In this paper molecular dynamics simulations are performed to study the accumulation behaviour of N2 and H2 at water/graphite interface under ambient temperature and pressure. It finds that both N2 and H2 molecules ca...In this paper molecular dynamics simulations are performed to study the accumulation behaviour of N2 and H2 at water/graphite interface under ambient temperature and pressure. It finds that both N2 and H2 molecules can accumulate at the interface and form one of two states according to the ratio of gas molecules number to square of graphite surface from our simulation results： gas films （pancake-like） for a larger ratio and nanobubbles for a smaller ratio. In addition, we discuss the stabilities of nanobubbles at different environment temperatures. Surprisingly, it is found that the density of both kinds of gas states can be greatly increased, even comparable with that of the liquid N2 and liquid H2. The present results are expected to be helpful for the understanding of the stable existence of gas film （pancake-like） and nanobubbles.展开更多
To realize an excitation of electron Bernstein waves （EBW） via mode conversion from X-mode waves injected from the high magnetic field side （HFS）, new inner-vessel mirrors were installed close to a helicM coil in ...To realize an excitation of electron Bernstein waves （EBW） via mode conversion from X-mode waves injected from the high magnetic field side （HFS）, new inner-vessel mirrors were installed close to a helicM coil in the large helicM device （LHD）. 77 GHz electron cyclotron （EC） wave beams injected from an existing EC-wave injection system toward the new mirror are reflected on the mirror so that the beams are injected to plasmas from HFS. Evident increases in the electron temperature at the plasma core region and the plasma stored energy were observed by the HFS beam injection to the plasmas with the line-average electron density of 7.5~ 1019 m-3, which is slightly higher than the plasma cut-off density of 77 GHz EC-waves, 7.35~ 1019 m-3. The heating efficiency evaluated from the changes in the time derivative of the plasma stored energy reached ,,~70%. Although so far it is not clear which is the main cause of the heating effect, the mode-converted EBW or the X-mode wave itself injected from the HFS, an effective heating of high-density plasma over the plasma cut-off of EC-wave was successfully demonstrated.展开更多
The surface performances of directly fluorinated high density polyethylene （HDPE） are studied with Fourier transform infrared （FT-IR） spectra, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and contact angle （CA） system. ...The surface performances of directly fluorinated high density polyethylene （HDPE） are studied with Fourier transform infrared （FT-IR） spectra, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and contact angle （CA） system. The SEM images show that there is a three-layer structure called the reaction, virgin and boundary layer structure. The depth of fluorinated layer is 5.75 ~m with 1 h fluorination time and 7.86 b^m with 2 h. The depths are 5.46 /~m and 5.07 /~m when fluorine density is 2G and 1~/0, respectively. CA indicates that the HDPE surface property becomes more hydrophobic with the increasing water contact angle from 78.5~ to 104.5~. Oleophobic and hydrophobic features of HDPE are identified by comparison of mass change experiments. It is shown that the in- crement rate of fluorinated HDPE is much lower than that of un-fluorinated HDPE filled in neither distilled water nor jet fuel.展开更多
Objective: To observe the oxidative modification of high density lipoprotein (HDL) induced by cultured human arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Methods: HDL cocultured with SMCs at 37℃ in 48 h was subjected, and na...Objective: To observe the oxidative modification of high density lipoprotein (HDL) induced by cultured human arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Methods: HDL cocultured with SMCs at 37℃ in 48 h was subjected, and native HDL (N-HDL) served as control. Oxidative modification of HDL was identified by using agarose gel electrophoresis. Absorbances of conjugated diene (CD) and lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) were measured with ultraviolet spectrophotometry at 234 and 560 nm respectively, and fluorescence intensity of thiobarbuturic acid reaction substance (TBARS) with fluorescence spectrophotometry at 550 nm emission wavelength with excitation at 515 nm. Results: In comparison with N-HDL, the electrophoretic mobility of SMCs-cocultured HDL was increased, and the contents of CD, LOOH and TBARS HDL were very significantly higher than those of the control HDL (P<0.01). Conclusion: Oxidative modification of HDL can be induced by human arterial SMCs.展开更多
Solid-state lithium batteries(SSLBs)are regarded as an essential growth path in energy storage systems due to their excellent safety and high energy density.In particular,SSLBs using conversion-type cathode materials ...Solid-state lithium batteries(SSLBs)are regarded as an essential growth path in energy storage systems due to their excellent safety and high energy density.In particular,SSLBs using conversion-type cathode materials have received widespread attention because of their high theoretical energy densities,low cost,and sustainability.Despite the great progress in research and development of SSLBs based on conversiontype cathodes,their practical applications still face challenges such as blocked ionic-electronic migration pathways,huge volume change,interfacial incompatibility,and expensive processing costs.This review focuses on the advantages and critical issues of coupling conversion-type cathodes with solid-state electrolytes(SSEs),as well as state-of-the-art progress in various promising cathodes(e.g.,FeS_(2),CuS,FeF_(3),FeF_(2),and S)in SSLBs.Furthermore,representative research on conversion-type solid-state full cells is discussed to offer enlightenment for their practical application.Significantly,the energy density exhibited by the S cathode stands out impressively,while sulfide SSEs and halide SSEs have demonstrated immense potential for coupling with conversion-type cathodes.Finally,perspectives on conversion-type cathodes are provided at the material,interface,composite electrode,and battery levels,with a view to accelerating the development of conversion-type cathodes for high-energy–density SSLBs.展开更多
Energetic compounds bearing the trinitromethyl group are garnering broad attraction as potential candidates for a new generation of high energy dense oxidizers.In this work,an effective dual modulation strategy involv...Energetic compounds bearing the trinitromethyl group are garnering broad attraction as potential candidates for a new generation of high energy dense oxidizers.In this work,an effective dual modulation strategy involving both molecular isomerization and crystal morphology control was employed to design and optimize trinitromethyl-oxadiazole with improved comprehensive performance.Utilizing this dual strategy,3,5-bis(trinitromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole(3)was synthesized,resulting in the formation of two distinct crystal morphologies(needle and sheet)corresponding to two crystal forms(3-a and3-b).Encouragingly,while maintaining ultra-high oxygen balance(21.73%),3 achieves impressive densities(1.97-1.98 g/cm^(3)).To our knowledge,the density of 1.98 g/cm^(3)for 3-a sets a new record among that of nitrogen-rich monocyclic compounds.Notably,practical crystal morphology prediction was creatively introduced to guide the experimental crystallization conditions of 3,increasing the impact sensitivity and friction sensitivity from 1 J to 80 N(3-a)to 10 J and 240 N(3-b),respectively.Additionally,the crystal structural analyses and theoretical calculations were conducted to elucidate the reasons of differences between 3-a and 3-b in density and stability.This work provides an efficient strategy to enhance performance of trinitromethyl derivatives,broadening the path and expanding the toolbox for energetic materials.展开更多
