This paper explores the hypothesis that using a computer network for real - synchronous discussion has noticeable effects on EFL students’ motivation language learning. Three motives emerge from the students’ respon...This paper explores the hypothesis that using a computer network for real - synchronous discussion has noticeable effects on EFL students’ motivation language learning. Three motives emerge from the students’ responses to a survey:chatting on the Internet provides an opportunity for "real" communication; it improves personal confidence. It encourages students to overcome writing apprehension. Further analysis proves the hypothesis to a certain extent.展开更多
Motivation plays an vital role in foreign language learning.Every language teacher should pay more attention to it.Firstly,inspire achievement motivation;Secondly,let students recognize the importance of learning lang...Motivation plays an vital role in foreign language learning.Every language teacher should pay more attention to it.Firstly,inspire achievement motivation;Secondly,let students recognize the importance of learning language.展开更多
This essay, from the view of psycholinguistics, analyses the causes of the instrumental motivation college students have for their College English study and points out the negative results from this kind of learner mo...This essay, from the view of psycholinguistics, analyses the causes of the instrumental motivation college students have for their College English study and points out the negative results from this kind of learner motivation based on the theory of English as communication. Then it suggests some measures to overcome the negative results from the instrumental motivation.展开更多
Most language teachers will agree that motivation of the students is one of the most important factors influencing their success or failure in language learning. Corder’s phrase, “ Given motivation, anyone can learn...Most language teachers will agree that motivation of the students is one of the most important factors influencing their success or failure in language learning. Corder’s phrase, “ Given motivation, anyone can learn a language" brings out the importance of motivation and the way it can overcome unfavourable circumstances in other aspects of language learning. There have been overwhelming researches & literature on this area. However, the definition and study of motivation have not been without problem. This paper starts with a brief historical review on psychological approaches underlying motivational research, followed by the remarkable motivation theories. The third part is concerned with SL/FL motivation, which attempts to relate the findings on motivation with situation of China.展开更多
OBJECTIVE Glutamatergic projections from prefrontal cortex(PFc) to nucleus accumbens(NAc) regulate the dopamine(DA) release in NAc.However,it is not clear whether this circuit is effective for the reward and motivatio...OBJECTIVE Glutamatergic projections from prefrontal cortex(PFc) to nucleus accumbens(NAc) regulate the dopamine(DA) release in NAc.However,it is not clear whether this circuit is effective for the reward and motivation of heroin addiction.Our study investigates the effects of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3(mGluR2/3) and the projections from ventromedial prefrontal cortex(vmPFc) to the NAc shell on the reward and motivation of heroin-addicted rats.METHODS First,rats were trained to selfadministration for 14 d.On the 15 thday,parts of rats were injected with mGluR 2/3 agonist LY379268(0.1,0.3 and 1.0 mg·kg-1,ip) systematically and another parts of rats were bilaterally microinjected with LY379268(0.3 and 1.0 g·L^(-1))at the volume of 0.5 μL into the ventral tegmental area(VTA),NAc core or NAc shell,respectively.All rats were followed by heroin self-administration testing under fixed ratio 1(FR1) schedule or progressed ratio(PR) schedule to observe the effect of LY379268 on the heroin reward or motivation.Second,rats were injected chemogenetic glutamatergic virus(pAAV-CaMKIIa-hM3 D(Gq)-mCherry or pAOV-CaMKIIa-hM4 D(Gi)-mCherry-3 Flag) or negative control virus in vmPFc,and trained to heroin self-administration for 14 d.On the 15 thday,rats were bilateral y microinjected with clozapine-N-oxide(CNO,1 mmol·L^(-1),0.5 μL) into NAc shell and tested the effect on the heroin reward or motivation.Finally,rats were injected optogenetical glutamatergic virus(AAV2/9-CaM KⅡ-hChR2-EYFP) or negative control virus in vmPFc,implanted 16 channel photoelectrode in ipsilateral NAc shell,and trained to heroin selfadministration for 14 d.On the 15 thday,rats were tested heroin reward under FR1 procedure with blue light stimulation in the wavelength of470 nm,frequency of 25 HZ and power of 5 mW.Each stimulation lasting for 1 h and interval for1 h.The spike changes before and after stimulation in NAc Shel neural nerve was recorded.RESULTS LY379268 cloud dose-dependent attenuated the heroin reward or motivation and the local effective site was mainly in the NAc shell.Chemogenetic results showed activation or inactivation the projection from vmPFc to NAc shell enhanced or attenuated the heroin reward and motivation,respectively.Optogenetical stimulation the same projection also enhanced the heroin reward,and a tonic neuronal firing at the nerve of NAc shell was observed during the light stimulation session.CONCLUSION mGluR2/3 activation in the NAc shell is involved in the inhibition of heroin reward and motivation.Activation the projection from PFc to NAc shell can enhance the effects on heroin reward and motivation.展开更多
锻炼行为促进是公共卫生领域的关键议题,但现有理论在预测和干预锻炼行为时仍存在局限性。基于锻炼行为发生的必要条件,提出了锻炼行为的MTMSP(motor competence,time,motivation,self-control and physical exertion,运动能力、时间、...锻炼行为促进是公共卫生领域的关键议题,但现有理论在预测和干预锻炼行为时仍存在局限性。基于锻炼行为发生的必要条件,提出了锻炼行为的MTMSP(motor competence,time,motivation,self-control and physical exertion,运动能力、时间、动机、自我控制和体力消耗)决定因素模型(以下简称“MTMSP决定因素模型”)。该模型从个体层面深入解析锻炼行为的发生机制,将运动能力、时间、动机、自我控制和体力消耗作为核心决定因素,并通过“前提条件-双过程动机-自我控制调节”三级结构揭示各因素的内在关联。研究认为,MTMSP决定因素模型为克服锻炼意向−行为差距和维持问题提供了新的理论视角。未来研究可基于该模型,诊断目标人群的初始状态,设计更具针对性的干预方案,促进锻炼行为的发生。展开更多
文摘This paper explores the hypothesis that using a computer network for real - synchronous discussion has noticeable effects on EFL students’ motivation language learning. Three motives emerge from the students’ responses to a survey:chatting on the Internet provides an opportunity for "real" communication; it improves personal confidence. It encourages students to overcome writing apprehension. Further analysis proves the hypothesis to a certain extent.
