Detection of target analytes at low concentrations is significant in various fields,including pharmaceuticals,healthcare,and environmental protection.Theophylline(TP),a natural alkaloid used as a bronchodilator to tre...Detection of target analytes at low concentrations is significant in various fields,including pharmaceuticals,healthcare,and environmental protection.Theophylline(TP),a natural alkaloid used as a bronchodilator to treat respiratory disorders such as asthma,bronchitis,and emphysema,has a narrow therapeutic window with a safe plasma concentration ranging from 55.5-111.0μmol·L^(-1)in adults.Accurate monitoring of TP levels is essential because too low or too high can cause se-rious side effects.In this regard,non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors offer a practical solution with rapidity,portability,and high sensitivity.This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the recent developments of non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors for TP detection,highlighting the basic principles,electro-oxidation mechanisms,catalytic effects,and the role of modifying materials on electrode performance.Carbon-based electrodes such as glassy carbon electrodes(GCEs),carbon paste electrodes(CPEs),and carbon screen-printed electrodes(SPCEs)have become the primary choices for non-enzymatic sensors due to their chemical stability,low cost,and flexibility in modification.This article identifies the sig-nificant contribution of various modifying materials,including nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes(CNTs),graphene,metal oxides,and multi-element nanocomposites.These modifications enhance sensors’electron transfer,sensitivity,and selectivity in detecting TP at low concentrations in complex media such as blood plasma and pharmaceutical samples.The electro-oxidation mechanism of TP is also discussed in depth,emphasizing the hydroxyl and carbonyl reaction pathways strongly influenced by pH and electrode materials.These mechanisms guide the selection of the appropriate electrode ma-terial for a particular application.The main contribution of this article is to identify superior modifying materials that can improve the performance of non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors.In a recent study,the combination of multi-element nanocomposites based on titanium dioxide(TiO_(2)),CNTs,and gold nanoparticles(AuNPs)resulted in the lowest detection limit of 3×10^(-5)μmol·L^(-1),reflecting the great potential of these materials for developing high-performance electrochemical sensors.The main conclusion of this article is the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in electrode material design to support the sensitivity and selectivity of TP detection.In addition,there is still a research gap in understanding TP’s more detailed oxidation mechanism,especially under pH variations and complex environments.Therefore,further research on electrode modification and analysis of the TP oxidation mechanism are urgently needed to improve the accuracy and sta-bility of the sensor while expanding its applications in pharmaceutical monitoring and medical diagnostics.By integrating various innovative materials and technical approaches,this review is expected to be an essential reference for developing efficient and affordable non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors.展开更多
目的建立毛细管电泳电化学技术(capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection,CE-ECD)检测人全血中同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)、半胱氨酸(cysteine,Cys)和还原型谷胱甘肽(reducedglutathione,GSH)的方法。考察缓冲...目的建立毛细管电泳电化学技术(capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection,CE-ECD)检测人全血中同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)、半胱氨酸(cysteine,Cys)和还原型谷胱甘肽(reducedglutathione,GSH)的方法。考察缓冲液的浓度、酸碱度、分离电压、进样时间和检测电压等参数对分离和检测的影响,确定最佳的实验条件。方法以直径为500μm的铂圆盘电极作为检测电极,用长度为50cm的熔融石英毛细管对一系列待检物标准溶液和人全血样本进行毛细管电泳电化学检测。结果在最优条件下,当电极电位为+1.05V(相对饱和甘汞电极)、分离电压为18kV时,Hcy、Cys和GSH于100mmol/L的磷酸盐缓冲液(pH7.8)中在10min内获得理想分离。检测下限(S/N=3)在0.29～0.80μmol/L范围内,且在3倍数量级浓度范围内,3种组分的浓度与峰电流呈良好线性关系。对0.5mmol/L的混合标准溶液连续检测7次,Hcy、Cys和GSH峰高的相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)分别为3.7%、3.1%和2.9%。结论 CE-ECD方法可对Hcy、Cys和GSH等3种生物活性巯基化合物进行高效分离及检测,具有分析速度快、成本低、灵敏度高、试剂及样品用量小等优点,因此在生物医药领域具有广泛的应用前景。本实验采用的铂圆盘电极具有污染少、重复性好的特点。展开更多
建立以高效液相色谱电化学检测对替尼泊苷及其有关物质进行分离分析的方法.研究了电化学安培检测中电位与检测量的关系,比较了电化学安培检测(ECD)和紫外检测两种不同的检测方法.以乙腈-水(38:62)为流动相.流速为1.0mL/min,以Phenomenex...建立以高效液相色谱电化学检测对替尼泊苷及其有关物质进行分离分析的方法.研究了电化学安培检测中电位与检测量的关系,比较了电化学安培检测(ECD)和紫外检测两种不同的检测方法.以乙腈-水(38:62)为流动相.流速为1.0mL/min,以PhenomenexR LUNA Phenyl -Hexyl柱,玻碳圆盘电极为工作电极,银-氯化银电极为参比电极.在+0.7V电位处,实现了替尼泊苷及其有关物质与注射液中的赋形剂的分离分析.电化学安培检测与紫外检测相比,具有较高的灵敏度和选择性,能有效地应用于替尼泊苷注射液中有关物质的检测和含量的测定.展开更多
基金the funding from Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat(LPPM)Universitas Indonesia,by Riset Kolaborasi Indonesia(RKI)-World Class University(WCU)Program with grant number NKB-1067/UN2-RST/HKP.05.00/2023 and NKB-781/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2024.