Thick electrodes can increase incorporation of active electrode materials by diminishing the proportion of inactive constituents,improving the overall energy density of batteries.However,thick electrodes fabricated us...Thick electrodes can increase incorporation of active electrode materials by diminishing the proportion of inactive constituents,improving the overall energy density of batteries.However,thick electrodes fabricated using the conventional slurry casting approach frequently exhibit an exacerbated accumulation of carbon additives and binders on their surfaces,invariably leading to compromised electrochemical properties.In this study,we introduce a designed conductive agent/binder composite synthesized from carbon nanotube and polytetrafluoroethylene.This agent/binder composite facilitates production of dry-process-prepared ultra-thick electrodes endowed with a three-dimensional and uniformly distributed percolative architecture,ensuring superior electronic conductivity and remarkable mechanical resilience.Using this approach,ultra-thick LiCoO_(2)(LCO) electrodes demonstrated superior cycling performance and rate capabilities,registering an impressive loading capacity of up to 101.4 mg/cm^(2),signifying a 242% increase in battery energy density.In another analytical endeavor,time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy was used to clarify the distribution of cathode electrolyte interphase(CEI) in cycled LCO electrodes.The results provide unprecedented evidence explaining the intricate correlation between CEI generation and carbon distribution,highlighting the intrinsic advantages of the proposed dry-process approach in fine-tu ning the CEI,with excellent cycling performance in batteries equipped with ultra-thick electrodes.展开更多
The tireless pursuit of supercapacitors with high energy density entails the parallel advancement of wellsuited electrode materials and elaborately engineered architectures.Polypyrrole(PPy)emerges as an exceedingly co...The tireless pursuit of supercapacitors with high energy density entails the parallel advancement of wellsuited electrode materials and elaborately engineered architectures.Polypyrrole(PPy)emerges as an exceedingly conductive polymer and a prospective pseudocapacitive materials for supercapacitors,yet the inferior cyclic stability and unpredictable polymerization patterns severely impede its real-world applicability.Here,for the first time,an innovative seed-induced in-situ polymerization assisted 3D printing strategy is proposed to fabricate PPy-reduced graphene oxide/poly(vinylidene difluoride-cohexafluoropropylene)(PVDF-HFP)(PPy-rGO/PH)electrodes with controllable polymerization behavior and exceptional areal mass loading.The preferred active sites uniformly pre-planted on the 3D-printed graphene substrates serve as reliable seeds to induce efficient polypyrrole deposition,achieving an impressive mass loading of 185.6 mg cm^(-2)(particularly 79.2 mg cm^(-2)for polypyrrole)and a superior areal capacitance of 25.2 F cm^(-2)at 2 mA cm^(-2)for a 12-layer electrode.In agreement with theses appealing features,an unprecedented areal energy density of 1.47 mW h cm^(-2)for a symmetrical device is registered,a rarely achieved value for other PPy/rGO-based supercapacitors.This work highlights a promising route to preparing high energy density energy storage modules for real-world applications.展开更多
Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)(NVP)is gifted with fast Na^(+)conductive NASICON structure.But it still suffers from low electronic conductivity and inadequate energy density.Herein,a high-entropy modification strategy is rea...Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)(NVP)is gifted with fast Na^(+)conductive NASICON structure.But it still suffers from low electronic conductivity and inadequate energy density.Herein,a high-entropy modification strategy is realized by doping V^(3+)site with Ga^(3+)/Cr^(3+)/Al^(3+)/Fe^(3+)/In^(3+)simultaneously(i.e.Na_(3)V_(2-x)(GaCrAlFeIn)_x(PO_(4))_(3);x=0,0.04,0.06,and 0.08)to stimulate the V^(5+)■V^(2+)reversible multi-electron redox.Such configuration high-entropy can effectively suppress the structural collapse,enhance the redox reversibility in high working voltage(4.0 V),and optimize the electronic induced effect.The in-situ X-ray powder diffraction and in-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests efficaciously confirm the robust structu ral recovery and far lower polarization throughout an entire charge-discharge cycle during 1.6-4.3 V,respectively.Moreover,the density functional theory calculations clarify the stronger metallicity of high-entropy electrode than the bare that is derived from the more mobile free electrons surrounding the vicinity of Fermi level.By grace of high-entropy design and multi-electron transfer reactions,the optimal Na_(3)V_(1.7)(GaCrAlFeIn)_(0.06)(PO_(4))_(3)can exhibit perfect cycling/rate performances(90.97%@5000 cycles@30 C;112 mA h g^(-1)@10 C and 109 mA h g^(-1)@30 C,2.0-4.3 V).Furthermore,it can supply ultra-high185 mA h g^(-1)capacity with fa ntastic energy density(522 W h kg^(-1))in half-cells(1.4-4.3 V),and competitive capacity(121 mA h g^(-1))as well as energy density(402 W h kg^(-1))in full-cells(1.6-4.1 V),demonstrating enormous application potential for sodium-ion batteries.展开更多
A high-density, high-flux circulating fluidized bed （CFB） riser （100 mm in ID and 10.614 m in height） was ap- plied in a wide range of operating conditions （with solid fluxes up to 400 kg/m2s and superficial gas ...A high-density, high-flux circulating fluidized bed （CFB） riser （100 mm in ID and 10.614 m in height） was ap- plied in a wide range of operating conditions （with solid fluxes up to 400 kg/m2s and superficial gas velocities up to 12 m/s） to examine its radial non-uniformity dynamics. The solids holdup was determined through the use of a fiber-optic probe at 11 axial levels. The results indicated that under all operating conditions, the high superficial gas velocity and low solid flux- es maintained a low radial non-uniformity index （RNI）. The high-density/flux CFB riser had several unique characteristics, so that the peak of the radial solids holdup profile occurred at a position with r/R=0.8. The RNI and solids holdup at the cross-sectional position had a good logarithmic relationship at the low-density condition （with a mean solids holdup of 〈0.2）, and the RNI decreased when the mean solids holdup exceeded 0.2. Investigation of the dynamics of stratified injec- tion revealed that the feed ratio had an important effect on G, and on solids holdup distribution. A novel ＂〈＂ shaped axial solids holdup profile was found. Gs decreased sharply when the up-flow feed ratio exceeded 0.5, and RNI was lowest when the up-flow feed ratio was 1.展开更多
