This work aims to reveal the mechanical responses and energy evolution characteristics of skarn rock under constant amplitude-varied frequency loading paths.Testing results show that the fatigue lifetime,stress−strain...This work aims to reveal the mechanical responses and energy evolution characteristics of skarn rock under constant amplitude-varied frequency loading paths.Testing results show that the fatigue lifetime,stress−strain responses,deformation,energy dissipation and fracture morphology are all impacted by the loading rate.A pronounced influence of the loading rate on rock deformation is found,with slower loading rate eliciting enhanced strain development,alongside augmented energy absorption and dissipation.In addition,it is revealed that the loading rate and cyclic loading amplitude jointly influence the phase shift distribution,with accelerated rates leading to a narrower phase shift duration.It is suggested that lower loading rate leads to more significant energy dissipation.Finally,the tensile or shear failure modes were intrinsically linked to loading strategy,with cyclic loading predominantly instigating shear damage,as manifest in the increased presence of pulverized grain particles.This work would give new insights into the fortification of mining structures and the optimization of mining methodologies.展开更多
The damage and failure law of rock mass with holes is of great significance to the stability control of roadways. This study investigates the mechanical properties and failure modes of porous rock masses under cyclic ...The damage and failure law of rock mass with holes is of great significance to the stability control of roadways. This study investigates the mechanical properties and failure modes of porous rock masses under cyclic loading, elucidates the acoustic emission (AE) characteristics and their spatial evolution, and establishes the interrelation among AE, stress, strain, time, and cumulative damage. The results reveal that the rock mass with holes and the intact rock mass show softening and hardening characteristics after cyclic loading. The plastic strain of the rock mass with holes is smaller than that of the intact rock mass, and the stress −strain curve shows hysteresis characteristics. Under uniaxial compression, the pore-bearing rock mass shows the characteristics of higher ringing count, AE energy, b-value peak, and more cumulative ringing count in the failure stage, while it shows lower characteristics under cyclic action. At the initial stage of loading, compared with the intact rock mass, the pore-containing rock mass shows the characteristics of a low b-value. The AE positioning and cumulative damage percentage are larger, and the AE positioning is denser around the hole. The specimen with holes is mainly shear failure, and the complete specimen is mainly tensile shear failure.展开更多
In this study, the influence of opening parameters on the ultimate strength of perforated plates subjected to extreme cyclic loading in the presence of material kinematic hardening and isotro pic hardening was analyze...In this study, the influence of opening parameters on the ultimate strength of perforated plates subjected to extreme cyclic loading in the presence of material kinematic hardening and isotro pic hardening was analyzed. It is found that the ultimate strength of the perforated plates decreases rapidly and stabilizes in the first four cycles. Plates with oblong openings have a greater ultimate strength compared to plates with rectangular openings, while the relative strengthening ratio decreases over the duration of the cycle. The location of the openings is also an important parameter that affects the strength of the structure, as the plates with openings close to the edges in the longitudinal direction have higher strengths, while in the transverse direction the strengths are higher when the openings are close to the center. Among the three opening-strengthening methods compared, the Carling stiffener method maintains a better strengthening effect under cyclic loads for many periods.展开更多
Triaxial cyclic loading tests have been performed to assess the influence of plastic deformation on inelastic deformational properties of anisotropic argillite with bedding planes which is regarded as a kind of transv...Triaxial cyclic loading tests have been performed to assess the influence of plastic deformation on inelastic deformational properties of anisotropic argillite with bedding planes which is regarded as a kind of transversely isotropic media.Considering argillite's anisotropy and inelastic deformational properties,theoretical formulae for calculating oriented elastic parameters were deduced by the unloading curves,which can be better fitted for the description of its elasticity than loading curves.Test results indicate that with the growth of accumulated plastic,strain,the apparent elastic modulus of argillite decreases in a form of exponential decay function,whereas the apparent Poisson ratio increase in a form of power equation.A ratio of unloading recoverable strain to the total strain increment occurred during a loading cycle is defined to illustrate the characteristic relations between anisotropic coupled elasto-plastic deformation and plastic strain.It is significant to observe that high stress level and plastic history have an inhibiting effect on argillite anisotropy.展开更多