文摘Detection of target analytes at low concentrations is significant in various fields,including pharmaceuticals,healthcare,and environmental protection.Theophylline(TP),a natural alkaloid used as a bronchodilator to treat respiratory disorders such as asthma,bronchitis,and emphysema,has a narrow therapeutic window with a safe plasma concentration ranging from 55.5-111.0μmol·L^(-1)in adults.Accurate monitoring of TP levels is essential because too low or too high can cause se-rious side effects.In this regard,non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors offer a practical solution with rapidity,portability,and high sensitivity.This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the recent developments of non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors for TP detection,highlighting the basic principles,electro-oxidation mechanisms,catalytic effects,and the role of modifying materials on electrode performance.Carbon-based electrodes such as glassy carbon electrodes(GCEs),carbon paste electrodes(CPEs),and carbon screen-printed electrodes(SPCEs)have become the primary choices for non-enzymatic sensors due to their chemical stability,low cost,and flexibility in modification.This article identifies the sig-nificant contribution of various modifying materials,including nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes(CNTs),graphene,metal oxides,and multi-element nanocomposites.These modifications enhance sensors’electron transfer,sensitivity,and selectivity in detecting TP at low concentrations in complex media such as blood plasma and pharmaceutical samples.The electro-oxidation mechanism of TP is also discussed in depth,emphasizing the hydroxyl and carbonyl reaction pathways strongly influenced by pH and electrode materials.These mechanisms guide the selection of the appropriate electrode ma-terial for a particular application.The main contribution of this article is to identify superior modifying materials that can improve the performance of non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors.In a recent study,the combination of multi-element nanocomposites based on titanium dioxide(TiO_(2)),CNTs,and gold nanoparticles(AuNPs)resulted in the lowest detection limit of 3×10^(-5)μmol·L^(-1),reflecting the great potential of these materials for developing high-performance electrochemical sensors.The main conclusion of this article is the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in electrode material design to support the sensitivity and selectivity of TP detection.In addition,there is still a research gap in understanding TP’s more detailed oxidation mechanism,especially under pH variations and complex environments.Therefore,further research on electrode modification and analysis of the TP oxidation mechanism are urgently needed to improve the accuracy and sta-bility of the sensor while expanding its applications in pharmaceutical monitoring and medical diagnostics.By integrating various innovative materials and technical approaches,this review is expected to be an essential reference for developing efficient and affordable non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors.
文摘目的建立毛细管电泳电化学技术(capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection,CE-ECD)检测人全血中同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)、半胱氨酸(cysteine,Cys)和还原型谷胱甘肽(reducedglutathione,GSH)的方法。考察缓冲液的浓度、酸碱度、分离电压、进样时间和检测电压等参数对分离和检测的影响,确定最佳的实验条件。方法以直径为500μm的铂圆盘电极作为检测电极,用长度为50cm的熔融石英毛细管对一系列待检物标准溶液和人全血样本进行毛细管电泳电化学检测。结果在最优条件下,当电极电位为+1.05V(相对饱和甘汞电极)、分离电压为18kV时,Hcy、Cys和GSH于100mmol/L的磷酸盐缓冲液(pH7.8)中在10min内获得理想分离。检测下限(S/N=3)在0.29～0.80μmol/L范围内,且在3倍数量级浓度范围内,3种组分的浓度与峰电流呈良好线性关系。对0.5mmol/L的混合标准溶液连续检测7次,Hcy、Cys和GSH峰高的相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)分别为3.7%、3.1%和2.9%。结论 CE-ECD方法可对Hcy、Cys和GSH等3种生物活性巯基化合物进行高效分离及检测,具有分析速度快、成本低、灵敏度高、试剂及样品用量小等优点,因此在生物医药领域具有广泛的应用前景。本实验采用的铂圆盘电极具有污染少、重复性好的特点。
文摘建立以高效液相色谱电化学检测对替尼泊苷及其有关物质进行分离分析的方法.研究了电化学安培检测中电位与检测量的关系,比较了电化学安培检测(ECD)和紫外检测两种不同的检测方法.以乙腈-水(38:62)为流动相.流速为1.0mL/min,以PhenomenexR LUNA Phenyl -Hexyl柱,玻碳圆盘电极为工作电极,银-氯化银电极为参比电极.在+0.7V电位处,实现了替尼泊苷及其有关物质与注射液中的赋形剂的分离分析.电化学安培检测与紫外检测相比,具有较高的灵敏度和选择性,能有效地应用于替尼泊苷注射液中有关物质的检测和含量的测定.
