This report is about the first record of non-avian dinosaur eggs in the Hefei Basin,Anhui Province,China.Based on the combination of elongated egg body,linear ridges on the outer surface and two structure layer,the eg...This report is about the first record of non-avian dinosaur eggs in the Hefei Basin,Anhui Province,China.Based on the combination of elongated egg body,linear ridges on the outer surface and two structure layer,the eggs can be referred to Elongatoolithidae.The gradual boundary between the cone and the column layers as well as the relative thin eggshell(less than 1 mm)indicates its affinity within Elongatoolithus.The eggs are identified as Elongatoolithus oosp.,as they were severely compressed and experienced erosion on both inner and outer surfaces.The discovery of egg fossil in the Hefei Basin offers evidence for stratum comparison in this region and supplements the diversity of egg fossils in Anhui.Meanwhile,this discovery also enriches the paleogeographic distribution of elongatoolithids.展开更多
The micromammal fossils collected from the Shangzhuang Formation of the Linxia Basin,Gansu,are described here.The assemblage consists of 16 species of 13 genera belonging to 7 families,including one new species and on...The micromammal fossils collected from the Shangzhuang Formation of the Linxia Basin,Gansu,are described here.The assemblage consists of 16 species of 13 genera belonging to 7 families,including one new species and one taxon previously unknown from China.Among them 5 genera are Oligocene holdovers and 11 genera/species are known to make their first appearances in Early Miocene,indicating an Early Miocene age for the Gucheng Fauna.The absence of Oligocene survivors such as Tataromys,Yindirtemys,Eucricetodon and Tachyoryctoides,which usually occur in the Xiejian age of Early Miocene,and the presence of newcomers Protalactaga,Megacricetodon and Gobicricetodon,that made their first appearance only in the Shanwangian age of late Early Miocene,suggest that the Gucheng Fauna is of a later age of Early Miocene.The new species,Sinolagomys guchengensis,showing more derived morphology than in S.ulunguensis,seems to support an assessment of the fauna in Shanwangian age.Thus,the Gucheng Fauna may belong to late Early Miocene Shanwangian,partially equivalent to MN 3/4 of the European land mammal zonation.Ecological analysis of the fauna indicates that the palaeoecological condition of the Gucheng area might still be a predominantly arid shrub-steppe in late Early Miocene.展开更多
We find that the word "English" is a mere generalization of many different types of the language, and we form the idea of "Englishes", or "varieties" or "sub-language" with the ...We find that the word "English" is a mere generalization of many different types of the language, and we form the idea of "Englishes", or "varieties" or "sub-language" with the English language. Among all, racial factor creates Black English and African Pidgin and others. They reconstitute the English grammar on the basis of the pidgin and gradually built up a special variety of their own. It is proved that none of language could conquer others. The only possibility that some one dominates others. English is the one. Chinese is different from English in branches and even families. As one variety, China English is not considered much like Black English, South-Asia English, etc.This thesis tries to study the nature and the cause of one of English variety through the explanation by the theory of interlanguage, fossilization, error analysis and transferring of language. China English is systematic and unstable.展开更多
Leaves of a Metasequoia glyptostroboides tree in Paomu Village,Longshan County,Hunan Province (Paomu Tree) possess"Even Type"cuticles and frill-margined stomata similar to those of fossil Metasequoia by far ...Leaves of a Metasequoia glyptostroboides tree in Paomu Village,Longshan County,Hunan Province (Paomu Tree) possess"Even Type"cuticles and frill-margined stomata similar to those of fossil Metasequoia by far known but different from all other living Metasequoia trees(common trees).Paomu Tree is thus hypothesized as the real"living fossil",which has been supported by preliminary DNA analyses. Techniques of clearing leaf,epidermis stripping,展开更多
As it is known that geoparks are specific nature protection unit which possesses both scientific value, and picturesque landscapes.It is also a specific way of use of bowels of the Earth.Geological nature sanctuaries ...As it is known that geoparks are specific nature protection unit which possesses both scientific value, and picturesque landscapes.It is also a specific way of use of bowels of the Earth.Geological nature sanctuaries have their own specificities—in them the information about geological,biological and other stories of the Earth is ciphered.The geoparks intiative adds a new dimension to the 1972展开更多