CD-1, a genetically-engineered CHO cell line, was cultivated with a Biosilon microcarrier culture system.We successfully cultivated CD-1 cells to a very high density (over1×107cells/ml). Prourokinase was stably s...CD-1, a genetically-engineered CHO cell line, was cultivated with a Biosilon microcarrier culture system.We successfully cultivated CD-1 cells to a very high density (over1×107cells/ml). Prourokinase was stably secreted at about 180 IU/ 1e6 cells/24 h. Experiments showed that CD-1 cells growing on Biosilon microcarriers were able to spontaneously release from the microcarriers, then reatthch and proliferate on fresh microcarriers. This makes it very easy to scale up preduction. The microcarriers could be reused several times without affecting adhesion. proliferation and prourokinase secretion. With CMPECC membrane radial flow chromatography and MPG chromatography, the prourokinase in conditioned medium could be purified to a specific activity of 1×105 IU/mg of protein. The purification factor was about 600 fold, and approxiamately 90 % of the biological activity was recovered.展开更多
Developing highly effective and stable non-noble metalbased bifunctional catalyst working at high current density is an urgent issue for water electrolysis(WE).Herein,we prepare the N-doped graphene-decorated NiCo all...Developing highly effective and stable non-noble metalbased bifunctional catalyst working at high current density is an urgent issue for water electrolysis(WE).Herein,we prepare the N-doped graphene-decorated NiCo alloy coupled with mesoporous NiCoMoO nano-sheet grown on 3D nickel foam(NiCo@C-NiCoMoO/NF)for water splitting.NiCo@C-NiCoMoO/NF exhibits outstanding activity with low overpotentials for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reaction(HER:39/266 mV;OER:260/390 mV)at±10 and±1000 mA cm^(−2).More importantly,in 6.0 M KOH solution at 60℃ for WE,it only requires 1.90 V to reach 1000 mA cm−2 and shows excellent stability for 43 h,exhibiting the potential for actual application.The good performance can be assigned to N-doped graphene-decorated NiCo alloy and mesoporous NiCoMoO nano-sheet,which not only increase the intrinsic activity and expose abundant catalytic activity sites,but also enhance its chemical and mechanical stability.This work thus could provide a promising material for industrial hydrogen production.展开更多
A novel bismuth–carbon composite, in which bismuth nanoparticles were anchored in a nitrogen-doped carbon matrix(Bi@NC), is proposed as anode for high volumetric energy density lithium ion batteries(LIBs).Bi@NC compo...A novel bismuth–carbon composite, in which bismuth nanoparticles were anchored in a nitrogen-doped carbon matrix(Bi@NC), is proposed as anode for high volumetric energy density lithium ion batteries(LIBs).Bi@NC composite was synthesized via carbonization of Zn-containing zeolitic imidazolate(ZIF-8) and replacement of Zn with Bi, resulting in the N-doped carbon that was hierarchically porous and anchored with Bi nanoparticles. The matrix provides a highly electronic conductive network that facilitates the lithiation/delithiation of Bi.Additionally, it restrains aggregation of Bi nanoparticles and serves as a buffer layer to alleviate the mechanical strain of Bi nanoparticles upon Li insertion/extraction.With these contributions, Bi@NC exhibits excellent cycling stability and rate capacity compared to bare Bi nanoparticles or their simple composites with carbon. This study provides a new approach for fabricating high volumetric energy density LIBs.展开更多
Ultrafast imaging tools are of great importance for determining the dynamic density distribution in high energy density(HED)matter.In this work,we designed a high energy electron radiography(HEER)system based on a lin...Ultrafast imaging tools are of great importance for determining the dynamic density distribution in high energy density(HED)matter.In this work,we designed a high energy electron radiography(HEER)system based on a linear electron accelerator to evaluate its capability for imaging HED matter.40 MeV electron beams were used to image an aluminum target to study the density resolution and spatial resolution of HEER.The results demonstrate a spatial resolution of tens of micrometers.The interaction of the beams with the target and the beam transport of the transmitted electrons are further simulated with EGS5 and PARMELA codes,with the results showing good agreement with the experimental resolution.Furthermore,the experiment can be improved by adding an aperture at the Fourier plane.展开更多
Hydrogen storage and delivery technology is still a bottleneck in the hydrogen industry chain.Among all kinds of hydrogen storage methods,light-weight solid-state hydrogen storage(LSHS)materials could become promising...Hydrogen storage and delivery technology is still a bottleneck in the hydrogen industry chain.Among all kinds of hydrogen storage methods,light-weight solid-state hydrogen storage(LSHS)materials could become promising due to its intrinsic high hydrogen capacity.Hydrolysis reaction of LSHS materials occurs at moderate conditions,indicating the potential for portable applications.At present,most of review work focuses on the improvement of material performance,especially the catalysts design.This part is important,but the others,such as operation modes,are also vital to to make full use of material potential in the practical applications.Different operation modes of hydrolysis reaction have an impact on hydrogen capacity to various degrees.For example,hydrolysis in solution would decrease the hydrogen capacity of hydrogen generator to a low value due to the excessive water participating in the reaction.Therefore,application-oriented operation modes could become a key problem for hydrolysis reaction of LSHS materials.In this paper,the operation modes of hydrolysis reaction and their practical applications are mainly reviewed.The implements of each operation mode are discussed and compared in detail to determine the suitable one for practical applications with the requirement of high energy density.The current challenges and future directions are also discussed.展开更多
Carbon-based electric double layer capacitors(EDLCs)hold tremendous potentials due to their high-power performance and excellent cycle stability.However,the practical use of EDLCs is limited by the low energy density ...Carbon-based electric double layer capacitors(EDLCs)hold tremendous potentials due to their high-power performance and excellent cycle stability.However,the practical use of EDLCs is limited by the low energy density in aqueous electrolyte and sluggish diffusion kinetics in organic or/and ionic liquids electrolyte.Herein,3D carbon frameworks(3DCFs)constructed by interconnected nanocages(10-20 nm)with an ultrathin wall of ca.2 nm have been fabricated,which possess high specific surface area,hierarchical porosity and good conductive network.After deoxidization,the deoxidized 3DCF(3DCFDO)exhibits a record low IR drop of 0.064 V at 100 A g^−1 and ultrafast charge/discharge rate up to 10 V s^−1.The related device can be charged up to 77.4%of its maximum capacitance in 0.65 s at 100 A g^−1 in 6 M KOH.It has been found that the 3DCF-DO has a great affinity to EMIMBF4,resulting in a high specific capacitance of 174 F g^−1 at 1 A g^−1,and a high energy density of 34 Wh kg^−1 at an ultrahigh power density of 150 kW kg^−1 at 4 V after a fast charge in 1.11 s.This work provides a facile fabrication of novel 3D carbon frameworks for supercapacitors with ultrafast charge/discharge rate and high energy-power density.展开更多
