and depression-related brain regions of CIEVE mice.Compared to the STEVE mice,CIEVE mice showed significant higher expression of PDE4A and PDE7A in the hippo⁃campus(P<0.05)and PDE4D and PDE7A in the amygdala(P<0.05).However,the expres⁃sion of PDE2A,PDE4B,PDE4D and PDE7B in the hippocampus,PDE2A,PDE4A,PDE4B and PDE7B in the amygdala,PDE2A,PDE4A,PDE4B,PDE4D,PDE7A and PDE7B in the striatum was not significantly changed.CONCLUSION The model of CIEVE showed significant anxiety-and depression-like behavior,with concurrent increases in the expression of PDE4A and PDE7A in the hippocampus and PDE4D and PDE7A in the amygdala.These results suggest that PDE4A,PDE4D,and DE7A may play an important role in the regulation of anxiety-and depression-like behavior induced by alcohol withdrawal.