Elaborate and precise replicas taken from real fossils are used for academic researches in place of originals. They are often exhibited in museums in order to avoid demolition of the fragile originals.Replicas not onl...Elaborate and precise replicas taken from real fossils are used for academic researches in place of originals. They are often exhibited in museums in order to avoid demolition of the fragile originals.Replicas not only increase the number of specimens but also expand the chances for people to get direct observation of scientifically valuable materials.Up to now。展开更多
Ancestral lobopodians,which diversified and flourished in the Cambrian seas,have long drawn much attention in that not only their living counterparts,onychophorans and tardigrades,but euarthropods(Chelicerata,Myriapod...Ancestral lobopodians,which diversified and flourished in the Cambrian seas,have long drawn much attention in that not only their living counterparts,onychophorans and tardigrades,but euarthropods(Chelicerata,Myriapoda,Crustacea,and Hexapoda) may have been deeply rooted in stem-group lobopodians.Antennacanthopodia gracilis new genus and species is described展开更多
The Nawakot and Kathmandu complexes are distributed around Kathmandu area, central Nepal and that build up the Mahabharat synclinorium. The Nawakot complex is composed of mainly weakly metamorphosed sedimentary rocks....The Nawakot and Kathmandu complexes are distributed around Kathmandu area, central Nepal and that build up the Mahabharat synclinorium. The Nawakot complex is composed of mainly weakly metamorphosed sedimentary rocks. The Kathmandu complex, which occupies the large core of the synclinorium, overlies the Nawakot Complex.. These two complexes have the thrust contact called as the Mahabharat Thrust. The Kathmandu complex is subdivided into the lower Bimphedi and the upper Phulchoki Groups. The Bimphedi Group is composed of metamorphosed sedimentary rocks and the Phulchoki Group is of weakly and non\|metamorphosed sedimentary rocks. Besides its important significance, only few studies have been done in these complexes. In this paper, the present author reports preliminarily the stratigraphy of the Phulchoki Group and uppermost part of the Bimphedi Group distributed in the south of Kathmandu. In the study area, weakly to non\|metamorphosed sedimentary rocks is subdivided stratigraphically into Units I to VII in ascending order. These units are characterized by the prominent composition of rock types. Most contacts observed at each adjacent units are conformable and some are transitional. Most of units show the regional variation in accompanying rock type. Unit I: coarsely crystallized marble; Unit II: black to green phyllite; Unit III: light gray quartzose fine sandstone and gray siltstone; Unit IV: well\|bedded sandy argillaceous limestone; Unit V: purple siltstone; Unit VI: coarsely crystallized limestone; Unit VII: siltstone and sandstone. Correlation to the formations named by Stocklin’s (1980) subdivision are as follows: Unit I might be correlated to the Markhu Formation, Units II and III to the Tistung Formation, Unit IV to the Chandragiri Formation, Unit V to the Chitlang Formation, and Units VI and VII to the Godawari Formation.From the study area, some fossils are yielded. Crinoids occur from Units IV, V, VI and VII, brachiopods from Units V, VI and VII, orthocerases from Unit VI, and trilobites from Unit V.展开更多
The Middle Jurassic system is well developed and exposed in western Liaoning Province including two formations,the Tiaojishan Formation and the Haifanggou Formation.The Tiaojishan Formation is represented by intermedi...The Middle Jurassic system is well developed and exposed in western Liaoning Province including two formations,the Tiaojishan Formation and the Haifanggou Formation.The Tiaojishan Formation is represented by intermediate extrusive and pyroclastic rocks,with intercalations of basic volcanic and sedimentary rocks.Diverse silicified wood specimens were recovered from this formation in Lamaying,展开更多
The Middle Miocene Duho Formation of the Yeonil Group,Pohang Basin,Korea is one of the best recognized formations for the Cenozoic plant fossils, including various leaves,reproductive organs,and fossil woods.We,in thi...The Middle Miocene Duho Formation of the Yeonil Group,Pohang Basin,Korea is one of the best recognized formations for the Cenozoic plant fossils, including various leaves,reproductive organs,and fossil woods.We,in this paper,first report winged fruits(10 specimens) from the Duho Formation.They were identified into two structurally different groups:展开更多