Lithium-sulfur(Li-S) batteries are one of the most promising rechargeable storage devices due to the high theoretical energy density.However,the low areal sulfur loading impedes their commercial development.Herein,a 3...Lithium-sulfur(Li-S) batteries are one of the most promising rechargeable storage devices due to the high theoretical energy density.However,the low areal sulfur loading impedes their commercial development.Herein,a 3 D free-standing sulfur cathode scaffold is rationally designed and fabricated by coaxially coating polar Ti_3 C_2 T_x flakes on sulfur-impregnated carbon cloth(Ti_3 C_2 T_x@S/CC) to achieve high loading and high energy density Li-S batteries,in which,the flexible CC substrate with highly porous structure can accommodate large amounts of sulfur and ensure fast electron transfer,while the outer-coated Ti_3 C_2 T_x can serve as a polar and conductive protective layer to further promote the conductivity of the whole electrode,achieve physical blocking and chemical anchoring of lithium-polysulfides as well as catalyze their conversion.Due to these advantages,at a sulfur loading of 4 mg cm^(-2),Li-S cells with Ti_3 C_2 T_x@S/CC cathodes can deliver outstanding cycling stability(746.1 mAh g^(-1) after 200 cycles at1 C),superb rate performance(866.8 mAh g^(-1) up to 2 C) and a high specific energy density(564.2 Wh kg^(-1) after 100 cycles at 0.5 C).More significantly,they also show the commercial potential that can compete with current lithium-ion batteries due to the high areal capacity of 6.7 mAh cm^(-2) at the increased loading of 8 mg cm^(-2).展开更多
Fluorinated carbons(CFx)have been widely applied as lithium primary batteries due to their ultra-high energy density.It will be a great promise if CFx can be rechargeable.In this study,we rationally tune the C-F bond ...Fluorinated carbons(CFx)have been widely applied as lithium primary batteries due to their ultra-high energy density.It will be a great promise if CFx can be rechargeable.In this study,we rationally tune the C-F bond strength for the alkaline intercalated CFx via importing an electronegative weaker element K instead of Li.It forms a ternary phase K_(x)FC instead of two phases(LiF+C)in lithium-ion batteries.Meanwhile,we choose a large layer distance and more defects CFx,namely fluorinated soft carbon,to accommodate K.Thus,we enable CFx rechargeable as a potassium-ion battery cathode.In detail fluorinated soft carbon CF_(1.01) presents a reversible specific capacity of 339 mA h g^(-1)(797 Wh kg^(-1))in the 2nd cycle and maintains 330 mA h g^(-1)(726 Wh kg^(-1))in the 15th cycle.This study reveals the importance of tuning chemical bond stability using different alkaline ions to endow batteries with rechargeability.This work provides good references for focusing on developing reversible electrode materials from popular primary cell configurations.展开更多
Extensive usage of highly conductive carbon materials with large specific surface area(e.g.,carbon nanotubes,CNTs)in lithium ion batteries(LIBs),especially as current collector of anodes,suffers from low initial coulo...Extensive usage of highly conductive carbon materials with large specific surface area(e.g.,carbon nanotubes,CNTs)in lithium ion batteries(LIBs),especially as current collector of anodes,suffers from low initial coulombic efficiency(ICE),large interfacial resistance,and severe embrittlement,as the large specific surface area often results in severe interfacial decomposition of the electrolyte and the formation of thick and fluffy solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)during cycling of LIBs.Herein,we demonstrate that when the CNT-based current collector and Na foil(which are being stacked intimately upon each other)are being placed in Na+-based organic electrolyte,local redox reaction between the Na foil and the electrolyte would occur spontaneously,generating a thin and homogeneous NaF-based passivating layer on the CNTs.More importantly,we found that owing to the weak solvation behaviors of Na+in the organic electrolyte,the resulting passivation layer,which is rich in NaF,is thin and dense;when used as the anode current collector in LIBs,the pre-existing passivating layer can function effectively in isolating the anode from the solvated Li+,thus suppressing the formation of bulky SEI and the destructive intercalation of solvated Li+.The relevant half-cell(graphite as anode)exhibits a high ICE of 92.1%;the relevant pouch cell with thus passivated CNT film as current collectors for both electrodes(LiCoO_(2)as cathode,graphite as anode)displays a high energy density of 255 Wh kg^(-1),spelling an increase of 50%compared with that using the conventional metal current collectors.展开更多
The mass fraction of electrolytes is the crucial factor affecting the energy density of lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries. Due to the high porosity within the C/S cathode, high concentration of polysulfides, and side reac...The mass fraction of electrolytes is the crucial factor affecting the energy density of lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries. Due to the high porosity within the C/S cathode, high concentration of polysulfides, and side reaction in lithiun metal anode under lean electrolyte, it is extremely challenging to improve performance while reducing the electrolyte volume. Here, we report a novel electrolyte with relatively low density(1.16 g cm^(-2)), low viscosity(1.84 m Pa s), and high ionic conductivity, which significantly promotes energy density and cyclability of Li-S batteries under practical conditions. Moreover, such electrolyte enables a hybrid cathode electrolyte interphase(CEI) and solid electrolyte interface(SEI) layer with plentiful Li F, which leads to fast kinetics of ions transport and stable cyclability even under low temperatures.Compared to Li-S batteries in electrolyte employing 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether(TTE) diluent, the ultra-thick cathode(20 mg cm^(-2)) shows a high capacity of 9.48 m Ah cm^(-2)and excellent capacity retention of 80.3% over 191 cycles at a low electrolyte-to-sulfur ratio(E/S = 2) and negative-to-positive capacity ratio(N/P = 2.5), realizing a 19.2% improvement in energy density in coin cells(from 370 to 441 Wh kg^(-1)) and a high energy density up to 467 Wh kg^(-1) in pouch cells. This study not only provides guidance for the electrolyte design but also paves the way for the development of high performance Li-S batteries under practical conditions.展开更多
基金supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos 10474109 and 10674146)supported is part by the Shanghai Supercomputer Center of China
文摘In this paper molecular dynamics simulations are performed to study the accumulation behaviour of N2 and H2 at water/graphite interface under ambient temperature and pressure. It finds that both N2 and H2 molecules can accumulate at the interface and form one of two states according to the ratio of gas molecules number to square of graphite surface from our simulation results： gas films （pancake-like） for a larger ratio and nanobubbles for a smaller ratio. In addition, we discuss the stabilities of nanobubbles at different environment temperatures. Surprisingly, it is found that the density of both kinds of gas states can be greatly increased, even comparable with that of the liquid N2 and liquid H2. The present results are expected to be helpful for the understanding of the stable existence of gas film （pancake-like） and nanobubbles.
