Landscape pathology is a research approach that can provide validation of the effectiveness of regional controls of forest disease at a landscape scale. In this paper, we analyzed the effects of stand features, manage...Landscape pathology is a research approach that can provide validation of the effectiveness of regional controls of forest disease at a landscape scale. In this paper, we analyzed the effects of stand features, management approaches, and geographical locations on poplar canker disease incidence （DI） and disease severity index （DSI） of individual trees at a 10 km x 10 km mesoscale landscape in Qingfeng County, China. DI varied significantly with stand age, tree densities, and the degree of canopy closure. DI in stands younger than 4 years old was significantly lower than that in the stands over 6 years old and reached the highest value at a stand age of 8-10 years. Overall, DI was positively correlated with stand age, stand density, andthe degree of canopy closure. DI was significantly lower in agro-forest stand patches than in other three patch types, i.e. isolated patch, pure stand patch, and mixed stand patch. Poplar plantations distributed around and near to villages exhibited significantly higher DI mainly due to human activities and herbivores. Fragmentation or connectivity in this mesoscale landscape seemed not impact disease occurrence. DSI was not significantly correlated with stand density, but varied significantly with tree varieties and trees ages. DSI was highest in stands of 10-12 year trees for all poplar varieties we studied here. Plantation density and plantation age were thus critical factors in determining DI and DSI. A logistic predictive model of disease occurrence was developed for the study area, considering varieties, age, height, density, canopy cover, stand types, patch types, management status, and stand geographical locations. Our study here shows that adjustment of stand density by thinning at different plantation ages is an effective approach controlling the occurrence canker disease in short-rotation poplar plantations at the landscape scale.展开更多
BACKGROUND The correlation between geriatric nutritional risk index(GNRI)and the prognosis of patients with osteoporosis or osteopenia has not been studied.This study aims to explore the relationship between GNRI and ...BACKGROUND The correlation between geriatric nutritional risk index(GNRI)and the prognosis of patients with osteoporosis or osteopenia has not been studied.This study aims to explore the relationship between GNRI and the cardiovascular disease(CVD)and all-cause mortality rates in elderly patients with osteoporosis or osteopenia.METHODS This study included 4756 patients with osteoporosis and osteopenia from five cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES).We used multivariable Cox regression and subgroup analyses to investigate the correlation between GNRI and mortality rates.The restricted cubic spline analysis was used to assess the dose-response relationship between GNRI and mortality risk.Mediation analysis was conducted to examine the mediating effect of chronic kidney disease on the relationship between nutritional risk and mortality.RESULTS During a median follow-up period of 114 months,a total of 1241 deaths(26.09%)occurred,including 300 deaths due to CVD(6.31%).In the fully adjusted Model 3,compared to the no-risk group,the risk group showed significantly increased all-cause mortality risk(HR=2.05,95%CI:1.74–2.40)and CVD mortality risk(HR=1.88,95%CI:1.30–2.71).The restricted cubic spline analysis indicated a non-linear association between GNRI and all-cause mortality risk as well as CVD mortality risk.The mediation analysis results indicated that chronic kidney disease mediates 16.9%of the effect of nutritional risk on all-cause mortality and 25.3%on CVD mortality risk.CONCLUSIONS GNRI can serve as a predictive factor for all-cause and CVD mortality rates in elderly patients with osteoporosis or osteopenia.展开更多
With the coming of the Digital Era,numbers,abbreviations and signs have been widely used in our spoken and written language.The trend of digital language has appeared in modern language.At first,the appearance of digi...With the coming of the Digital Era,numbers,abbreviations and signs have been widely used in our spoken and written language.The trend of digital language has appeared in modern language.At first,the appearance of digital language brings convenience for both learners and native speakers.E.g.88(Bye),TV… Later,however,the learners begin to acquire digital words rather than the original one.For instance,many people of non-English speaking countries only understand the meaning of VIP rather than "very important