A great number of fossil scallops were found from the Duho Formation of the Pohang Basin,Korea.Most of the specimens are preserved as slightly altered original carbonate shells,and internal and external molds were als...A great number of fossil scallops were found from the Duho Formation of the Pohang Basin,Korea.Most of the specimens are preserved as slightly altered original carbonate shells,and internal and external molds were also observed in the specimens whose calcareous materials were washed out.In particular, external and internal molds are more frequently observed from the thin and small(less than 1 cm展开更多
There are more than 30 fossil-dominated geoparks established in China.Most of them are of high scientific values.Compared to landscape-dominated geoparks,the fossil-dominated ones generally lack of charming natural sc...There are more than 30 fossil-dominated geoparks established in China.Most of them are of high scientific values.Compared to landscape-dominated geoparks,the fossil-dominated ones generally lack of charming natural sceneries,but the abundant and exquisite preserved fossils in geoparks are very attractive to the public.In order to protect and exploit these fossils,the evaluation plays an important role in the geopark construction.Ningcheng geopark is famous for the Mesozoic Daohugou biota.The fossil assemblage is different from Jehol biota,which attracts many experts.In this paper the展开更多
The elevation of Qinghai\|Tibetan plateau is a epoch\|making event in the global evolutionary history, which not only constructed the modern magnificent geomorphic feature, but also influenced far\|reachingly the glob...The elevation of Qinghai\|Tibetan plateau is a epoch\|making event in the global evolutionary history, which not only constructed the modern magnificent geomorphic feature, but also influenced far\|reachingly the global climate. The evolutionary models of its uplifting time and scope has been primarily set up, and is waiting to be competed with new discovery and supplement. A comprehensive field geologic excursion on the Cenozoic strata of the Kumukuli basin, Xinjiang, northwest Qinghai\|Tibetan plateau by authors has collected a lot of first\|hand data, and the discovery and dating of the late Pleistocene mammal fossils made an important supplement to the scarcity of late Quaternary fossil recorders in many basins, as well as contributed a great deal to the quantitative study of the researches alike, in the main time, provided new evidences to the uplift of Qinghai\|Tibetan plateau since late pleistocene.Lies in the northwest part of the Qinghai\|Tibetan plateau, and between the Kunlun and Altum Mountain ranges, Kumukuli basin is a intracontinental plateau basin, with a mean elevation about 4000m. Cenozoic strata have a time span from Oligocene to Pleistocene.The stratigraphic and lithologic association displays that the development of Kumukuli basin started at the Oligocene, at the primary uplift stage of the Qinghai\|Tibetan plateau. The Oligocene and Miocene, with a giant thickness and multiple layers of thick conglomerate, is of the products of stronger erosional stage, and a reflection of higher differential in inner geomorphology of the plateau. The aggradation led to the smoothness of the geomorphic feature and fineness of sedimentary particle since Pliocene. Since then, Large scale conglomerate outcroped in the peripheral of the plateau, and differential of geomorphology in the plateau and its peripheral areas became distinct. Kumukuli basin is one of the synchronously developed basin with the plateau, having the most completed Cenozoic sequence with a thickness over 7000m. Its Tertiary sedimentary sequence is basically similar to that of the Ningxia basin, northeastern margin of the Qinghai\|Tibetan plateau, and can be well correlated each other, mutually, they recorded the uplift process of the Qinghai\|Tibetan plateau, and their difference may represent the contrast evolution of the plateau and inhomogeneous differential in geomorphic feature of the plateau and its perimeter respectively. Being two sedimentary basins in separately tectonic units, the former has much thicker strata and coarser particles, for instance, the Oligocene is over 3000m in thickness in Kumukuli basin, however, only about 100m in Ningxia basin. Several uncomformities occurring in Kumukuli basin, namely, between the Quarternary and the Pliocene, the Pliocene and the Middle\|Upper Miocene, as well as the Middle\|Upper Miocene and the Lower Miocene, are the direct effects of horizontal movement accompanied with the process of the uplift of the Qinghai\|Tibetan plateau. Maybe those data imply that the western part of the plateau much stronger in uplift and distinct in horizontal movement than that of the east.展开更多