基金supported by KAKENHI (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(C), 21560862) of Japan
文摘To realize an excitation of electron Bernstein waves （EBW） via mode conversion from X-mode waves injected from the high magnetic field side （HFS）, new inner-vessel mirrors were installed close to a helicM coil in the large helicM device （LHD）. 77 GHz electron cyclotron （EC） wave beams injected from an existing EC-wave injection system toward the new mirror are reflected on the mirror so that the beams are injected to plasmas from HFS. Evident increases in the electron temperature at the plasma core region and the plasma stored energy were observed by the HFS beam injection to the plasmas with the line-average electron density of 7.5~ 1019 m-3, which is slightly higher than the plasma cut-off density of 77 GHz EC-waves, 7.35~ 1019 m-3. The heating efficiency evaluated from the changes in the time derivative of the plasma stored energy reached ,,~70%. Although so far it is not clear which is the main cause of the heating effect, the mode-converted EBW or the X-mode wave itself injected from the HFS, an effective heating of high-density plasma over the plasma cut-off of EC-wave was successfully demonstrated.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Innovative Research Group(50921002)the Quartermaster Materials and Fuel Ministry of PLA Air Force Logistics Department(BKJ10C043)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
文摘The surface performances of directly fluorinated high density polyethylene （HDPE） are studied with Fourier transform infrared （FT-IR） spectra, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and contact angle （CA） system. The SEM images show that there is a three-layer structure called the reaction, virgin and boundary layer structure. The depth of fluorinated layer is 5.75 ~m with 1 h fluorination time and 7.86 b^m with 2 h. The depths are 5.46 /~m and 5.07 /~m when fluorine density is 2G and 1~/0, respectively. CA indicates that the HDPE surface property becomes more hydrophobic with the increasing water contact angle from 78.5~ to 104.5~. Oleophobic and hydrophobic features of HDPE are identified by comparison of mass change experiments. It is shown that the in- crement rate of fluorinated HDPE is much lower than that of un-fluorinated HDPE filled in neither distilled water nor jet fuel.
文摘Objective: To observe the oxidative modification of high density lipoprotein (HDL) induced by cultured human arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Methods: HDL cocultured with SMCs at 37℃ in 48 h was subjected, and native HDL (N-HDL) served as control. Oxidative modification of HDL was identified by using agarose gel electrophoresis. Absorbances of conjugated diene (CD) and lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) were measured with ultraviolet spectrophotometry at 234 and 560 nm respectively, and fluorescence intensity of thiobarbuturic acid reaction substance (TBARS) with fluorescence spectrophotometry at 550 nm emission wavelength with excitation at 515 nm. Results: In comparison with N-HDL, the electrophoretic mobility of SMCs-cocultured HDL was increased, and the contents of CD, LOOH and TBARS HDL were very significantly higher than those of the control HDL (P<0.01). Conclusion: Oxidative modification of HDL can be induced by human arterial SMCs.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(22322903,52072061)Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan,China(2023NSFSC1914)Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics(2023BNLCMPKF015)。
文摘Solid-state lithium batteries(SSLBs)are regarded as an essential growth path in energy storage systems due to their excellent safety and high energy density.In particular,SSLBs using conversion-type cathode materials have received widespread attention because of their high theoretical energy densities,low cost,and sustainability.Despite the great progress in research and development of SSLBs based on conversiontype cathodes,their practical applications still face challenges such as blocked ionic-electronic migration pathways,huge volume change,interfacial incompatibility,and expensive processing costs.This review focuses on the advantages and critical issues of coupling conversion-type cathodes with solid-state electrolytes(SSEs),as well as state-of-the-art progress in various promising cathodes(e.g.,FeS_(2),CuS,FeF_(3),FeF_(2),and S)in SSLBs.Furthermore,representative research on conversion-type solid-state full cells is discussed to offer enlightenment for their practical application.Significantly,the energy density exhibited by the S cathode stands out impressively,while sulfide SSEs and halide SSEs have demonstrated immense potential for coupling with conversion-type cathodes.Finally,perspectives on conversion-type cathodes are provided at the material,interface,composite electrode,and battery levels,with a view to accelerating the development of conversion-type cathodes for high-energy–density SSLBs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22375021,22235003,22261132516&22205021)the BIT Research and Innovation 265 Promoting Project(Grant No.2023YCXZ017)。
文摘Energetic compounds bearing the trinitromethyl group are garnering broad attraction as potential candidates for a new generation of high energy dense oxidizers.In this work,an effective dual modulation strategy involving both molecular isomerization and crystal morphology control was employed to design and optimize trinitromethyl-oxadiazole with improved comprehensive performance.Utilizing this dual strategy,3,5-bis(trinitromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole(3)was synthesized,resulting in the formation of two distinct crystal morphologies(needle and sheet)corresponding to two crystal forms(3-a and3-b).Encouragingly,while maintaining ultra-high oxygen balance(21.73%),3 achieves impressive densities(1.97-1.98 g/cm^(3)).To our knowledge,the density of 1.98 g/cm^(3)for 3-a sets a new record among that of nitrogen-rich monocyclic compounds.Notably,practical crystal morphology prediction was creatively introduced to guide the experimental crystallization conditions of 3,increasing the impact sensitivity and friction sensitivity from 1 J to 80 N(3-a)to 10 J and 240 N(3-b),respectively.Additionally,the crystal structural analyses and theoretical calculations were conducted to elucidate the reasons of differences between 3-a and 3-b in density and stability.This work provides an efficient strategy to enhance performance of trinitromethyl derivatives,broadening the path and expanding the toolbox for energetic materials.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China,China(2019YFA0705102)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(22179144,22005332)。
