To explore the geological characteristics and exploration potential of the Carboniferous Benxi Formation coal rock gas in the Ordos Basin,this paper presents a systematic research on the coal rock distribution,coal ro...To explore the geological characteristics and exploration potential of the Carboniferous Benxi Formation coal rock gas in the Ordos Basin,this paper presents a systematic research on the coal rock distribution,coal rock reservoirs,coal rock quality,and coal rock gas features,resources and enrichment.Coal rock gas is a high-quality resource distinct from coalbed methane,and it has unique features in terms of burial depth,gas source,reservoir,gas content,and carbon isotopic composition.The Benxi Formation coal rocks cover an area of 16×104km^(2),with thicknesses ranging from 2 m to 25 m,primarily consisting of bright and semi-bright coals with primitive structures and low volatile and ash contents,indicating a good coal quality.The medium-to-high rank coal rocks have the total organic carbon(TOC)content ranging from 33.49%to 86.11%,averaging75.16%.They have a high degree of thermal evolution(Roof 1.2%-2.8%),and a high gas-generating capacity.They also have high stable carbon isotopic values(δ13C1of-37.6‰to-16‰;δ13C2of-21.7‰to-14.3‰).Deep coal rocks develop matrix pores such as gas bubble pores,organic pores,and inorganic mineral pores,which,together with cleats and fractures,form good reservoir spaces.The coal rock reservoirs exhibit the porosity of 0.54%-10.67%(averaging 5.42%)and the permeability of(0.001-14.600)×10^(-3)μm^(2)(averaging 2.32×10^(-3)μm^(2)).Vertically,there are five types of coal rock gas accumulation and dissipation combinations,among which the coal rock-mudstone gas accumulation combination and the coal rock-limestone gas accumulation combination are the most important,with good sealing conditions and high peak values of total hydrocarbon in gas logging.A model of coal rock gas accumulation has been constructed,which includes widespread distribution of medium-to-high rank coal rocks continually generating gas,matrix pores and cleats/fractures in coal rocks acting as large-scale reservoir spaces,tight cap rocks providing sealing,source-reservoir integration,and five types of efficient enrichment patterns(lateral pinchout complex,lenses,low-amplitude structures,nose-like structures,and lithologically self-sealing).According to the geological characteristics of coal rock gas,the Benxi Formation is divided into 8 plays,and the estimated coal rock gas resources with a buried depth of more than 2000 m are more than 12.33×10^(12)m^(3).The above understandings guide the deployment of risk exploration.Two wells drilled accordingly obtained an industrial gas flow,driving the further deployment of exploratory and appraisal wells.Substantial breakthroughs have been achieved,with the possible reserves over a trillion cubic meters and the proved reserves over a hundred billion cubic meters,which is of great significance for the reserves increase and efficient development of natural gas in China.展开更多
Knowledge of the mechanical behavior of planetary rocks is indispensable for space explorations.The scarcity of pristine samples and the irregular shapes of planetary meteorites make it difficult to obtain representat...Knowledge of the mechanical behavior of planetary rocks is indispensable for space explorations.The scarcity of pristine samples and the irregular shapes of planetary meteorites make it difficult to obtain representative samples for conventional macroscale rock mechanics experiments(macro-RMEs).This critical review discusses recent advances in microscale RMEs(micro-RMEs)techniques and the upscaling methods for extracting mechanical parameters.Methods of mineralogical and microstructural analyses,along with non-destructive mechanical techniques,have provided new opportunities for studying planetary rocks with unprecedented precision and capabilities.First,we summarize several mainstream methods for obtaining the mineralogy and microstructure of planetary rocks.Then,nondestructive micromechanical testing methods,nanoindentation and atomic force microscopy(AFM),are detailed reviewed,illustrating the principles,advantages,influencing factors,and available testing results from literature.Subsequently,several feasible upscaling methods that bridge the micro-measurements of meteorite pieces to the strength of the intact body are introduced.Finally,the potential applications of planetary rock mechanics research to guiding the design and execution of space missions are environed,ranging from sample return missions and planetary defense to extraterrestrial construction.These discussions are expected to broaden the understanding of the microscale mechanical properties of planetary rocks and their significant role in deep space exploration.展开更多
Leading national space exploration agencies and private enterprises are actively engaged in lunar exploration initiatives to accomplish manned lunar landings and establish permanent lunar bases in the forthcoming year...Leading national space exploration agencies and private enterprises are actively engaged in lunar exploration initiatives to accomplish manned lunar landings and establish permanent lunar bases in the forthcoming years.With limited access to lunar surface materials on Earth,lunar regolith simulants are crucial for lunar exploration research.The Chang’e-5(CE-5)samples have been characterized by state-of-the-art laboratory equipment,providing a unique opportunity to develop a high-quality lunar regolith simulant.We have prepared a high-fidelity PolyU-1 simulant by pulverizing,desiccating,sieving,and blending natural mineral materials on Earth based on key physical,mineral,and chemical characteristics of CE-5 samples.The results showed that the simulant has a high degree of consistency with the CE-5 samples in terms of the particle morphology,mineral and chemical composition.Direct shear tests were conducted on the simulant,and the measured internal friction angle and cohesion values can serve as references for determining the mechanical properties of CE-5 lunar regolith.The PolyU-1 simulant can contribute to experimental studies involving lunar regolith,including the assessment of interaction between rovers and lunar regolith,as well as the development of in-situ resource utilization(ISRU)technologies.展开更多
Since 2011,the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)has implemented the Strategic Priority Program on Space Science(SPP).A series of scientific satellites have been developed and launched,such as Dark Matter Particle Explo...Since 2011,the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)has implemented the Strategic Priority Program on Space Science(SPP).A series of scientific satellites have been developed and launched,such as Dark Matter Particle Explorer(DAMPE),Quantum Experiments at Space Scale(QUESS),Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory(ASO-S),Einstein Probe(EP),and significant scientific outcomes have been achieved.In order to plan the future space science missions in China,CAS has organized the Chinese space science community to conduct medium and long-term development strategy studies,and summarized the major scientific frontiers of space science as“One Black,Two Dark,Three Origins and Five Characterizations”.Five main scientific themes have been identified for China’s future breakthroughs,including the Extreme Universe,Space-Time Ripples,the Panoramic View of the Sun and Earth,the Habitable Planets,and Biological&Physical Science in Space.Space science satellite missions to be implemented before 2030 are proposed accordingly.展开更多
The Moon,as the closest celestial body to the Earth,plays a pivotal role in the progression of deep space exploration,and the establishment of research outposts on its surface represents a crucial step in this mission...The Moon,as the closest celestial body to the Earth,plays a pivotal role in the progression of deep space exploration,and the establishment of research outposts on its surface represents a crucial step in this mission.Lunar lava tubes are special underground caves formed by volcanic eruptions and are considered as ideal natural shelters and scientific laboratories for lunar base construction.This paper begins with an in-depth overview of the geological origins,exploration history,and distribution locations of lunar lava tubes.Subsequently,it delves into the presentation of four distinctive advantages and typical concepts for constructing bases within lava tubes,summarizing the ground-based attempts made thus far in lunar lava tube base construction.Field studies conducted on a lava tube in Hainan revealed rock compositions similar to those found during the Apollo missions and clear lava tube structures,making it a promising analog site.Lastly,the challenges and opportunities encountered in the field of geotechnical engineering regarding the establishment of lunar lava tube bases are discussed,encompassing cave exploration technologies,in-situ testing methods,geomechanical properties under lunar extreme environments,base design and structural stability assessment,excavation and reinforcement techniques,and simulated Earth-based lava tube base.展开更多