Combustion of fossil fuels increases permanently the carbon content of the fast carbon cycle consisting of atmos-phere, land and surface ocean. The carbon residence times in these reservoirs are relatively low in the ...Combustion of fossil fuels increases permanently the carbon content of the fast carbon cycle consisting of atmos-phere, land and surface ocean. The carbon residence times in these reservoirs are relatively low in the order of some years. Howev-er, the carbon residence time in the whole fast cycle is in the order of 2,000 years. This means the final storage problem of fossil en-ergy use is in the same order as that of nuclear energy use.There are two other main driving forces for a continuous decarbonisation of the world energy system. The first one is the short-ening of raw materials, an the second one is the greenhous gas effect of carbon dioxide with the risk of climate change. Based on the "molecular fingerprints" of various fossil fuels a new quantity, the "energetic carbon efficiency" can be derived. This quantity fa-vours methane (natural gas) more than any other fossil fuel. E. g. , methane is two times more efficient than lignite or hard coal. Therefore, the future role of this energy carrier will be discussed more in detail.Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is not a convincing concept and therefore it cannot be considered as a responsible excuse for new coal fired power stations. A reasonable way out may be the carbon moratorium. This means a thermal splitting of methane into carbon and hydrogen. Only the hydrogen is used as a fuel whereas the carbon is deposited in the earth, because storage of carbon is much safer than storage of carbon dioxide.Very often biofuels are considered as a sustainable option. Critical arguments are presented against the meander of biofuels. Negative climate implications and very low efficiencies are serious arguments against these technolgies. Even the fashionable new hope for bioenergy from algea farms has no rational fundamentA long-time sustainable energy system requires not only low carbon but zero carbon technologies. This means solar energy in all kinds of its appearance (water power, wind, solar heat and photovoltaics). However these kinds of energy require new energy stor-age technologies. Various storage technologies will be discussed with a special focus on electrochemical batteries and electromobility. All of these new energy technologies are not able to remove any carbon from the fast carbon cycle. Therefore, some prominent con-cepts of climate engineering will be introduced.展开更多
The on-going depletion of the oil reserves leads to the needs for development of sustainable and renewable ener-gies. Between fossil and solar eras, low carbon natural gas and clean coal become the most crucial interm...The on-going depletion of the oil reserves leads to the needs for development of sustainable and renewable ener-gies. Between fossil and solar eras, low carbon natural gas and clean coal become the most crucial intermediate alternatives as energy source and feedstock to produce chemicals. In meantime, lignocellulosic biomass will play the role as fuel or as raw material, espe-cially for the future decades. This is of ultimate importance for the countries with increased demands for energy in a portable form and for synthetic materials, such as China.New catalytic materials are at the heart in the processes (existing and innovative) to converting natural gas or coal, the non-portable or non-pumpable energy carriers, to liquid form, and to upgrading less valuable to more value-added chemicals for a particu-lar market requirement. In many instances, innovation of a new catalytic material makes a new process from dream to reality, and in the other cases, the need for a new process catalyzes the research for a new catalytic material. The process and material ("chickens and eggs") interplay propels the recent advances in hydrogen fuel, GTL,CTL,CTC, SNG and BTL technologies. In this growing market, Sud-Chemie has not only strengthened its market presence, but also consolidated its position as the worldwide technology and market leader through innovative R&D work and broad cooperation with partners. Siid-Chemie provides the full portfolio of cat-alytic materials in the new chemical processes, such as ShiftMax , ActiSorb , AmoMax , MegaMax, DME-1, FAMax, and MTProp-1. Sud-Chemie commits to provide the best performing tailored catalytic materials to the matching processes.展开更多
文摘This report is about the first record of non-avian dinosaur eggs in the Hefei Basin,Anhui Province,China.Based on the combination of elongated egg body,linear ridges on the outer surface and two structure layer,the eggs can be referred to Elongatoolithidae.The gradual boundary between the cone and the column layers as well as the relative thin eggshell(less than 1 mm)indicates its affinity within Elongatoolithus.The eggs are identified as Elongatoolithus oosp.,as they were severely compressed and experienced erosion on both inner and outer surfaces.The discovery of egg fossil in the Hefei Basin offers evidence for stratum comparison in this region and supplements the diversity of egg fossils in Anhui.Meanwhile,this discovery also enriches the paleogeographic distribution of elongatoolithids.