person".Therefore,the digitalization of language is playing a very significant role in today's language spreading.My project is devoted to exploring types,features and causes of the digitalization of language,in order to find out its influence on language development.My project falls into a questionnaire and four chapters in the body part.The questionnaire is designed to help us find the types,features and causes of language digitalization.In the body part,the first chapter is to show the types of digital language.The second chapter is to explain the features of language digitalization,that is,informality,uncertainty,principle of economy and stratification.The third chapter is to explore the causes of formation of digital language.By analyzing data from the questionnaire,I find four reasons that cause the formation of digitalized language.The fourth chapter is to discuss digital language's influence on language development,that is,whether digitalized language will improve or block language development.展开更多
Cyber language is a third language,which lies between spoken language and written language.Cyber language consists of three elements:1) technical terms that are related to computer science and network technology;2) ne...Cyber language is a third language,which lies between spoken language and written language.Cyber language consists of three elements:1) technical terms that are related to computer science and network technology;2) new words and phrases that are related to cyber culture;and 3) cyber slang that is used mainly in CMC(Qin Xiubai,2003).Cyber language has its own linguistic features at four levels,namely,phonology,graphology,lexicon,syntax,and discourse.展开更多
目的探讨血清几丁质酶-3样蛋白1(chitinase 3-like protein 1,CHI3L1)与血液透析患者全因死亡和心脑血管疾病死亡之间的关系。方法本研究为前瞻性队列研究,病例来自2014年9月北京大学第三医院肾内科维持性血液透析患者。测定基线血CHI3L...目的探讨血清几丁质酶-3样蛋白1(chitinase 3-like protein 1,CHI3L1)与血液透析患者全因死亡和心脑血管疾病死亡之间的关系。方法本研究为前瞻性队列研究,病例来自2014年9月北京大学第三医院肾内科维持性血液透析患者。测定基线血CHI3L1水平,并根据中位数将患者分为高CHI3L1组和低CHI3L1组,随访9年。用Kaplan-Meier生存分析高CHI3L1组和低CHI3L1组患者生存率的差异,用限制性立方样条(restricted cubic spline,RCS)曲线描述CHI3L1与全因死亡率的剂量反应关系,用多因素COX比例风险模型分析患者全因死亡或心脑血管疾病死亡的独立危险因素。结果共纳入109例患者,随访时间为80.0(38.2,113.2)个月。Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示高CHI3L1组患者全因死亡率高于低CHI3L1组(χ^(2)=4.720,P=0.030),2组患者心脑血管疾病死亡率无明显差异(χ^(2)=1.954,P=0.162)。当CHI3L1≥199.8 ng/ml时,全因死亡率随着CHI3L1水平的增加有明显增加(HR=1.747,95%CI:1.035~2.947,P=0.037)。COX回归分析结果显示:年龄增加(HR=1.029,95%CI:1.001~1.056,P=0.040)、长透析龄(HR=2.251,95%CI:1.310~3.868,P=0.003)、收缩压高(HR=1.022,95%CI:1.008~1.036,P=0.002)、血肌酐低(HR=0.135,95%CI:0.064~0.283,P<0.001)均为血液透析患者全因死亡的独立危险因素,多种因素校正后高CHI3L1仍然是患者全因死亡的独立危险因素(HR=1.963,95%CI:1.010~3.813,P=0.047)。结论高CHI3L1组患者全因死亡率高于低CHI3L1组患者,血CHI3L1可能是血液透析患者全因死亡的独立预测指标。展开更多
基金supported by the twelfth five-year science and technology support program of China(2012BAD19B0801)
文摘Landscape pathology is a research approach that can provide validation of the effectiveness of regional controls of forest disease at a landscape scale. In this paper, we analyzed the effects of stand features, management approaches, and geographical locations on poplar canker disease incidence （DI） and disease severity index （DSI） of individual trees at a 10 km x 10 km mesoscale landscape in Qingfeng County, China. DI varied significantly with stand age, tree densities, and the degree of canopy closure. DI in stands younger than 4 years old was significantly lower than that in the stands over 6 years old and reached the highest value at a stand age of 8-10 years. Overall, DI was positively correlated with stand age, stand density, andthe degree of canopy closure. DI was significantly lower in agro-forest stand patches than in other three patch types, i.e. isolated patch, pure stand patch, and mixed stand patch. Poplar plantations distributed around and near to villages exhibited significantly higher DI mainly due to human activities and herbivores. Fragmentation or connectivity in this mesoscale landscape seemed not impact disease occurrence. DSI was not significantly correlated with stand density, but varied significantly with tree varieties and trees ages. DSI was highest in stands of 10-12 year trees for all poplar varieties we studied here. Plantation density and plantation age were thus critical factors in determining DI and DSI. A logistic predictive model of disease occurrence was developed for the study area, considering varieties, age, height, density, canopy cover, stand types, patch types, management status, and stand geographical locations. Our study here shows that adjustment of stand density by thinning at different plantation ages is an effective approach controlling the occurrence canker disease in short-rotation poplar plantations at the landscape scale.