文摘Motivation plays an vital role in foreign language learning.Every language teacher should pay more attention to it.Firstly,inspire achievement motivation;Secondly,let students recognize the importance of learning language.
文摘This essay, from the view of psycholinguistics, analyses the causes of the instrumental motivation college students have for their College English study and points out the negative results from this kind of learner motivation based on the theory of English as communication. Then it suggests some measures to overcome the negative results from the instrumental motivation.
文摘Most language teachers will agree that motivation of the students is one of the most important factors influencing their success or failure in language learning. Corder’s phrase, “ Given motivation, anyone can learn a language" brings out the importance of motivation and the way it can overcome unfavourable circumstances in other aspects of language learning. There have been overwhelming researches & literature on this area. However, the definition and study of motivation have not been without problem. This paper starts with a brief historical review on psychological approaches underlying motivational research, followed by the remarkable motivation theories. The third part is concerned with SL/FL motivation, which attempts to relate the findings on motivation with situation of China.
基金National Basic Research Program of China(2015CB553504)National Natural Science Foundationof China (81471350+1 种基金81671321)Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo Municipality,Zhejiang Province, China (2017A610214).
文摘OBJECTIVE Glutamatergic projections from prefrontal cortex(PFc) to nucleus accumbens(NAc) regulate the dopamine(DA) release in NAc.However,it is not clear whether this circuit is effective for the reward and motivation of heroin addiction.Our study investigates the effects of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3(mGluR2/3) and the projections from ventromedial prefrontal cortex(vmPFc) to the NAc shell on the reward and motivation of heroin-addicted rats.METHODS First,rats were trained to selfadministration for 14 d.On the 15 thday,parts of rats were injected with mGluR 2/3 agonist LY379268(0.1,0.3 and 1.0 mg·kg-1,ip) systematically and another parts of rats were bilaterally microinjected with LY379268(0.3 and 1.0 g·L^(-1))at the volume of 0.5 μL into the ventral tegmental area(VTA),NAc core or NAc shell,respectively.All rats were followed by heroin self-administration testing under fixed ratio 1(FR1) schedule or progressed ratio(PR) schedule to observe the effect of LY379268 on the heroin reward or motivation.Second,rats were injected chemogenetic glutamatergic virus(pAAV-CaMKIIa-hM3 D(Gq)-mCherry or pAOV-CaMKIIa-hM4 D(Gi)-mCherry-3 Flag) or negative control virus in vmPFc,and trained to heroin self-administration for 14 d.On the 15 thday,rats were bilateral y microinjected with clozapine-N-oxide(CNO,1 mmol·L^(-1),0.5 μL) into NAc shell and tested the effect on the heroin reward or motivation.Finally,rats were injected optogenetical glutamatergic virus(AAV2/9-CaM KⅡ-hChR2-EYFP) or negative control virus in vmPFc,implanted 16 channel photoelectrode in ipsilateral NAc shell,and trained to heroin selfadministration for 14 d.On the 15 thday,rats were tested heroin reward under FR1 procedure with blue light stimulation in the wavelength of470 nm,frequency of 25 HZ and power of 5 mW.Each stimulation lasting for 1 h and interval for1 h.The spike changes before and after stimulation in NAc Shel neural nerve was recorded.RESULTS LY379268 cloud dose-dependent attenuated the heroin reward or motivation and the local effective site was mainly in the NAc shell.Chemogenetic results showed activation or inactivation the projection from vmPFc to NAc shell enhanced or attenuated the heroin reward and motivation,respectively.Optogenetical stimulation the same projection also enhanced the heroin reward,and a tonic neuronal firing at the nerve of NAc shell was observed during the light stimulation session.CONCLUSION mGluR2/3 activation in the NAc shell is involved in the inhibition of heroin reward and motivation.Activation the projection from PFc to NAc shell can enhance the effects on heroin reward and motivation.
文摘锻炼行为促进是公共卫生领域的关键议题,但现有理论在预测和干预锻炼行为时仍存在局限性。基于锻炼行为发生的必要条件,提出了锻炼行为的MTMSP(motor competence,time,motivation,self-control and physical exertion,运动能力、时间、动机、自我控制和体力消耗)决定因素模型(以下简称“MTMSP决定因素模型”)。该模型从个体层面深入解析锻炼行为的发生机制,将运动能力、时间、动机、自我控制和体力消耗作为核心决定因素,并通过“前提条件-双过程动机-自我控制调节”三级结构揭示各因素的内在关联。研究认为,MTMSP决定因素模型为克服锻炼意向−行为差距和维持问题提供了新的理论视角。未来研究可基于该模型,诊断目标人群的初始状态,设计更具针对性的干预方案,促进锻炼行为的发生。