文摘The micromammal fossils collected from the Shangzhuang Formation of the Linxia Basin,Gansu,are described here.The assemblage consists of 16 species of 13 genera belonging to 7 families,including one new species and one taxon previously unknown from China.Among them 5 genera are Oligocene holdovers and 11 genera/species are known to make their first appearances in Early Miocene,indicating an Early Miocene age for the Gucheng Fauna.The absence of Oligocene survivors such as Tataromys,Yindirtemys,Eucricetodon and Tachyoryctoides,which usually occur in the Xiejian age of Early Miocene,and the presence of newcomers Protalactaga,Megacricetodon and Gobicricetodon,that made their first appearance only in the Shanwangian age of late Early Miocene,suggest that the Gucheng Fauna is of a later age of Early Miocene.The new species,Sinolagomys guchengensis,showing more derived morphology than in S.ulunguensis,seems to support an assessment of the fauna in Shanwangian age.Thus,the Gucheng Fauna may belong to late Early Miocene Shanwangian,partially equivalent to MN 3/4 of the European land mammal zonation.Ecological analysis of the fauna indicates that the palaeoecological condition of the Gucheng area might still be a predominantly arid shrub-steppe in late Early Miocene.
文摘We find that the word "English" is a mere generalization of many different types of the language, and we form the idea of "Englishes", or "varieties" or "sub-language" with the English language. Among all, racial factor creates Black English and African Pidgin and others. They reconstitute the English grammar on the basis of the pidgin and gradually built up a special variety of their own. It is proved that none of language could conquer others. The only possibility that some one dominates others. English is the one. Chinese is different from English in branches and even families. As one variety, China English is not considered much like Black English, South-Asia English, etc.This thesis tries to study the nature and the cause of one of English variety through the explanation by the theory of interlanguage, fossilization, error analysis and transferring of language. China English is systematic and unstable.
文摘Leaves of a Metasequoia glyptostroboides tree in Paomu Village,Longshan County,Hunan Province (Paomu Tree) possess"Even Type"cuticles and frill-margined stomata similar to those of fossil Metasequoia by far known but different from all other living Metasequoia trees(common trees).Paomu Tree is thus hypothesized as the real"living fossil",which has been supported by preliminary DNA analyses. Techniques of clearing leaf,epidermis stripping,
文摘As it is known that geoparks are specific nature protection unit which possesses both scientific value, and picturesque landscapes.It is also a specific way of use of bowels of the Earth.Geological nature sanctuaries have their own specificities—in them the information about geological,biological and other stories of the Earth is ciphered.The geoparks intiative adds a new dimension to the 1972
文摘Elaborate and precise replicas taken from real fossils are used for academic researches in place of originals. They are often exhibited in museums in order to avoid demolition of the fragile originals.Replicas not only increase the number of specimens but also expand the chances for people to get direct observation of scientifically valuable materials.Up to now。
文摘Ancestral lobopodians,which diversified and flourished in the Cambrian seas,have long drawn much attention in that not only their living counterparts,onychophorans and tardigrades,but euarthropods(Chelicerata,Myriapoda,Crustacea,and Hexapoda) may have been deeply rooted in stem-group lobopodians.Antennacanthopodia gracilis new genus and species is described
文摘The Nawakot and Kathmandu complexes are distributed around Kathmandu area, central Nepal and that build up the Mahabharat synclinorium. The Nawakot complex is composed of mainly weakly metamorphosed sedimentary rocks. The Kathmandu complex, which occupies the large core of the synclinorium, overlies the Nawakot Complex.. These two complexes have the thrust contact called as the Mahabharat Thrust. The Kathmandu complex is subdivided into the lower Bimphedi and the upper Phulchoki Groups. The Bimphedi Group is composed of metamorphosed sedimentary rocks and the Phulchoki Group is of weakly and non\|metamorphosed sedimentary rocks. Besides its important significance, only few studies have been done in these complexes. In this paper, the present author reports preliminarily the stratigraphy of the Phulchoki Group and uppermost part of the Bimphedi Group distributed in the south of Kathmandu. In the study area, weakly to non\|metamorphosed sedimentary rocks is subdivided stratigraphically into Units I to VII in ascending order. These units are characterized by the prominent composition of rock types. Most contacts observed at each adjacent units are conformable and some are transitional. Most of units show the regional variation in accompanying rock type. Unit I: coarsely crystallized marble; Unit II: black to green phyllite; Unit III: light gray quartzose fine sandstone and gray siltstone; Unit IV: well\|bedded sandy argillaceous limestone; Unit V: purple siltstone; Unit VI: coarsely crystallized limestone; Unit VII: siltstone and sandstone. Correlation to the formations named by Stocklin’s (1980) subdivision are as follows: Unit I might be correlated to the Markhu Formation, Units II and III to the Tistung Formation, Unit IV to the Chandragiri Formation, Unit V to the Chitlang Formation, and Units VI and VII to the Godawari Formation.From the study area, some fossils are yielded. Crinoids occur from Units IV, V, VI and VII, brachiopods from Units V, VI and VII, orthocerases from Unit VI, and trilobites from Unit V.