Based on the organic geochemical data and the molecular and stable carbon isotopic compositions of natural gas of the Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation in the western Central Depression of Junggar Basin,combined with ...Based on the organic geochemical data and the molecular and stable carbon isotopic compositions of natural gas of the Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation in the western Central Depression of Junggar Basin,combined with sedimentary environment analysis and hydrocarbon-generating simulation,the gas-generating potential of the Fengcheng source rock is evaluated,the distribution of large-scale effective source kitchen is described,the genetic types of natural gas are clarified,and four types of favorable exploration targets are selected.The results show that:(1)The Fengcheng Formation is a set of oil-prone source rocks,and the retained liquid hydrocarbon is conducive to late cracking into gas,with characteristics of high gas-generating potential and late accumulation;(2)The maximum thickness of Fengcheng source rock reaches 900 m.The source rock has entered the main gas-generating stage in Penyijingxi and Shawan sags,and the area with gas-generating intensity greater than 20×10^(8) m^(3)/km^(2) is approximately 6500 km^(2).(3)Around the western Central Depression,highly mature oil-type gas with light carbon isotope composition was identified to be derived from the Fengcheng source rocks mainly,while the rest was coal-derived gas from the Carboniferous source rock;(4)Four types of favorable exploration targets with exploration potential were developed in the western Central Depression which are structural traps neighboring to the source,stratigraphic traps neighboring to the source,shale-gas type within the source,and structural traps within the source.Great attention should be paid to these targets.展开更多
Based on the situation and progress of marine oil/gas exploration in the Sichuan Basin,SW China,the whole petroleum system is divided for marine carbonate rocks of the basin according to the combinations of hydrocarbo...Based on the situation and progress of marine oil/gas exploration in the Sichuan Basin,SW China,the whole petroleum system is divided for marine carbonate rocks of the basin according to the combinations of hydrocarbon accumulation elements,especially the source rock.The hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics of each whole petroleum system are analyzed,the patterns of integrated conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon accumulation are summarized,and the favorable exploration targets are proposed.Under the control of multiple extensional-convergent tectonic cycles,the marine carbonate rocks of the Sichuan Basin contain three sets of regional source rocks and three sets of regional cap rocks,and can be divided into the Cambrian,Silurian and Permian whole petroleum systems.These whole petroleum systems present mainly independent hydrocarbon accumulation,containing natural gas of affinity individually.Locally,large fault zones run through multiple whole petroleum systems,forming a fault-controlled complex whole petroleum system.The hydrocarbon accumulation sequence of continental shelf facies shale gas accumulation,marginal platform facies-controlled gas reservoirs,and intra-platform fault-and facies-controlled gas reservoirs is common in the whole petroleum system,with a stereoscopic accumulation and orderly distribution pattern.High-quality source rock is fundamental to the formation of large gas fields,and natural gas in a whole petroleum system is generally enriched near and within the source rocks.The development and maintenance of large-scale reservoirs are essential for natural gas enrichment,multiple sources,oil and gas transformation,and dynamic adjustment are the characteristics of marine petroleum accumulation,and good preservation conditions are critical to natural gas accumulation.Large-scale marginal-platform reef-bank facies zones,deep shale gas,and large-scale lithological complexes related to source-connected faults are future marine hydrocarbon exploration targets in the Sichuan Basin.展开更多
1.Introduction In recent years,there have been significant advancements in the scope and depth of space exploration.Challenging missions,such as returning to the Moon and exploring Mars,are gradually being implemented...1.Introduction In recent years,there have been significant advancements in the scope and depth of space exploration.Challenging missions,such as returning to the Moon and exploring Mars,are gradually being implemented.In deep space exploration,understanding the mechanical behavior of planetary geomaterials is crucial for various missions,including mission planning.展开更多
In order to provide relay communication supports for future Chinese lunar exploration program,Queqiao-2 relay communication satellite was developed.Queqiao-2 can perform scientific observations with three kinds of sci...In order to provide relay communication supports for future Chinese lunar exploration program,Queqiao-2 relay communication satellite was developed.Queqiao-2 can perform scientific observations with three kinds of scientific instruments on board.The system design of Queqiao-2,including mission orbit and transfer orbit design,configuration and layout design,housekeeping and information flow design,power supply and distribution design,GNC and propulsion system design,communication links design,etc.,was accomplished through comprehensive tradeoff and evaluation on technical maturity,availability,schedule,cost,and so on.With a view to reducing development risk,both the platform and relay communication payloads were developed based on significant heritage from previous Queqiao relay satellite and other relevant spacecraft.Queqiao-2 features flexible system architecture to support multiple frequencies,modulations,data rates and software reconfigurations to meet new user requirements.Subsequent to a successful launch on March 20,2024,by means of 5 orbit maneuvers,Queqiao-2 was inserted into a highly elliptical frozen mission orbit around the moon with a 24h period on schedule.Following on-orbit tests and calibrations,Queqiao-2 has possessed the capacity to provide reliable relay communication services to multiple lunar exploration missions,as well as the capacity to perform scientific observations.Under the support of Queqiao-2,Chang′e-6 achieved its ambitious mission goal to collect and return samples from the moon′s mysterious far side.In the meanwhile,Queqiao-2 has also paved the way for the following Chinese lunar exploration missions including Chang′e-7 and Chang′e-8.The design life time of Queqiao-2 is more than 8 years.Benefit from flexibility and extensibility of relay communication system design,it is convenient to provide relay communication services for future lunar exploration missions of both China and other countries.In addition,innovative scientific observations would be performed during the period that no relay communication task is arranged.The system design of Queqiao-2 reflects the development philosophy of technical innovations and inheritance integration.Based on highly flexible and extensible system architecture,multiple and concurrent relay communication mission requirements can be met.It can provide strong supports for future lunar exploration missions.Successful launching,orbit entering and on-orbit tests of Queqiao-2 verified the correct design principle and versatility.By means of Queqiao-2,more innovative scientific outcomes are anticipated and lunar exploration activities can be facilitated.展开更多
Pressure-preserved coring is an effective means to develop deep resources. However, due to the complexity of existing pressure-preserved technology, the average success rate of pressure-preserved coring is low. In res...Pressure-preserved coring is an effective means to develop deep resources. However, due to the complexity of existing pressure-preserved technology, the average success rate of pressure-preserved coring is low. In response, a novel in situ magnetically controlled self-sealing pressure-preserved coring technology for deep reserves has been proposed and validated. This innovative technology distinguishes itself from conventional methods by employing noncontact forces to replace traditional pretensioning mechanisms, thereby enhancing the mechanical design of pressure-preserved coring equipment and significantly boosting the fault tolerance of the technology. Here, we report on the design,theoretical calculations, experimental validation, and industrial testing of this technology. Through theoretical and simulation calculations, the self-sealing composite magnetic field of the pressure controller was optimized. The initial pre-tensioning force of the optimal magnetic field was 13.05 N. The reliability of the magnetically controlled self-sealing pressure-preserved coring technology was verified using a self-developed self-sealing pressure performance testing platform, confirming the accuracy of the composite magnetic field calculation theory. Subsequently, a magnetically controlled self-triggering pressure-preserved coring device was designed. Field pressure-preserved coring was then conducted,preliminarily verifying the technology's effective self-sealing performance in industrial applications.Furthermore, the technology was analyzed and verified to be adaptable to complex reservoir environments with pressures up to 30 MPa, temperatures up to 80℃, and p H values ranging from 1 to 14. These research results provide technical support for multidirectional pressure-preserved coring, thus paving a new technical route for deep energy exploration through coring.展开更多