An analytical solution was presented to the unsaturated soil with a finite thickness under confinement in the lateral direction and sinusoidal cyclic loading in the vertical direction based on Fredlund's one-dimen...An analytical solution was presented to the unsaturated soil with a finite thickness under confinement in the lateral direction and sinusoidal cyclic loading in the vertical direction based on Fredlund's one-dimensional consolidation equation for unsaturated soil. The transfer relationship between the state vectors at the top surface and any depth was gained by applying the Laplace transform and Cayley-Hamilton mathematical methods to the governing equations of water and air, Darcy's law and Fick's law. The excess pore-air and pore-water pressures and settlement in the Laplace-transformed domain were obtained by using the Laplace transform with the initial and boundary conditions. The analytical solutions of the excess pore-air and pore-water pressures at any depth and settlement were obtained in the time domain by performing the inverse Laplace transforms. A typical example illustrates the consolidation characteristics of unsaturated soil under sinusoidal loading from analytical results. Finally, comparisons between the analytical solutions and results of the numerical method indicate that the analytical solution is correct.展开更多
The effects of fire exposure,reinforcement ratio and the presence of axial load under fire on the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete(RC) shear walls were investigated.Five RC shear walls were tested under low cyc...The effects of fire exposure,reinforcement ratio and the presence of axial load under fire on the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete(RC) shear walls were investigated.Five RC shear walls were tested under low cyclic loading.Prior to the cyclic test,three specimens were exposed to fire and two of them were also subjected to a constant axial load.Test results indicate that the ultimate load of the specimen with lower reinforcement ratio is reduced by 15.8%after exposure to elevated temperatures.While the reductions in the energy dissipation and initial stiffness are 59.2%and 51.8%,respectively,which are much higher than those in the ultimate load.However,this deterioration can be slowed down by properly increasing reinforcement due to the strength and stiffness recovery of steel bars after cooling.In addition,the combined action of elevated temperatures and axial load results in more energy dissipation than the action of fire exposure alone.展开更多
Aiming to investigate the fatigue damage mechanism and bearing characteristics of multi-pillar system under cyclic loading,a series of axial cyclic loading tests with different cyclic amplitudes were carried out on tr...Aiming to investigate the fatigue damage mechanism and bearing characteristics of multi-pillar system under cyclic loading,a series of axial cyclic loading tests with different cyclic amplitudes were carried out on triple-pillar marble specimens.The acoustic emission(AE)and digital image correlation(DIC)were jointly applied to monitoring and recording damage evolution and failure behavior of each pillar,which reproduced the cataclysmic instability process of underground pillar groups.Experimental results indicated that the cyclic amplitude exceeding the threshold of damage initiation weakened the resistance to deformation,resulting in obvious release of dissipated energy and the reduction of bearing capacity.Conversely,after low-amplitude cyclic loading,both the pre-peak bearing capacity and the post-peak ductility of the pillar system increased due to the compaction of initial defects,indicating that the peak bearing capacity was closely related to the extent of pre-peak fatigue damage.The axial strain of each pillar was measured by DIC virtual extensometer to present the damage extent during cyclic loading phase.Meanwhile,fracture evolution of typical load drop points was also characterized by transverse strain fields(εxx),and observations showed that the damage extent of key pillar undergoing high-amplitude cyclic loads was more serious and violent,accompanied by the ejection of rock debris and loud noises.展开更多
A two-dimensional numerical model was used to explain the liquefaction mechanism of double sand lenses and the corresponding soil deformation due to the cyclic loading. Moreover, in order to investigate the influences...A two-dimensional numerical model was used to explain the liquefaction mechanism of double sand lenses and the corresponding soil deformation due to the cyclic loading. Moreover, in order to investigate the influences of the soil characteristics and input loading data a parametric study was carried out on the essential parameters affecting the soil settlement, and so the variation of these parameters with the corresponding displacements was mainly examined. At last, the results obtained from the numerical analyses of double sand lenses and a continuous sand layer with similar characteristics were compared with those of an estimating method proposed by ISHIHARA and YOSHIMINE. The comparisons show that the settlements due to liquefaction of the continuous sand layer in both numerical and the estimating method are in a good agreement with and are obviously greater than those of double sand lenses.展开更多
The normal compression tests on intact samples and artificial joints with different saw-tooth shape under cyclic loading and half-sine waves of different frequencies were performed by using Instron1342 servo-controlle...The normal compression tests on intact samples and artificial joints with different saw-tooth shape under cyclic loading and half-sine waves of different frequencies were performed by using Instron1342 servo-controlled material testing machine. The specimens were made artificially with mortar. The loading frequency ranged from 0.005 Hz to 0.1 Hz. The experimental results show that joint closure curves are non-linear and concave up. The stress-deformation curves under cyclic loading exhibit hysteresis and permanent set that diminish rapidly and keep constant finally on successive cycles. Normal displacement successively decreases from the joint J1 to J2, to J3 under the same normal loads regardless of frequency. Considering the loading frequency effect, normal displacement of joint J1 decreases with increasing the loading frequency except that the loading frequency is 0.05 Hz. Normal displacement of joint J2 increases with increasing the loading frequency. Normal displacement of joint J3 increases with increasing the loading frequency when the frequency ranges from 0.005 Hz to 0.05 Hz. Its normal displacement, however, becomes least when the loading frequency is 0.1 Hz.展开更多