文摘The Middle Jurassic system is well developed and exposed in western Liaoning Province including two formations,the Tiaojishan Formation and the Haifanggou Formation.The Tiaojishan Formation is represented by intermediate extrusive and pyroclastic rocks,with intercalations of basic volcanic and sedimentary rocks.Diverse silicified wood specimens were recovered from this formation in Lamaying,
文摘The Middle Miocene Duho Formation of the Yeonil Group,Pohang Basin,Korea is one of the best recognized formations for the Cenozoic plant fossils, including various leaves,reproductive organs,and fossil woods.We,in this paper,first report winged fruits(10 specimens) from the Duho Formation.They were identified into two structurally different groups:
文摘A great number of fossil scallops were found from the Duho Formation of the Pohang Basin,Korea.Most of the specimens are preserved as slightly altered original carbonate shells,and internal and external molds were also observed in the specimens whose calcareous materials were washed out.In particular, external and internal molds are more frequently observed from the thin and small(less than 1 cm
文摘There are more than 30 fossil-dominated geoparks established in China.Most of them are of high scientific values.Compared to landscape-dominated geoparks,the fossil-dominated ones generally lack of charming natural sceneries,but the abundant and exquisite preserved fossils in geoparks are very attractive to the public.In order to protect and exploit these fossils,the evaluation plays an important role in the geopark construction.Ningcheng geopark is famous for the Mesozoic Daohugou biota.The fossil assemblage is different from Jehol biota,which attracts many experts.In this paper the
文摘The elevation of Qinghai\|Tibetan plateau is a epoch\|making event in the global evolutionary history, which not only constructed the modern magnificent geomorphic feature, but also influenced far\|reachingly the global climate. The evolutionary models of its uplifting time and scope has been primarily set up, and is waiting to be competed with new discovery and supplement. A comprehensive field geologic excursion on the Cenozoic strata of the Kumukuli basin, Xinjiang, northwest Qinghai\|Tibetan plateau by authors has collected a lot of first\|hand data, and the discovery and dating of the late Pleistocene mammal fossils made an important supplement to the scarcity of late Quaternary fossil recorders in many basins, as well as contributed a great deal to the quantitative study of the researches alike, in the main time, provided new evidences to the uplift of Qinghai\|Tibetan plateau since late pleistocene.Lies in the northwest part of the Qinghai\|Tibetan plateau, and between the Kunlun and Altum Mountain ranges, Kumukuli basin is a intracontinental plateau basin, with a mean elevation about 4000m. Cenozoic strata have a time span from Oligocene to Pleistocene.The stratigraphic and lithologic association displays that the development of Kumukuli basin started at the Oligocene, at the primary uplift stage of the Qinghai\|Tibetan plateau. The Oligocene and Miocene, with a giant thickness and multiple layers of thick conglomerate, is of the products of stronger erosional stage, and a reflection of higher differential in inner geomorphology of the plateau. The aggradation led to the smoothness of the geomorphic feature and fineness of sedimentary particle since Pliocene. Since then, Large scale conglomerate outcroped in the peripheral of the plateau, and differential of geomorphology in the plateau and its peripheral areas became distinct. Kumukuli basin is one of the synchronously developed basin with the plateau, having the most completed Cenozoic sequence with a thickness over 7000m. Its Tertiary sedimentary sequence is basically similar to that of the Ningxia basin, northeastern margin of the Qinghai\|Tibetan plateau, and can be well correlated each other, mutually, they recorded the uplift process of the Qinghai\|Tibetan plateau, and their difference may represent the contrast evolution of the plateau and inhomogeneous differential in geomorphic feature of the plateau and its perimeter respectively. Being two sedimentary basins in separately tectonic units, the former has much thicker strata and coarser particles, for instance, the Oligocene is over 3000m in thickness in Kumukuli basin, however, only about 100m in Ningxia basin. Several uncomformities occurring in Kumukuli basin, namely, between the Quarternary and the Pliocene, the Pliocene and the Middle\|Upper Miocene, as well as the Middle\|Upper Miocene and the Lower Miocene, are the direct effects of horizontal movement accompanied with the process of the uplift of the Qinghai\|Tibetan plateau. Maybe those data imply that the western part of the plateau much stronger in uplift and distinct in horizontal movement than that of the east.