文摘BACKGROUND The correlation between geriatric nutritional risk index(GNRI)and the prognosis of patients with osteoporosis or osteopenia has not been studied.This study aims to explore the relationship between GNRI and the cardiovascular disease(CVD)and all-cause mortality rates in elderly patients with osteoporosis or osteopenia.METHODS This study included 4756 patients with osteoporosis and osteopenia from five cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES).We used multivariable Cox regression and subgroup analyses to investigate the correlation between GNRI and mortality rates.The restricted cubic spline analysis was used to assess the dose-response relationship between GNRI and mortality risk.Mediation analysis was conducted to examine the mediating effect of chronic kidney disease on the relationship between nutritional risk and mortality.RESULTS During a median follow-up period of 114 months,a total of 1241 deaths(26.09%)occurred,including 300 deaths due to CVD(6.31%).In the fully adjusted Model 3,compared to the no-risk group,the risk group showed significantly increased all-cause mortality risk(HR=2.05,95%CI:1.74–2.40)and CVD mortality risk(HR=1.88,95%CI:1.30–2.71).The restricted cubic spline analysis indicated a non-linear association between GNRI and all-cause mortality risk as well as CVD mortality risk.The mediation analysis results indicated that chronic kidney disease mediates 16.9%of the effect of nutritional risk on all-cause mortality and 25.3%on CVD mortality risk.CONCLUSIONS GNRI can serve as a predictive factor for all-cause and CVD mortality rates in elderly patients with osteoporosis or osteopenia.
文摘With the coming of the Digital Era,numbers,abbreviations and signs have been widely used in our spoken and written language.The trend of digital language has appeared in modern language.At first,the appearance of digital language brings convenience for both learners and native speakers.E.g.88(Bye),TV… Later,however,the learners begin to acquire digital words rather than the original one.For instance,many people of non-English speaking countries only understand the meaning of VIP rather than "very important person".Therefore,the digitalization of language is playing a very significant role in today's language spreading.My project is devoted to exploring types,features and causes of the digitalization of language,in order to find out its influence on language development.My project falls into a questionnaire and four chapters in the body part.The questionnaire is designed to help us find the types,features and causes of language digitalization.In the body part,the first chapter is to show the types of digital language.The second chapter is to explain the features of language digitalization,that is,informality,uncertainty,principle of economy and stratification.The third chapter is to explore the causes of formation of digital language.By analyzing data from the questionnaire,I find four reasons that cause the formation of digitalized language.The fourth chapter is to discuss digital language's influence on language development,that is,whether digitalized language will improve or block language development.
文摘Cyber language is a third language,which lies between spoken language and written language.Cyber language consists of three elements:1) technical terms that are related to computer science and network technology;2) new words and phrases that are related to cyber culture;and 3) cyber slang that is used mainly in CMC(Qin Xiubai,2003).Cyber language has its own linguistic features at four levels,namely,phonology,graphology,lexicon,syntax,and discourse.