The year of 2024 marks the 50th anniversary of the publication of Petroleum Exploration and Development.For half a century,Petroleum Exploration and Development has been committed to disseminating petroleum technology...The year of 2024 marks the 50th anniversary of the publication of Petroleum Exploration and Development.For half a century,Petroleum Exploration and Development has been committed to disseminating petroleum technology,witnessing and recording the glorious journey of China's petroleum industry from being weak to becoming strong.The journal has also become a bright banner in China's petroleum technology industry.展开更多
Considering the problems in the discrimination of fracture penetration and the evaluation of fracturing performance in the stimulation of thin sand-mud interbedded reservoirs in the eighth member of Shihezi Formation ...Considering the problems in the discrimination of fracture penetration and the evaluation of fracturing performance in the stimulation of thin sand-mud interbedded reservoirs in the eighth member of Shihezi Formation of Permian(He-8 Member)in the Sulige gas field,a geomechanical model of thin sand-mud interbedded reservoirs considering interlayer heterogeneity was established.The experiment of hydraulic fracture penetration was performed to reveal the mechanism of initiation–extension–interaction–penetration of hydraulic fractures in the thin sand-mud interbedded reservoirs.The unconventional fracture model was used to clarify the vertical initiation and extension characteristics of fractures in thin interbedded reservoirs through numerical simulation.The fracture penetration discrimination criterion and the fracturing performance evaluation method were developed.The results show that the interlayer stress difference is the main geological factor that directly affects the fracture morphology during hydraulic fracturing.When the interlayer stress difference coefficient is less than 0.4 in the Sulige gas field,the fractures can penetrate the barrier and extend in the target sandstone layer.When the interlayer stress difference coefficient is not less than 0.4 and less than 0.45,the factures can penetrate the barrier but cannot extend in the target sandstone layers.When the interlayer stress difference coefficient is greater than 0.45,the fractures only extend in the perforated reservoir,but not penetrate the layers.Increasing the viscosity and pump rates of the fracturing fluid can compensate for the energy loss and break through the barrier limit.The injection of high viscosity(50–100 mPa·s)fracturing fluid at high pump rates(12–18 m^(3)/min)is conducive to fracture penetration in the thin sand-mud interbedded reservoirs in the Sulige gas field.展开更多
Recent advances in hydrocarbon exploration have been made in the Member Deng-2 marginal microbial mound-bank complex reservoirs of the Dengying Formation in the western Sichuan Basin, SW China,where the depositional p...Recent advances in hydrocarbon exploration have been made in the Member Deng-2 marginal microbial mound-bank complex reservoirs of the Dengying Formation in the western Sichuan Basin, SW China,where the depositional process is regarded confusing. The microfacies, construction types, and depositional model of the Member Deng-2 marginal microbial mound-bank complex have been investigated using unmanned aerial vehicle photography, outcrop section investigation, thin section identification,and seismic reflections in the southwestern Sichuan Basin. The microbialite lithologic textures in this region include thrombolite, dendrolite, stromatolite, fenestral stromatolite, spongiostromata stone,oncolite, aggregated grainstone, and botryoidal grapestone. Based on the comprehensive analysis of“depositional fabrics-lithology-microfacies”, an association between a fore mound, mound framework,and back mound subfacies has been proposed based on water depth, current direction, energy level and lithologic assemblages. The microfacies of the mound base, mound core, mound flank, mound cap, and mound flat could be recognized among the mound framework subfacies. Two construction types of marginal microbial mound-bank complex have been determined based on deposition location, mound scale, migration direction, and sedimentary facies association. Type Jinkouhe microbial mound constructions(TJMMCs) develop along the windward margin owing to their proximity to the seaward subfacies fore mound, with a northeastwardly migrated microbial mound on top of the mud mound,exhibiting the characteristics of large-sized mounds and small-sized banks in the surrounding area. Type E'bian microbial mound constructions(TEMMCs) primarily occur on the leeward margin, resulting from the presence of onshore back mound subfacies, with the smaller southwestward migrated microbial mounds existing on a thicker microbial flat. The platform margin microbial mound depositional model can be correlated with certain lateral comparison profile and seismic reflection structures in the 2D seismic section, which can provide references for future worldwide exploration. Microbial mounds with larger buildups and thicker vertical reservoirs are typically targeted on the windward margin, while small-sized microbial mounds and flats with better lateral connections are typically focused on the leeward margin.展开更多
The Santos Basin in Brazil has witnessed significant oil and gas discoveries in deepwater pre-salt since the 21^(st)century.Currently,the waters in eastern Brazil stand out as a hot area of deepwater exploration and p...The Santos Basin in Brazil has witnessed significant oil and gas discoveries in deepwater pre-salt since the 21^(st)century.Currently,the waters in eastern Brazil stand out as a hot area of deepwater exploration and production worldwide.Based on a review of the petroleum exploration and production history in Brazil,the challenges,researches and practices,strategic transformation,significant breakthroughs,and key theories and technologies for exploration from onshore to offshore and from shallow waters to deep-ultra-deep waters and then to pre-salt strata are systematically elaborated.Within 15 years since its establishment in 1953,Petrobras explored onshore Paleozoic cratonic and marginal rift basins,and obtained some small to medium petroleum discoveries in fault-block traps.In the 1970s,Petrobras developed seismic exploration technologies and several hydrocarbon accumulation models,for example,turbidite sandstones,allowing important discoveries in shallow waters,e.g.the Namorado Field and Enchova fields.Guided by these models/technologies,significant discoveries,e.g.the Marlim and Roncador fields,were made in deepwater post-salt in the Campos Basin.In the early 21^(st)century,the advancements in theories and technologies for pre-salt petroleum system,carbonate reservoirs,hydrocarbon accumulation and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)logging stimulated a succession of valuable discoveries in the Lower Cretaceous lacustrine carbonates in the Santos Basin,including the world-class ultra-deepwater super giant fields such as Tupi(Lula),Mero and Buzios.Petroleum development in complex deep water environments is extremely challenging.By establishing the Technological Capacitation Program in Deep Waters(PROCAP),Petrobras developed and implemented key technologies including managed pressure drilling(MPD)with narrow pressure window,pressurized mud cap drilling(PMCD),multi-stage intelligent completion,development with Floating Production Storage and Offloading units(FPSO),and flow assurance,which remarkably improved the drilling,completion,field development and transportation efficiency and safety.Additionally,under the limited FPSO capacity,Petrobras promoted the world-largest CCUS-EOR project,which contributed effectively to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the enhancement of oil recovery.Development and application of these technologies provide valuable reference for deep and ultra-deepwater petroleum exploration and production worldwide.The petroleum exploration in Brazil will consistently focus on ultra-deep water pre-salt carbonates and post-salt turbidites,and seek new opportunities in Paleozoic gas.Technical innovation and strategic cooperation will be held to promote the sustainable development of Brazil's oil and gas industry.展开更多