文摘Combustion of fossil fuels increases permanently the carbon content of the fast carbon cycle consisting of atmos-phere, land and surface ocean. The carbon residence times in these reservoirs are relatively low in the order of some years. Howev-er, the carbon residence time in the whole fast cycle is in the order of 2,000 years. This means the final storage problem of fossil en-ergy use is in the same order as that of nuclear energy use.There are two other main driving forces for a continuous decarbonisation of the world energy system. The first one is the short-ening of raw materials, an the second one is the greenhous gas effect of carbon dioxide with the risk of climate change. Based on the "molecular fingerprints" of various fossil fuels a new quantity, the "energetic carbon efficiency" can be derived. This quantity fa-vours methane (natural gas) more than any other fossil fuel. E. g. , methane is two times more efficient than lignite or hard coal. Therefore, the future role of this energy carrier will be discussed more in detail.Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is not a convincing concept and therefore it cannot be considered as a responsible excuse for new coal fired power stations. A reasonable way out may be the carbon moratorium. This means a thermal splitting of methane into carbon and hydrogen. Only the hydrogen is used as a fuel whereas the carbon is deposited in the earth, because storage of carbon is much safer than storage of carbon dioxide.Very often biofuels are considered as a sustainable option. Critical arguments are presented against the meander of biofuels. Negative climate implications and very low efficiencies are serious arguments against these technolgies. Even the fashionable new hope for bioenergy from algea farms has no rational fundamentA long-time sustainable energy system requires not only low carbon but zero carbon technologies. This means solar energy in all kinds of its appearance (water power, wind, solar heat and photovoltaics). However these kinds of energy require new energy stor-age technologies. Various storage technologies will be discussed with a special focus on electrochemical batteries and electromobility. All of these new energy technologies are not able to remove any carbon from the fast carbon cycle. Therefore, some prominent con-cepts of climate engineering will be introduced.
文摘The on-going depletion of the oil reserves leads to the needs for development of sustainable and renewable ener-gies. Between fossil and solar eras, low carbon natural gas and clean coal become the most crucial intermediate alternatives as energy source and feedstock to produce chemicals. In meantime, lignocellulosic biomass will play the role as fuel or as raw material, espe-cially for the future decades. This is of ultimate importance for the countries with increased demands for energy in a portable form and for synthetic materials, such as China.New catalytic materials are at the heart in the processes (existing and innovative) to converting natural gas or coal, the non-portable or non-pumpable energy carriers, to liquid form, and to upgrading less valuable to more value-added chemicals for a particu-lar market requirement. In many instances, innovation of a new catalytic material makes a new process from dream to reality, and in the other cases, the need for a new process catalyzes the research for a new catalytic material. The process and material ("chickens and eggs") interplay propels the recent advances in hydrogen fuel, GTL,CTL,CTC, SNG and BTL technologies. In this growing market, Sud-Chemie has not only strengthened its market presence, but also consolidated its position as the worldwide technology and market leader through innovative R&D work and broad cooperation with partners. Siid-Chemie provides the full portfolio of cat-alytic materials in the new chemical processes, such as ShiftMax , ActiSorb , AmoMax , MegaMax, DME-1, FAMax, and MTProp-1. Sud-Chemie commits to provide the best performing tailored catalytic materials to the matching processes.