Characteristic of cyclic loading due to passing wheels is associated with one-way loading without stress reversal,which includes a simultaneous cyclic variation of vertical normal stress and horizontal normal stress l...Characteristic of cyclic loading due to passing wheels is associated with one-way loading without stress reversal,which includes a simultaneous cyclic variation of vertical normal stress and horizontal normal stress lasting for a long period of time and generally takes place in partially-drained conditions.Therefore,it is of great practical relevance to study the deformation behaviour according to the characteristic of traffic loading.In this work,a series of one-way stress-controlled cyclic triaxial tests with a simultaneous variation of the vertical and horizontal stress components during cyclic loading were conducted to investigate the deformation behaviour of natural K_0-consolidated soft clay in partially-drained conditions.Test results demonstrate that not only the deviator part of the stress rules accumulation but also the volumetric part significantly contributes.While the deviator part of the stress amplitude is held constant,the increase amplitude of cyclic confining pressure will promote the development of both permanent volumetric strain and axial strain significantly.Furthermore,the effects of cyclic confining pressure on the deformation of natural K_0-consolidated soft clay was quantified.Finally,an empirical formula for permanent axial strain considering the effects of cyclic confining pressure was proposed which can be used for feasibility studies or for the preliminary design of foundations on K_0-consolidated soft clay subjected to traffic loading.展开更多
Fracture evolution process (initiation, propagation and coalescence) of cracked rock was observed and the force- displacement curves of cracked rock were measured under uniaxial cyclic loading. The tested specimens ma...Fracture evolution process (initiation, propagation and coalescence) of cracked rock was observed and the force- displacement curves of cracked rock were measured under uniaxial cyclic loading. The tested specimens made of sandstone-like modeling material contained three pre-existing intermittent cracks with different geometrical distributions. The experimental results indicate that the fatigue deformation limit corresponding to the maximal cyclic load is equal to that of post-peak locus of static complete force?displacement curve; the fatigue deformation process can be divided into three stages: initial deformation, constant deformation rate and accelerative deformation; the time of fracture initiation, propagation and coalescence corresponds to the change of irreversible deformation.展开更多
The state of clean sand was mainly dependent on its void ratio(density)and confining stress that greatly influenced the mechanical behavior(compression,dilatancy and liquefaction)of clean sand.Confirming whether the c...The state of clean sand was mainly dependent on its void ratio(density)and confining stress that greatly influenced the mechanical behavior(compression,dilatancy and liquefaction)of clean sand.Confirming whether the confining stress was a state variable of sand required precise element tests at different confining stress,especially the tests under very low confining stress whose test data were very limited.In this study,static-dynamic characteristics of clean sand was comprehensively investigated by a unified test program under low and normal confining stress ranging from 5 to 98 kPa,under monotonic/cyclic and drained/undrained conditions,together with the literature available data under confining stress of 1.0 to 3.0 MPa.For monotonic loading tests,the contraction/dilation phase transition was observed for loose sand at low confining stress,and dilatancy angles were stress-dependent.In addition,the liquefaction resistance was observed to increase with reducing of confining stress,and the axial strain varied from compressive to dilative when confining stress increased.Special attention was also paid to the enhancement effect of membrane,and it was observed that its influence on the test results was limited.In addition,the experimental results were proved reliable by reproducibility.展开更多
Rock pillar is the key supporting component in underground engineering.During an earthquake,the key rock pillar must bear both the seismic load and the load transferred from other damaged pillars.This paper attempts t...Rock pillar is the key supporting component in underground engineering.During an earthquake,the key rock pillar must bear both the seismic load and the load transferred from other damaged pillars.This paper attempts to reveal the influence of the mainshock on damage evolution and failure characteristic of the key rock pillar during aftershocks by cyclic loading test of marble.Four levels of pre-damage stress(i.e.,10,30,50 and 70 MPa)in the first cycle were used to simulate the mainshock damage,and then cyclic stress with the same amplitude(namely 10 MPa)was conducted in the subsequent cycles to simulate the aftershock until rock failure.The results indicate that the presence of pre-damage has an obvious weakening effect on the bearing capacity and deformation resistance of rock materials during the aftershock process.Besides,the increase of pre-damage significantly changes the final failure pattern of the key rock pillar,and leads to an increase in the proportion of small-scale rock fragments.This study may contribute to understanding the seismic capacity of the unreinforced rock pillar during mainshock-aftershock seismic sequences and to optimizing the design of the key rock pillar in underground engineering.展开更多