Based on the geological and geophysical data of Mesozoic oil-gas exploration in the sea area of Bohai Bay Basin and the discovered high-yield volcanic oil and gas wells since 2019,this paper methodically summarizes th...Based on the geological and geophysical data of Mesozoic oil-gas exploration in the sea area of Bohai Bay Basin and the discovered high-yield volcanic oil and gas wells since 2019,this paper methodically summarizes the formation conditions of large-and medium-sized Cretaceous volcanic oil and gas reservoirs in the Bohai Sea.Research shows that the Mesozoic large intermediate-felsic lava and intermediate-felsic composite volcanic edifices in the Bohai Sea are the material basis for the formation of large-scale volcanic reservoirs.The upper subfacies of effusive facies and cryptoexplosive breccia subfacies of volcanic conduit facies of volcanic vent-proximal facies belts are favorable for large-scale volcanic reservoir formation.Two types of efficient reservoirs,characterized by high porosity and medium to low permeability,as well as medium porosity and medium to low permeability,are the core of the formation of large-and medium-sized volcanic reservoirs.The reservoir with high porosity and medium to low permeability is formed by intermediate-felsic vesicular lava or the cryptoexplosive breccia superimposed by intensive dissolution.The reservoir with medium porosity and medium to low permeability is formed by intense tectonism superimposed by fluid dissolution.Weathering and tectonic transformation are main formation mechanisms for large and medium-sized volcanic reservoirs in the study area.The low-source“source-reservoir draping type”is the optimum source-reservoir configuration relationship for large-and medium-sized volcanic reservoirs.There exists favorable volcanic facies,efficient reservoirs and source-reservoir draping configuration relationship on the periphery of Bozhong Sag,and the large intermediate-felsic lava and intermediate-felsic composite volcanic edifices close to strike-slip faults and their branch faults are the main directions of future exploration.展开更多
To reveal the enrichment conditions and resource potential of coal-rock gas in the Ordos Basin,this paper presents a systematic research on the sedimentary environment,distribution,physical properties,reservoir charac...To reveal the enrichment conditions and resource potential of coal-rock gas in the Ordos Basin,this paper presents a systematic research on the sedimentary environment,distribution,physical properties,reservoir characteristics,gas-bearing characteristics and gas accumulation play of deep coals.The results show that thick coals are widely distributed in the Carboniferous–Permian of the Ordos Basin.The main coal seams Carboniferous 5~#and Permian 8~#in the Carboniferous–Permian have strong hydrocarbon generation capacity and high thermal evolution degree,which provide abundant materials for the formation of coal-rock gas.Deep coal reservoirs have good physical properties,especially porosity and permeability.Coal seams Carboniferous 5^(#)and Permian 8^(#)exhibit the average porosity of 4.1%and 6.4%,and the average permeability of 8.7×10^(-3)μm^(2)and 15.7×10^(-3)μm^(2),respectively.Cleats and fissures are developed in the coals,and together with the micropores,constitute the main storage space.With the increase of evolution degree,the micropore volume tends to increase.The development degree of cleats and fissures has a great impact on permeability.The coal reservoirs and their industrial compositions exhibit significantly heterogeneous distribution in the vertical direction.The bright coal seam,which is in the middle and upper section,less affected by ash filling compared with the lower section,and contains well-developed pores and fissures,is a high-quality reservoir interval.The deep coals present good gas-bearing characteristics in Ordos Basin,with the gas content of 7.5–20.0 m^(3)/t,and the proportion of free gas(greater than 10%,mostly 11.0%–55.1%)in coal-rock gas significantly higher than that in shallow coals.The enrichment degree of free gas in deep coals is controlled by the number of macropores and microfractures.The coal rock pressure testing shows that the coal-limestone and coal-mudstone combinations for gas accumulation have good sealing capacity,and the mudstone/limestone(roof)-coal-mudstone(floor)combination generally indicates high coal-rock gas values.The coal-rock gas resources in the Ordos Basin were preliminarily estimated by the volume method to be 22.38×10^(12)m^(3),and the main coal-rock gas prospects in the Ordos Basin were defined.In the central-east of the Ordos Basin,Wushenqi,Hengshan-Suide,Yan'an,Zichang,and Yichuan are coal-rock gas prospects for the coal seam#8 of the Benxi Formation,and Linxian West,Mizhi,Yichuan-Huangling,Yulin,and Wushenqi-Hengshan are coal-rock gas prospects for the coal seam#5 of the Shanxi Formation,which are expected to become new areas for increased gas reserves and production.展开更多
China has successfully launched six lunar probes so far.From Chang'E-1 to Chang'E-4,they completed the circling,landing and roving exploration,of which Chang'E-4 was the first landing on the far side of th...China has successfully launched six lunar probes so far.From Chang'E-1 to Chang'E-4,they completed the circling,landing and roving exploration,of which Chang'E-4 was the first landing on the far side of the Moon in human history.Chang'E-5 was launched in December 2020,bringing back 1731 g of lunar soil samples.Through the detailed analysis of the samples,the scientists understand the history of late lunar volcanism,specifically extending lunar volcanism by about 800 million to 1 billion years,and proposed possible mechanisms.In addition,there are many new understandings of space weathering such as meteorite impacts and solar wind radiation on the Moon.China's first Mars exploration mission Tianwen-1 was successfully launched in July 2021.Through the study of scientific data,a number of important scientific achievements have been made in the topography,water environment and shallow surface structure of Mars.This paper introduces the main scientific achievements of Chang'E-4,Chang'E-5 and Tianwen-1 in the past two years,excluding technical and engineering contents.Due to the large number of articles involved,this paper only introduces part of the results.展开更多
Based on commercial databases from S&P Global and Rystad Energy and public information from oil companies around the world,a systematic analysis has been conducted on the global hydrocarbon exploration investment,...Based on commercial databases from S&P Global and Rystad Energy and public information from oil companies around the world,a systematic analysis has been conducted on the global hydrocarbon exploration investment,award of exploration blocks,exploratory drilling,new conventional oil and gas discoveries,and exploration of associated resources in 2023.In 2023,the global hydrocarbon exploration investment increased steadily and the total number and area of awarded exploration blocks increased significantly.The decline in the number and success rate of high-impact exploration wells directly affected the quantity of additional oil and gas reserves discovered globally in 2023.In recent years,the deepwater areas of passive margin basins have been the major targets for seeking medium-and large-sized conventional oil and gas fields.In 2023,however,the newly discovered onshore reserves were equivalent to the newly discovered offshore reserves,and fine exploration in mature blocks achieved significant results.Oil companies continued to plan and perform unconventional oil and gas exploration activities and accelerated access to associated mineral resources such as natural hydrogen and helium and other emerging industries.For Chinese oil companies international exploration business,it is recommended to:(1)continue the upstream investment to strengthen upstream services for consolidating the strategic position of oil and gas resources;(2)uphold oil and gas exploration activities by further deploying exploration activities in the deepwater areas of passive margin basins,deeply exploring mature basins,closely following hotspot basins,and gaining access to frontier basins;(3)follow the principle of integrated development to plan the exploration of associated resources while exploiting conventional and unconventional resources;and(4)make technological innovations to develop and improve core technologies and promote the application of artificial intelligence.展开更多
According to the Annual Report for Chinese Academic Journals Impact Factors(2024)released by China Academic Journals(CD Edition)Electronic Journals Publishing House Co.,LTD and China Scientific Literature Quantitative...According to the Annual Report for Chinese Academic Journals Impact Factors(2024)released by China Academic Journals(CD Edition)Electronic Journals Publishing House Co.,LTD and China Scientific Literature Quantitative Evaluation Center,the Academic Jounal Clout Index(CI)of Petroleum Exploration and Development ranks first among 96 oil and gas industry journals at 1414.214,and ranks first among 106 geologieal journals with the CI of 1281.023.The impact factor is 10.356,and the comprehensive journal impact factor is 8.586,both ranking first in the oil and gas industry and geology.展开更多