文摘Thick electrodes can increase incorporation of active electrode materials by diminishing the proportion of inactive constituents,improving the overall energy density of batteries.However,thick electrodes fabricated using the conventional slurry casting approach frequently exhibit an exacerbated accumulation of carbon additives and binders on their surfaces,invariably leading to compromised electrochemical properties.In this study,we introduce a designed conductive agent/binder composite synthesized from carbon nanotube and polytetrafluoroethylene.This agent/binder composite facilitates production of dry-process-prepared ultra-thick electrodes endowed with a three-dimensional and uniformly distributed percolative architecture,ensuring superior electronic conductivity and remarkable mechanical resilience.Using this approach,ultra-thick LiCoO_(2)(LCO) electrodes demonstrated superior cycling performance and rate capabilities,registering an impressive loading capacity of up to 101.4 mg/cm^(2),signifying a 242% increase in battery energy density.In another analytical endeavor,time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy was used to clarify the distribution of cathode electrolyte interphase(CEI) in cycled LCO electrodes.The results provide unprecedented evidence explaining the intricate correlation between CEI generation and carbon distribution,highlighting the intrinsic advantages of the proposed dry-process approach in fine-tu ning the CEI,with excellent cycling performance in batteries equipped with ultra-thick electrodes.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51933007,No.52373047,No.52302106)the Sichuan Youth Science and Technology Innovation Research Team Project(No.2022JDTD0012)+2 种基金the Program for Featured Directions of Engineering Multidisciplines of Sichuan University(No.2020SCUNG203)the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(No.2023NSFSC0418)the Program for State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering(No.sklpme2022-3-10)。
文摘The tireless pursuit of supercapacitors with high energy density entails the parallel advancement of wellsuited electrode materials and elaborately engineered architectures.Polypyrrole(PPy)emerges as an exceedingly conductive polymer and a prospective pseudocapacitive materials for supercapacitors,yet the inferior cyclic stability and unpredictable polymerization patterns severely impede its real-world applicability.Here,for the first time,an innovative seed-induced in-situ polymerization assisted 3D printing strategy is proposed to fabricate PPy-reduced graphene oxide/poly(vinylidene difluoride-cohexafluoropropylene)(PVDF-HFP)(PPy-rGO/PH)electrodes with controllable polymerization behavior and exceptional areal mass loading.The preferred active sites uniformly pre-planted on the 3D-printed graphene substrates serve as reliable seeds to induce efficient polypyrrole deposition,achieving an impressive mass loading of 185.6 mg cm^(-2)(particularly 79.2 mg cm^(-2)for polypyrrole)and a superior areal capacitance of 25.2 F cm^(-2)at 2 mA cm^(-2)for a 12-layer electrode.In agreement with theses appealing features,an unprecedented areal energy density of 1.47 mW h cm^(-2)for a symmetrical device is registered,a rarely achieved value for other PPy/rGO-based supercapacitors.This work highlights a promising route to preparing high energy density energy storage modules for real-world applications.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFA1505700,2019YFA0210403)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52102216)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2022J01625,2022-S-002)the Innovation Training Program for College Students (202310394020,cxxl-2023097,cxxl-2024131,cxxl-2024136)。
文摘Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)(NVP)is gifted with fast Na^(+)conductive NASICON structure.But it still suffers from low electronic conductivity and inadequate energy density.Herein,a high-entropy modification strategy is realized by doping V^(3+)site with Ga^(3+)/Cr^(3+)/Al^(3+)/Fe^(3+)/In^(3+)simultaneously(i.e.Na_(3)V_(2-x)(GaCrAlFeIn)_x(PO_(4))_(3);x=0,0.04,0.06,and 0.08)to stimulate the V^(5+)■V^(2+)reversible multi-electron redox.Such configuration high-entropy can effectively suppress the structural collapse,enhance the redox reversibility in high working voltage(4.0 V),and optimize the electronic induced effect.The in-situ X-ray powder diffraction and in-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests efficaciously confirm the robust structu ral recovery and far lower polarization throughout an entire charge-discharge cycle during 1.6-4.3 V,respectively.Moreover,the density functional theory calculations clarify the stronger metallicity of high-entropy electrode than the bare that is derived from the more mobile free electrons surrounding the vicinity of Fermi level.By grace of high-entropy design and multi-electron transfer reactions,the optimal Na_(3)V_(1.7)(GaCrAlFeIn)_(0.06)(PO_(4))_(3)can exhibit perfect cycling/rate performances(90.97%@5000 cycles@30 C;112 mA h g^(-1)@10 C and 109 mA h g^(-1)@30 C,2.0-4.3 V).Furthermore,it can supply ultra-high185 mA h g^(-1)capacity with fa ntastic energy density(522 W h kg^(-1))in half-cells(1.4-4.3 V),and competitive capacity(121 mA h g^(-1))as well as energy density(402 W h kg^(-1))in full-cells(1.6-4.1 V),demonstrating enormous application potential for sodium-ion batteries.