The shale of the Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation in the Sichuan Basin is characterized by large burial depth and high maturity,but the shale gas enrichment pattern is still unclear.Based on the detailed characterization...The shale of the Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation in the Sichuan Basin is characterized by large burial depth and high maturity,but the shale gas enrichment pattern is still unclear.Based on the detailed characterization of Deyang-Anyue aulacogen,analysis of its depositional environments,together with reconstruction of shale gas generation and enrichment evolution against the background of the Leshan-Longnüsi paleouplift,the aulacogen-uplift enrichment pattern was elucidated.It is revealed that the Deyang-Anyue aulacogen controls the depositional environment of the Qiongzhusi Formation,where high-quality sedimentary facies and thick strata are observed.Meanwhile,the Leshan-Longnüsi paleouplift controls the maturity evolution of the shale in the Qiongzhusi Formation,with the uplift located in a high position and exhibiting a moderate degree of thermal evolution and a high resistivity.The aulacogen-uplift overlap area is conducive to the enrichment of shale gas during the deposition,oil generation,gas generation,and oil-gas adjustment stage,which also has a joint control on the development of reservoirs,resulting in multiple reservoirs of high quality and large thickness.Based on the aulacogen-uplift enrichment pattern and combination,four types of shale gas play are identified,and the sweet spot evaluation criteria for the Qiongzhusi Formation is established.Accordingly,a sweet spot area of 8200 km^(2)in the aulacogen is determined,successfully guiding the deployment of Well Zi 201 with a high-yield industrial gas flow of 73.88×10^(4) m^(3)/d.The new geological insights on the aulacogen-uplift enrichment pattern provide a significant theoretical basis for the exploration and breakthrough of deep to ultra-deep Cambrian shale gas,highlighting the promising exploration prospect in this domain.展开更多
基金Supported by the PetroChina Science and Technology Major Project(2023ZZ18-03)Changqing Oilfield Major Science and Technology Project(2023DZZ01)。
文摘To explore the geological characteristics and exploration potential of the Carboniferous Benxi Formation coal rock gas in the Ordos Basin,this paper presents a systematic research on the coal rock distribution,coal rock reservoirs,coal rock quality,and coal rock gas features,resources and enrichment.Coal rock gas is a high-quality resource distinct from coalbed methane,and it has unique features in terms of burial depth,gas source,reservoir,gas content,and carbon isotopic composition.The Benxi Formation coal rocks cover an area of 16×104km^(2),with thicknesses ranging from 2 m to 25 m,primarily consisting of bright and semi-bright coals with primitive structures and low volatile and ash contents,indicating a good coal quality.The medium-to-high rank coal rocks have the total organic carbon(TOC)content ranging from 33.49%to 86.11%,averaging75.16%.They have a high degree of thermal evolution(Roof 1.2%-2.8%),and a high gas-generating capacity.They also have high stable carbon isotopic values(δ13C1of-37.6‰to-16‰;δ13C2of-21.7‰to-14.3‰).Deep coal rocks develop matrix pores such as gas bubble pores,organic pores,and inorganic mineral pores,which,together with cleats and fractures,form good reservoir spaces.The coal rock reservoirs exhibit the porosity of 0.54%-10.67%(averaging 5.42%)and the permeability of(0.001-14.600)×10^(-3)μm^(2)(averaging 2.32×10^(-3)μm^(2)).Vertically,there are five types of coal rock gas accumulation and dissipation combinations,among which the coal rock-mudstone gas accumulation combination and the coal rock-limestone gas accumulation combination are the most important,with good sealing conditions and high peak values of total hydrocarbon in gas logging.A model of coal rock gas accumulation has been constructed,which includes widespread distribution of medium-to-high rank coal rocks continually generating gas,matrix pores and cleats/fractures in coal rocks acting as large-scale reservoir spaces,tight cap rocks providing sealing,source-reservoir integration,and five types of efficient enrichment patterns(lateral pinchout complex,lenses,low-amplitude structures,nose-like structures,and lithologically self-sealing).According to the geological characteristics of coal rock gas,the Benxi Formation is divided into 8 plays,and the estimated coal rock gas resources with a buried depth of more than 2000 m are more than 12.33×10^(12)m^(3).The above understandings guide the deployment of risk exploration.Two wells drilled accordingly obtained an industrial gas flow,driving the further deployment of exploratory and appraisal wells.Substantial breakthroughs have been achieved,with the possible reserves over a trillion cubic meters and the proved reserves over a hundred billion cubic meters,which is of great significance for the reserves increase and efficient development of natural gas in China.
基金supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023TQ0247)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.JCYJ20220530140602005)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2042023kfyq03)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2023A1515111071)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program(Grade B)of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.GZB20230544).
文摘Knowledge of the mechanical behavior of planetary rocks is indispensable for space explorations.The scarcity of pristine samples and the irregular shapes of planetary meteorites make it difficult to obtain representative samples for conventional macroscale rock mechanics experiments(macro-RMEs).This critical review discusses recent advances in microscale RMEs(micro-RMEs)techniques and the upscaling methods for extracting mechanical parameters.Methods of mineralogical and microstructural analyses,along with non-destructive mechanical techniques,have provided new opportunities for studying planetary rocks with unprecedented precision and capabilities.First,we summarize several mainstream methods for obtaining the mineralogy and microstructure of planetary rocks.Then,nondestructive micromechanical testing methods,nanoindentation and atomic force microscopy(AFM),are detailed reviewed,illustrating the principles,advantages,influencing factors,and available testing results from literature.Subsequently,several feasible upscaling methods that bridge the micro-measurements of meteorite pieces to the strength of the intact body are introduced.Finally,the potential applications of planetary rock mechanics research to guiding the design and execution of space missions are environed,ranging from sample return missions and planetary defense to extraterrestrial construction.These discussions are expected to broaden the understanding of the microscale mechanical properties of planetary rocks and their significant role in deep space exploration.
基金supported by the PolyU RCDSE projects(Nos.P0049221 and P0041304)We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Prof.Feng Li and Dr.Siqi Zhou from Beihang University for providing us with the BH-1 simulant,which served as the crucial reference for the PolyU-1 simulant.We would like to thank the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42241103)the Key Research Program of the Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.IGGCAS-202101)。
文摘Leading national space exploration agencies and private enterprises are actively engaged in lunar exploration initiatives to accomplish manned lunar landings and establish permanent lunar bases in the forthcoming years.With limited access to lunar surface materials on Earth,lunar regolith simulants are crucial for lunar exploration research.The Chang’e-5(CE-5)samples have been characterized by state-of-the-art laboratory equipment,providing a unique opportunity to develop a high-quality lunar regolith simulant.We have prepared a high-fidelity PolyU-1 simulant by pulverizing,desiccating,sieving,and blending natural mineral materials on Earth based on key physical,mineral,and chemical characteristics of CE-5 samples.The results showed that the simulant has a high degree of consistency with the CE-5 samples in terms of the particle morphology,mineral and chemical composition.Direct shear tests were conducted on the simulant,and the measured internal friction angle and cohesion values can serve as references for determining the mechanical properties of CE-5 lunar regolith.The PolyU-1 simulant can contribute to experimental studies involving lunar regolith,including the assessment of interaction between rovers and lunar regolith,as well as the development of in-situ resource utilization(ISRU)technologies.
基金Supported by Consultation and Evaluation Program on Academic Divisions of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(2022-DX02-B-007)。
文摘Since 2011,the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)has implemented the Strategic Priority Program on Space Science(SPP).A series of scientific satellites have been developed and launched,such as Dark Matter Particle Explorer(DAMPE),Quantum Experiments at Space Scale(QUESS),Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory(ASO-S),Einstein Probe(EP),and significant scientific outcomes have been achieved.In order to plan the future space science missions in China,CAS has organized the Chinese space science community to conduct medium and long-term development strategy studies,and summarized the major scientific frontiers of space science as“One Black,Two Dark,Three Origins and Five Characterizations”.Five main scientific themes have been identified for China’s future breakthroughs,including the Extreme Universe,Space-Time Ripples,the Panoramic View of the Sun and Earth,the Habitable Planets,and Biological&Physical Science in Space.Space science satellite missions to be implemented before 2030 are proposed accordingly.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52125903 and 52339001).
文摘The Moon,as the closest celestial body to the Earth,plays a pivotal role in the progression of deep space exploration,and the establishment of research outposts on its surface represents a crucial step in this mission.Lunar lava tubes are special underground caves formed by volcanic eruptions and are considered as ideal natural shelters and scientific laboratories for lunar base construction.This paper begins with an in-depth overview of the geological origins,exploration history,and distribution locations of lunar lava tubes.Subsequently,it delves into the presentation of four distinctive advantages and typical concepts for constructing bases within lava tubes,summarizing the ground-based attempts made thus far in lunar lava tube base construction.Field studies conducted on a lava tube in Hainan revealed rock compositions similar to those found during the Apollo missions and clear lava tube structures,making it a promising analog site.Lastly,the challenges and opportunities encountered in the field of geotechnical engineering regarding the establishment of lunar lava tube bases are discussed,encompassing cave exploration technologies,in-situ testing methods,geomechanical properties under lunar extreme environments,base design and structural stability assessment,excavation and reinforcement techniques,and simulated Earth-based lava tube base.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41802177,42272188)PetroChina Basic Technology Research and Development Project(2021DJ0206,2022DJ0507)Research Fund of PetroChina Basic Scientific Research and Strategic Reserve Technology(2020D-5008-04).
文摘Based on the organic geochemical data and the molecular and stable carbon isotopic compositions of natural gas of the Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation in the western Central Depression of Junggar Basin,combined with sedimentary environment analysis and hydrocarbon-generating simulation,the gas-generating potential of the Fengcheng source rock is evaluated,the distribution of large-scale effective source kitchen is described,the genetic types of natural gas are clarified,and four types of favorable exploration targets are selected.The results show that:(1)The Fengcheng Formation is a set of oil-prone source rocks,and the retained liquid hydrocarbon is conducive to late cracking into gas,with characteristics of high gas-generating potential and late accumulation;(2)The maximum thickness of Fengcheng source rock reaches 900 m.The source rock has entered the main gas-generating stage in Penyijingxi and Shawan sags,and the area with gas-generating intensity greater than 20×10^(8) m^(3)/km^(2) is approximately 6500 km^(2).(3)Around the western Central Depression,highly mature oil-type gas with light carbon isotope composition was identified to be derived from the Fengcheng source rocks mainly,while the rest was coal-derived gas from the Carboniferous source rock;(4)Four types of favorable exploration targets with exploration potential were developed in the western Central Depression which are structural traps neighboring to the source,stratigraphic traps neighboring to the source,shale-gas type within the source,and structural traps within the source.Great attention should be paid to these targets.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42090022)。
文摘Based on the situation and progress of marine oil/gas exploration in the Sichuan Basin,SW China,the whole petroleum system is divided for marine carbonate rocks of the basin according to the combinations of hydrocarbon accumulation elements,especially the source rock.The hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics of each whole petroleum system are analyzed,the patterns of integrated conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon accumulation are summarized,and the favorable exploration targets are proposed.Under the control of multiple extensional-convergent tectonic cycles,the marine carbonate rocks of the Sichuan Basin contain three sets of regional source rocks and three sets of regional cap rocks,and can be divided into the Cambrian,Silurian and Permian whole petroleum systems.These whole petroleum systems present mainly independent hydrocarbon accumulation,containing natural gas of affinity individually.Locally,large fault zones run through multiple whole petroleum systems,forming a fault-controlled complex whole petroleum system.The hydrocarbon accumulation sequence of continental shelf facies shale gas accumulation,marginal platform facies-controlled gas reservoirs,and intra-platform fault-and facies-controlled gas reservoirs is common in the whole petroleum system,with a stereoscopic accumulation and orderly distribution pattern.High-quality source rock is fundamental to the formation of large gas fields,and natural gas in a whole petroleum system is generally enriched near and within the source rocks.The development and maintenance of large-scale reservoirs are essential for natural gas enrichment,multiple sources,oil and gas transformation,and dynamic adjustment are the characteristics of marine petroleum accumulation,and good preservation conditions are critical to natural gas accumulation.Large-scale marginal-platform reef-bank facies zones,deep shale gas,and large-scale lithological complexes related to source-connected faults are future marine hydrocarbon exploration targets in the Sichuan Basin.
文摘1.Introduction In recent years,there have been significant advancements in the scope and depth of space exploration.Challenging missions,such as returning to the Moon and exploring Mars,are gradually being implemented.In deep space exploration,understanding the mechanical behavior of planetary geomaterials is crucial for various missions,including mission planning.
文摘In order to provide relay communication supports for future Chinese lunar exploration program,Queqiao-2 relay communication satellite was developed.Queqiao-2 can perform scientific observations with three kinds of scientific instruments on board.The system design of Queqiao-2,including mission orbit and transfer orbit design,configuration and layout design,housekeeping and information flow design,power supply and distribution design,GNC and propulsion system design,communication links design,etc.,was accomplished through comprehensive tradeoff and evaluation on technical maturity,availability,schedule,cost,and so on.With a view to reducing development risk,both the platform and relay communication payloads were developed based on significant heritage from previous Queqiao relay satellite and other relevant spacecraft.Queqiao-2 features flexible system architecture to support multiple frequencies,modulations,data rates and software reconfigurations to meet new user requirements.Subsequent to a successful launch on March 20,2024,by means of 5 orbit maneuvers,Queqiao-2 was inserted into a highly elliptical frozen mission orbit around the moon with a 24h period on schedule.Following on-orbit tests and calibrations,Queqiao-2 has possessed the capacity to provide reliable relay communication services to multiple lunar exploration missions,as well as the capacity to perform scientific observations.Under the support of Queqiao-2,Chang′e-6 achieved its ambitious mission goal to collect and return samples from the moon′s mysterious far side.In the meanwhile,Queqiao-2 has also paved the way for the following Chinese lunar exploration missions including Chang′e-7 and Chang′e-8.The design life time of Queqiao-2 is more than 8 years.Benefit from flexibility and extensibility of relay communication system design,it is convenient to provide relay communication services for future lunar exploration missions of both China and other countries.In addition,innovative scientific observations would be performed during the period that no relay communication task is arranged.The system design of Queqiao-2 reflects the development philosophy of technical innovations and inheritance integration.Based on highly flexible and extensible system architecture,multiple and concurrent relay communication mission requirements can be met.It can provide strong supports for future lunar exploration missions.Successful launching,orbit entering and on-orbit tests of Queqiao-2 verified the correct design principle and versatility.By means of Queqiao-2,more innovative scientific outcomes are anticipated and lunar exploration activities can be facilitated.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52225403, 52304146)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program (2023NSFSC0919, 2023NSFSC0790)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2023M742460)。
文摘Pressure-preserved coring is an effective means to develop deep resources. However, due to the complexity of existing pressure-preserved technology, the average success rate of pressure-preserved coring is low. In response, a novel in situ magnetically controlled self-sealing pressure-preserved coring technology for deep reserves has been proposed and validated. This innovative technology distinguishes itself from conventional methods by employing noncontact forces to replace traditional pretensioning mechanisms, thereby enhancing the mechanical design of pressure-preserved coring equipment and significantly boosting the fault tolerance of the technology. Here, we report on the design,theoretical calculations, experimental validation, and industrial testing of this technology. Through theoretical and simulation calculations, the self-sealing composite magnetic field of the pressure controller was optimized. The initial pre-tensioning force of the optimal magnetic field was 13.05 N. The reliability of the magnetically controlled self-sealing pressure-preserved coring technology was verified using a self-developed self-sealing pressure performance testing platform, confirming the accuracy of the composite magnetic field calculation theory. Subsequently, a magnetically controlled self-triggering pressure-preserved coring device was designed. Field pressure-preserved coring was then conducted,preliminarily verifying the technology's effective self-sealing performance in industrial applications.Furthermore, the technology was analyzed and verified to be adaptable to complex reservoir environments with pressures up to 30 MPa, temperatures up to 80℃, and p H values ranging from 1 to 14. These research results provide technical support for multidirectional pressure-preserved coring, thus paving a new technical route for deep energy exploration through coring.