基金the financial support of the National Program on Key Basic Research Project (973 Program) of China (no. 2012CB215000)
文摘A high-density, high-flux circulating fluidized bed （CFB） riser （100 mm in ID and 10.614 m in height） was ap- plied in a wide range of operating conditions （with solid fluxes up to 400 kg/m2s and superficial gas velocities up to 12 m/s） to examine its radial non-uniformity dynamics. The solids holdup was determined through the use of a fiber-optic probe at 11 axial levels. The results indicated that under all operating conditions, the high superficial gas velocity and low solid flux- es maintained a low radial non-uniformity index （RNI）. The high-density/flux CFB riser had several unique characteristics, so that the peak of the radial solids holdup profile occurred at a position with r/R=0.8. The RNI and solids holdup at the cross-sectional position had a good logarithmic relationship at the low-density condition （with a mean solids holdup of 〈0.2）, and the RNI decreased when the mean solids holdup exceeded 0.2. Investigation of the dynamics of stratified injec- tion revealed that the feed ratio had an important effect on G, and on solids holdup distribution. A novel ＂〈＂ shaped axial solids holdup profile was found. Gs decreased sharply when the up-flow feed ratio exceeded 0.5, and RNI was lowest when the up-flow feed ratio was 1.
文摘CD-1, a genetically-engineered CHO cell line, was cultivated with a Biosilon microcarrier culture system.We successfully cultivated CD-1 cells to a very high density (over1×107cells/ml). Prourokinase was stably secreted at about 180 IU/ 1e6 cells/24 h. Experiments showed that CD-1 cells growing on Biosilon microcarriers were able to spontaneously release from the microcarriers, then reatthch and proliferate on fresh microcarriers. This makes it very easy to scale up preduction. The microcarriers could be reused several times without affecting adhesion. proliferation and prourokinase secretion. With CMPECC membrane radial flow chromatography and MPG chromatography, the prourokinase in conditioned medium could be purified to a specific activity of 1×105 IU/mg of protein. The purification factor was about 600 fold, and approxiamately 90 % of the biological activity was recovered.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21872040)the Hundred Talents Program of Guangxi Universitiesthe Excellent Scholars and Innovation Team of Guangxi Universities。
文摘Developing highly effective and stable non-noble metalbased bifunctional catalyst working at high current density is an urgent issue for water electrolysis(WE).Herein,we prepare the N-doped graphene-decorated NiCo alloy coupled with mesoporous NiCoMoO nano-sheet grown on 3D nickel foam(NiCo@C-NiCoMoO/NF)for water splitting.NiCo@C-NiCoMoO/NF exhibits outstanding activity with low overpotentials for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reaction(HER:39/266 mV;OER:260/390 mV)at±10 and±1000 mA cm^(−2).More importantly,in 6.0 M KOH solution at 60℃ for WE,it only requires 1.90 V to reach 1000 mA cm−2 and shows excellent stability for 43 h,exhibiting the potential for actual application.The good performance can be assigned to N-doped graphene-decorated NiCo alloy and mesoporous NiCoMoO nano-sheet,which not only increase the intrinsic activity and expose abundant catalytic activity sites,but also enhance its chemical and mechanical stability.This work thus could provide a promising material for industrial hydrogen production.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (Grant No.2017B030306013)the key project of Science and Technology in Guangdong Province (Grant No.2017A010106006)
文摘A novel bismuth–carbon composite, in which bismuth nanoparticles were anchored in a nitrogen-doped carbon matrix(Bi@NC), is proposed as anode for high volumetric energy density lithium ion batteries(LIBs).Bi@NC composite was synthesized via carbonization of Zn-containing zeolitic imidazolate(ZIF-8) and replacement of Zn with Bi, resulting in the N-doped carbon that was hierarchically porous and anchored with Bi nanoparticles. The matrix provides a highly electronic conductive network that facilitates the lithiation/delithiation of Bi.Additionally, it restrains aggregation of Bi nanoparticles and serves as a buffer layer to alleviate the mechanical strain of Bi nanoparticles upon Li insertion/extraction.With these contributions, Bi@NC exhibits excellent cycling stability and rate capacity compared to bare Bi nanoparticles or their simple composites with carbon. This study provides a new approach for fabricating high volumetric energy density LIBs.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11435015 and 11505251)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2016YFE0104900)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant Nos.28Y740010 and 113462KYSB20160036)
文摘Ultrafast imaging tools are of great importance for determining the dynamic density distribution in high energy density(HED)matter.In this work,we designed a high energy electron radiography(HEER)system based on a linear electron accelerator to evaluate its capability for imaging HED matter.40 MeV electron beams were used to image an aluminum target to study the density resolution and spatial resolution of HEER.The results demonstrate a spatial resolution of tens of micrometers.The interaction of the beams with the target and the beam transport of the transmitted electrons are further simulated with EGS5 and PARMELA codes,with the results showing good agreement with the experimental resolution.Furthermore,the experiment can be improved by adding an aperture at the Fourier plane.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFE0101300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52176203 and 52050027)the China Education Association for International Exchange(202006)。
文摘Hydrogen storage and delivery technology is still a bottleneck in the hydrogen industry chain.Among all kinds of hydrogen storage methods,light-weight solid-state hydrogen storage(LSHS)materials could become promising due to its intrinsic high hydrogen capacity.Hydrolysis reaction of LSHS materials occurs at moderate conditions,indicating the potential for portable applications.At present,most of review work focuses on the improvement of material performance,especially the catalysts design.This part is important,but the others,such as operation modes,are also vital to to make full use of material potential in the practical applications.Different operation modes of hydrolysis reaction have an impact on hydrogen capacity to various degrees.For example,hydrolysis in solution would decrease the hydrogen capacity of hydrogen generator to a low value due to the excessive water participating in the reaction.Therefore,application-oriented operation modes could become a key problem for hydrolysis reaction of LSHS materials.In this paper,the operation modes of hydrolysis reaction and their practical applications are mainly reviewed.The implements of each operation mode are discussed and compared in detail to determine the suitable one for practical applications with the requirement of high energy density.The current challenges and future directions are also discussed.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51672033,U1610255,U1703251).