文摘The year of 2024 marks the 50th anniversary of the publication of Petroleum Exploration and Development.For half a century,Petroleum Exploration and Development has been committed to disseminating petroleum technology,witnessing and recording the glorious journey of China's petroleum industry from being weak to becoming strong.The journal has also become a bright banner in China's petroleum technology industry.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFE0129800)CNPC and China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Strategic Cooperation Science and Technology Special Project(ZLZX2020-02)。
文摘Considering the problems in the discrimination of fracture penetration and the evaluation of fracturing performance in the stimulation of thin sand-mud interbedded reservoirs in the eighth member of Shihezi Formation of Permian(He-8 Member)in the Sulige gas field,a geomechanical model of thin sand-mud interbedded reservoirs considering interlayer heterogeneity was established.The experiment of hydraulic fracture penetration was performed to reveal the mechanism of initiation–extension–interaction–penetration of hydraulic fractures in the thin sand-mud interbedded reservoirs.The unconventional fracture model was used to clarify the vertical initiation and extension characteristics of fractures in thin interbedded reservoirs through numerical simulation.The fracture penetration discrimination criterion and the fracturing performance evaluation method were developed.The results show that the interlayer stress difference is the main geological factor that directly affects the fracture morphology during hydraulic fracturing.When the interlayer stress difference coefficient is less than 0.4 in the Sulige gas field,the fractures can penetrate the barrier and extend in the target sandstone layer.When the interlayer stress difference coefficient is not less than 0.4 and less than 0.45,the factures can penetrate the barrier but cannot extend in the target sandstone layers.When the interlayer stress difference coefficient is greater than 0.45,the fractures only extend in the perforated reservoir,but not penetrate the layers.Increasing the viscosity and pump rates of the fracturing fluid can compensate for the energy loss and break through the barrier limit.The injection of high viscosity(50–100 mPa·s)fracturing fluid at high pump rates(12–18 m^(3)/min)is conducive to fracture penetration in the thin sand-mud interbedded reservoirs in the Sulige gas field.
基金jointly funded by projects supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41872150)the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U19B6003)Major Scientific and Technological Projects of CNPC during the 13th five-year plan(No.2019A-02-10)。
文摘Recent advances in hydrocarbon exploration have been made in the Member Deng-2 marginal microbial mound-bank complex reservoirs of the Dengying Formation in the western Sichuan Basin, SW China,where the depositional process is regarded confusing. The microfacies, construction types, and depositional model of the Member Deng-2 marginal microbial mound-bank complex have been investigated using unmanned aerial vehicle photography, outcrop section investigation, thin section identification,and seismic reflections in the southwestern Sichuan Basin. The microbialite lithologic textures in this region include thrombolite, dendrolite, stromatolite, fenestral stromatolite, spongiostromata stone,oncolite, aggregated grainstone, and botryoidal grapestone. Based on the comprehensive analysis of“depositional fabrics-lithology-microfacies”, an association between a fore mound, mound framework,and back mound subfacies has been proposed based on water depth, current direction, energy level and lithologic assemblages. The microfacies of the mound base, mound core, mound flank, mound cap, and mound flat could be recognized among the mound framework subfacies. Two construction types of marginal microbial mound-bank complex have been determined based on deposition location, mound scale, migration direction, and sedimentary facies association. Type Jinkouhe microbial mound constructions(TJMMCs) develop along the windward margin owing to their proximity to the seaward subfacies fore mound, with a northeastwardly migrated microbial mound on top of the mud mound,exhibiting the characteristics of large-sized mounds and small-sized banks in the surrounding area. Type E'bian microbial mound constructions(TEMMCs) primarily occur on the leeward margin, resulting from the presence of onshore back mound subfacies, with the smaller southwestward migrated microbial mounds existing on a thicker microbial flat. The platform margin microbial mound depositional model can be correlated with certain lateral comparison profile and seismic reflection structures in the 2D seismic section, which can provide references for future worldwide exploration. Microbial mounds with larger buildups and thicker vertical reservoirs are typically targeted on the windward margin, while small-sized microbial mounds and flats with better lateral connections are typically focused on the leeward margin.
文摘The Santos Basin in Brazil has witnessed significant oil and gas discoveries in deepwater pre-salt since the 21^(st)century.Currently,the waters in eastern Brazil stand out as a hot area of deepwater exploration and production worldwide.Based on a review of the petroleum exploration and production history in Brazil,the challenges,researches and practices,strategic transformation,significant breakthroughs,and key theories and technologies for exploration from onshore to offshore and from shallow waters to deep-ultra-deep waters and then to pre-salt strata are systematically elaborated.Within 15 years since its establishment in 1953,Petrobras explored onshore Paleozoic cratonic and marginal rift basins,and obtained some small to medium petroleum discoveries in fault-block traps.In the 1970s,Petrobras developed seismic exploration technologies and several hydrocarbon accumulation models,for example,turbidite sandstones,allowing important discoveries in shallow waters,e.g.the Namorado Field and Enchova fields.Guided by these models/technologies,significant discoveries,e.g.the Marlim and Roncador fields,were made in deepwater post-salt in the Campos Basin.In the early 21^(st)century,the advancements in theories and technologies for pre-salt petroleum system,carbonate reservoirs,hydrocarbon accumulation and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)logging stimulated a succession of valuable discoveries in the Lower Cretaceous lacustrine carbonates in the Santos Basin,including the world-class ultra-deepwater super giant fields such as Tupi(Lula),Mero and Buzios.Petroleum development in complex deep water environments is extremely challenging.By establishing the Technological Capacitation Program in Deep Waters(PROCAP),Petrobras developed and implemented key technologies including managed pressure drilling(MPD)with narrow pressure window,pressurized mud cap drilling(PMCD),multi-stage intelligent completion,development with Floating Production Storage and Offloading units(FPSO),and flow assurance,which remarkably improved the drilling,completion,field development and transportation efficiency and safety.Additionally,under the limited FPSO capacity,Petrobras promoted the world-largest CCUS-EOR project,which contributed effectively to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the enhancement of oil recovery.Development and application of these technologies provide valuable reference for deep and ultra-deepwater petroleum exploration and production worldwide.The petroleum exploration in Brazil will consistently focus on ultra-deep water pre-salt carbonates and post-salt turbidites,and seek new opportunities in Paleozoic gas.Technical innovation and strategic cooperation will be held to promote the sustainable development of Brazil's oil and gas industry.
基金Supported by the China National Offshore Oil Corporation Limited Project(2021-KT-YXKY-03)。
文摘Based on the geological and geophysical data of Mesozoic oil-gas exploration in the sea area of Bohai Bay Basin and the discovered high-yield volcanic oil and gas wells since 2019,this paper methodically summarizes the formation conditions of large-and medium-sized Cretaceous volcanic oil and gas reservoirs in the Bohai Sea.Research shows that the Mesozoic large intermediate-felsic lava and intermediate-felsic composite volcanic edifices in the Bohai Sea are the material basis for the formation of large-scale volcanic reservoirs.The upper subfacies of effusive facies and cryptoexplosive breccia subfacies of volcanic conduit facies of volcanic vent-proximal facies belts are favorable for large-scale volcanic reservoir formation.Two types of efficient reservoirs,characterized by high porosity and medium to low permeability,as well as medium porosity and medium to low permeability,are the core of the formation of large-and medium-sized volcanic reservoirs.The reservoir with high porosity and medium to low permeability is formed by intermediate-felsic vesicular lava or the cryptoexplosive breccia superimposed by intensive dissolution.The reservoir with medium porosity and medium to low permeability is formed by intense tectonism superimposed by fluid dissolution.Weathering and tectonic transformation are main formation mechanisms for large and medium-sized volcanic reservoirs in the study area.The low-source“source-reservoir draping type”is the optimum source-reservoir configuration relationship for large-and medium-sized volcanic reservoirs.There exists favorable volcanic facies,efficient reservoirs and source-reservoir draping configuration relationship on the periphery of Bozhong Sag,and the large intermediate-felsic lava and intermediate-felsic composite volcanic edifices close to strike-slip faults and their branch faults are the main directions of future exploration.
基金Supported by the China National Petroleum Corporation Science and Technology Project(2023ZZ18)CNPC Changqing Oilfield Company Project(2022D-JB01)。
文摘To reveal the enrichment conditions and resource potential of coal-rock gas in the Ordos Basin,this paper presents a systematic research on the sedimentary environment,distribution,physical properties,reservoir characteristics,gas-bearing characteristics and gas accumulation play of deep coals.The results show that thick coals are widely distributed in the Carboniferous–Permian of the Ordos Basin.The main coal seams Carboniferous 5~#and Permian 8~#in the Carboniferous–Permian have strong hydrocarbon generation capacity and high thermal evolution degree,which provide abundant materials for the formation of coal-rock gas.Deep coal reservoirs have good physical properties,especially porosity and permeability.Coal seams Carboniferous 5^(#)and Permian 8^(#)exhibit the average porosity of 4.1%and 6.4%,and the average permeability of 8.7×10^(-3)μm^(2)and 15.7×10^(-3)μm^(2),respectively.Cleats and fissures are developed in the coals,and together with the micropores,constitute the main storage space.With the increase of evolution degree,the micropore volume tends to increase.The development degree of cleats and fissures has a great impact on permeability.The coal reservoirs and their industrial compositions exhibit significantly heterogeneous distribution in the vertical direction.The bright coal seam,which is in the middle and upper section,less affected by ash filling compared with the lower section,and contains well-developed pores and fissures,is a high-quality reservoir interval.The deep coals present good gas-bearing characteristics in Ordos Basin,with the gas content of 7.5–20.0 m^(3)/t,and the proportion of free gas(greater than 10%,mostly 11.0%–55.1%)in coal-rock gas significantly higher than that in shallow coals.The enrichment degree of free gas in deep coals is controlled by the number of macropores and microfractures.The coal rock pressure testing shows that the coal-limestone and coal-mudstone combinations for gas accumulation have good sealing capacity,and the mudstone/limestone(roof)-coal-mudstone(floor)combination generally indicates high coal-rock gas values.The coal-rock gas resources in the Ordos Basin were preliminarily estimated by the volume method to be 22.38×10^(12)m^(3),and the main coal-rock gas prospects in the Ordos Basin were defined.In the central-east of the Ordos Basin,Wushenqi,Hengshan-Suide,Yan'an,Zichang,and Yichuan are coal-rock gas prospects for the coal seam#8 of the Benxi Formation,and Linxian West,Mizhi,Yichuan-Huangling,Yulin,and Wushenqi-Hengshan are coal-rock gas prospects for the coal seam#5 of the Shanxi Formation,which are expected to become new areas for increased gas reserves and production.
文摘China has successfully launched six lunar probes so far.From Chang'E-1 to Chang'E-4,they completed the circling,landing and roving exploration,of which Chang'E-4 was the first landing on the far side of the Moon in human history.Chang'E-5 was launched in December 2020,bringing back 1731 g of lunar soil samples.Through the detailed analysis of the samples,the scientists understand the history of late lunar volcanism,specifically extending lunar volcanism by about 800 million to 1 billion years,and proposed possible mechanisms.In addition,there are many new understandings of space weathering such as meteorite impacts and solar wind radiation on the Moon.China's first Mars exploration mission Tianwen-1 was successfully launched in July 2021.Through the study of scientific data,a number of important scientific achievements have been made in the topography,water environment and shallow surface structure of Mars.This paper introduces the main scientific achievements of Chang'E-4,Chang'E-5 and Tianwen-1 in the past two years,excluding technical and engineering contents.Due to the large number of articles involved,this paper only introduces part of the results.
基金Supported by the Major Science and Technology Projects of China National Petroleum Corporation(2023ZZ07-01,2023ZZ07-02,2023ZZ07-03,2023ZZ07-05)。
文摘Based on commercial databases from S&P Global and Rystad Energy and public information from oil companies around the world,a systematic analysis has been conducted on the global hydrocarbon exploration investment,award of exploration blocks,exploratory drilling,new conventional oil and gas discoveries,and exploration of associated resources in 2023.In 2023,the global hydrocarbon exploration investment increased steadily and the total number and area of awarded exploration blocks increased significantly.The decline in the number and success rate of high-impact exploration wells directly affected the quantity of additional oil and gas reserves discovered globally in 2023.In recent years,the deepwater areas of passive margin basins have been the major targets for seeking medium-and large-sized conventional oil and gas fields.In 2023,however,the newly discovered onshore reserves were equivalent to the newly discovered offshore reserves,and fine exploration in mature blocks achieved significant results.Oil companies continued to plan and perform unconventional oil and gas exploration activities and accelerated access to associated mineral resources such as natural hydrogen and helium and other emerging industries.For Chinese oil companies international exploration business,it is recommended to:(1)continue the upstream investment to strengthen upstream services for consolidating the strategic position of oil and gas resources;(2)uphold oil and gas exploration activities by further deploying exploration activities in the deepwater areas of passive margin basins,deeply exploring mature basins,closely following hotspot basins,and gaining access to frontier basins;(3)follow the principle of integrated development to plan the exploration of associated resources while exploiting conventional and unconventional resources;and(4)make technological innovations to develop and improve core technologies and promote the application of artificial intelligence.
文摘According to the Annual Report for Chinese Academic Journals Impact Factors(2024)released by China Academic Journals(CD Edition)Electronic Journals Publishing House Co.,LTD and China Scientific Literature Quantitative Evaluation Center,the Academic Jounal Clout Index(CI)of Petroleum Exploration and Development ranks first among 96 oil and gas industry journals at 1414.214,and ranks first among 106 geologieal journals with the CI of 1281.023.The impact factor is 10.356,and the comprehensive journal impact factor is 8.586,both ranking first in the oil and gas industry and geology.
基金Supported by the Youth Science Foundation of National Natural Science Foundation of China(41502150)Petro China Science and Technology Project(2023ZZ21YJ04)。
文摘The shale of the Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation in the Sichuan Basin is characterized by large burial depth and high maturity,but the shale gas enrichment pattern is still unclear.Based on the detailed characterization of Deyang-Anyue aulacogen,analysis of its depositional environments,together with reconstruction of shale gas generation and enrichment evolution against the background of the Leshan-Longnüsi paleouplift,the aulacogen-uplift enrichment pattern was elucidated.It is revealed that the Deyang-Anyue aulacogen controls the depositional environment of the Qiongzhusi Formation,where high-quality sedimentary facies and thick strata are observed.Meanwhile,the Leshan-Longnüsi paleouplift controls the maturity evolution of the shale in the Qiongzhusi Formation,with the uplift located in a high position and exhibiting a moderate degree of thermal evolution and a high resistivity.The aulacogen-uplift overlap area is conducive to the enrichment of shale gas during the deposition,oil generation,gas generation,and oil-gas adjustment stage,which also has a joint control on the development of reservoirs,resulting in multiple reservoirs of high quality and large thickness.Based on the aulacogen-uplift enrichment pattern and combination,four types of shale gas play are identified,and the sweet spot evaluation criteria for the Qiongzhusi Formation is established.Accordingly,a sweet spot area of 8200 km^(2)in the aulacogen is determined,successfully guiding the deployment of Well Zi 201 with a high-yield industrial gas flow of 73.88×10^(4) m^(3)/d.The new geological insights on the aulacogen-uplift enrichment pattern provide a significant theoretical basis for the exploration and breakthrough of deep to ultra-deep Cambrian shale gas,highlighting the promising exploration prospect in this domain.