文摘Carbon-based electric double layer capacitors(EDLCs)hold tremendous potentials due to their high-power performance and excellent cycle stability.However,the practical use of EDLCs is limited by the low energy density in aqueous electrolyte and sluggish diffusion kinetics in organic or/and ionic liquids electrolyte.Herein,3D carbon frameworks(3DCFs)constructed by interconnected nanocages(10-20 nm)with an ultrathin wall of ca.2 nm have been fabricated,which possess high specific surface area,hierarchical porosity and good conductive network.After deoxidization,the deoxidized 3DCF(3DCFDO)exhibits a record low IR drop of 0.064 V at 100 A g^−1 and ultrafast charge/discharge rate up to 10 V s^−1.The related device can be charged up to 77.4%of its maximum capacitance in 0.65 s at 100 A g^−1 in 6 M KOH.It has been found that the 3DCF-DO has a great affinity to EMIMBF4,resulting in a high specific capacitance of 174 F g^−1 at 1 A g^−1,and a high energy density of 34 Wh kg^−1 at an ultrahigh power density of 150 kW kg^−1 at 4 V after a fast charge in 1.11 s.This work provides a facile fabrication of novel 3D carbon frameworks for supercapacitors with ultrafast charge/discharge rate and high energy-power density.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51772069)。
文摘Lithium-sulfur(Li-S) batteries are one of the most promising rechargeable storage devices due to the high theoretical energy density.However,the low areal sulfur loading impedes their commercial development.Herein,a 3 D free-standing sulfur cathode scaffold is rationally designed and fabricated by coaxially coating polar Ti_3 C_2 T_x flakes on sulfur-impregnated carbon cloth(Ti_3 C_2 T_x@S/CC) to achieve high loading and high energy density Li-S batteries,in which,the flexible CC substrate with highly porous structure can accommodate large amounts of sulfur and ensure fast electron transfer,while the outer-coated Ti_3 C_2 T_x can serve as a polar and conductive protective layer to further promote the conductivity of the whole electrode,achieve physical blocking and chemical anchoring of lithium-polysulfides as well as catalyze their conversion.Due to these advantages,at a sulfur loading of 4 mg cm^(-2),Li-S cells with Ti_3 C_2 T_x@S/CC cathodes can deliver outstanding cycling stability(746.1 mAh g^(-1) after 200 cycles at1 C),superb rate performance(866.8 mAh g^(-1) up to 2 C) and a high specific energy density(564.2 Wh kg^(-1) after 100 cycles at 0.5 C).More significantly,they also show the commercial potential that can compete with current lithium-ion batteries due to the high areal capacity of 6.7 mAh cm^(-2) at the increased loading of 8 mg cm^(-2).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52072061)21C Innovation Laboratory,Contemporary Amperex Technology Ltd.by project No.21C–OP–202103。
文摘Fluorinated carbons(CFx)have been widely applied as lithium primary batteries due to their ultra-high energy density.It will be a great promise if CFx can be rechargeable.In this study,we rationally tune the C-F bond strength for the alkaline intercalated CFx via importing an electronegative weaker element K instead of Li.It forms a ternary phase K_(x)FC instead of two phases(LiF+C)in lithium-ion batteries.Meanwhile,we choose a large layer distance and more defects CFx,namely fluorinated soft carbon,to accommodate K.Thus,we enable CFx rechargeable as a potassium-ion battery cathode.In detail fluorinated soft carbon CF_(1.01) presents a reversible specific capacity of 339 mA h g^(-1)(797 Wh kg^(-1))in the 2nd cycle and maintains 330 mA h g^(-1)(726 Wh kg^(-1))in the 15th cycle.This study reveals the importance of tuning chemical bond stability using different alkaline ions to endow batteries with rechargeability.This work provides good references for focusing on developing reversible electrode materials from popular primary cell configurations.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB4002103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22279107)。
文摘Extensive usage of highly conductive carbon materials with large specific surface area(e.g.,carbon nanotubes,CNTs)in lithium ion batteries(LIBs),especially as current collector of anodes,suffers from low initial coulombic efficiency(ICE),large interfacial resistance,and severe embrittlement,as the large specific surface area often results in severe interfacial decomposition of the electrolyte and the formation of thick and fluffy solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)during cycling of LIBs.Herein,we demonstrate that when the CNT-based current collector and Na foil(which are being stacked intimately upon each other)are being placed in Na+-based organic electrolyte,local redox reaction between the Na foil and the electrolyte would occur spontaneously,generating a thin and homogeneous NaF-based passivating layer on the CNTs.More importantly,we found that owing to the weak solvation behaviors of Na+in the organic electrolyte,the resulting passivation layer,which is rich in NaF,is thin and dense;when used as the anode current collector in LIBs,the pre-existing passivating layer can function effectively in isolating the anode from the solvated Li+,thus suppressing the formation of bulky SEI and the destructive intercalation of solvated Li+.The relevant half-cell(graphite as anode)exhibits a high ICE of 92.1%;the relevant pouch cell with thus passivated CNT film as current collectors for both electrodes(LiCoO_(2)as cathode,graphite as anode)displays a high energy density of 255 Wh kg^(-1),spelling an increase of 50%compared with that using the conventional metal current collectors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21975087, U1966214, 22008082)the Certificate of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Grant (2019M652634,2020M672337)。
文摘The mass fraction of electrolytes is the crucial factor affecting the energy density of lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries. Due to the high porosity within the C/S cathode, high concentration of polysulfides, and side reaction in lithiun metal anode under lean electrolyte, it is extremely challenging to improve performance while reducing the electrolyte volume. Here, we report a novel electrolyte with relatively low density(1.16 g cm^(-2)), low viscosity(1.84 m Pa s), and high ionic conductivity, which significantly promotes energy density and cyclability of Li-S batteries under practical conditions. Moreover, such electrolyte enables a hybrid cathode electrolyte interphase(CEI) and solid electrolyte interface(SEI) layer with plentiful Li F, which leads to fast kinetics of ions transport and stable cyclability even under low temperatures.Compared to Li-S batteries in electrolyte employing 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether(TTE) diluent, the ultra-thick cathode(20 mg cm^(-2)) shows a high capacity of 9.48 m Ah cm^(-2)and excellent capacity retention of 80.3% over 191 cycles at a low electrolyte-to-sulfur ratio(E/S = 2) and negative-to-positive capacity ratio(N/P = 2.5), realizing a 19.2% improvement in energy density in coin cells(from 370 to 441 Wh kg^(-1)) and a high energy density up to 467 Wh kg^(-1) in pouch cells. This study not only provides guidance for the electrolyte design but also paves the way for the development of high performance Li-S batteries under practical conditions.