Due to notable characteristics,sustainability concept and environmental issues,hybridisation natural with synthetic fibres to fabricate composites have been rapidly gaining market share in different applications(struc...Due to notable characteristics,sustainability concept and environmental issues,hybridisation natural with synthetic fibres to fabricate composites have been rapidly gaining market share in different applications(structural,military,aerospace and automotive vehicles).Compression,tension and fatigue tests of various stacking sequences of plain jute/carbon reinforced(PVB)polyvinyl butyral by hot hydraulic press technique were experimentally conducted.Six types of fabricated composites with various constituents(jute,carbon and their hybrids)were fabricated and tested.Notably,fatigue lifetime of hybrids increases with increasing the carbon content relative to the jute fibre content.On the other hand,Jute composites possess high strain compared to pure carbon composite,which gives an overall improvement in mechanical behaviours.Interestingly,H1 hybrid with Carbon/Jute/Carbon sequences offers similar fatigue stiffness behaviour of H3 hybrid with Carbon/Jute/Carbon/Jute sequences when subjected to cyclic loading.Carbon composite(C)exhibited the highest fatigue resistance,whiles jute composite(J)possessed the highest strain and semi brittle trends in both mechanical and fatigue performance.Results concluded that plain jute fibres could partially replace high-cost synthetic carbon fibres to produce more eco-friendly hybrids to be utilised in different composites industries.展开更多
The current study aims to evaluate the dynamic response of stabilized cohesive soil using an enzymatic preparation in terms of resilient modulus.We ran a series of resilient modulus testing according to AASHTO T307 on...The current study aims to evaluate the dynamic response of stabilized cohesive soil using an enzymatic preparation in terms of resilient modulus.We ran a series of resilient modulus testing according to AASHTO T307 on three types of cohesive soil treated with an enzymatic preparation to investigate its potential on roads construction.The results show significant improvement in the resilient modulus values,estimated at 1.4 to 4.4 times that observed for the untreated soil.Because of the complexity in conducting the resilient modulus measurement,we did a regression analysis to produce reliable correlation formula to predict the resilient modulus for untreated and stabilised soil samples involving stress state.The resilient modulus values for the subgrade materials at the anticipated field stresses were determined using a universal model.The enzymatic preparation was applied in pavement of a sample road and evaluated using the plate load test.SEM analysis for soil samples shows improvement in the soil compaction via reduction of voids between soil particles.XRD analysis shows no major structural changes in the treated soils.The enzymatic preparation contains 43 mg/mL of proteins.We used the SDS-PAGE(sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis)technique to identify the main protein components;however,the presence of interfering materials(surfactants)hinders the separation.展开更多
基金Project(52174069) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(8202033) supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation,ChinaProject(KCF2203) supported by the Henan Key Laboratory for Green and Efficient Mining&Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources (Henan Polytechnic University),China。
文摘This work aims to reveal the mechanical responses and energy evolution characteristics of skarn rock under constant amplitude-varied frequency loading paths.Testing results show that the fatigue lifetime,stress−strain responses,deformation,energy dissipation and fracture morphology are all impacted by the loading rate.A pronounced influence of the loading rate on rock deformation is found,with slower loading rate eliciting enhanced strain development,alongside augmented energy absorption and dissipation.In addition,it is revealed that the loading rate and cyclic loading amplitude jointly influence the phase shift distribution,with accelerated rates leading to a narrower phase shift duration.It is suggested that lower loading rate leads to more significant energy dissipation.Finally,the tensile or shear failure modes were intrinsically linked to loading strategy,with cyclic loading predominantly instigating shear damage,as manifest in the increased presence of pulverized grain particles.This work would give new insights into the fortification of mining structures and the optimization of mining methodologies.
基金Projects(U22A20165, 52004289) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProjects(2022XJNY01, BBJ2024001) supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China。
文摘The damage and failure law of rock mass with holes is of great significance to the stability control of roadways. This study investigates the mechanical properties and failure modes of porous rock masses under cyclic loading, elucidates the acoustic emission (AE) characteristics and their spatial evolution, and establishes the interrelation among AE, stress, strain, time, and cumulative damage. The results reveal that the rock mass with holes and the intact rock mass show softening and hardening characteristics after cyclic loading. The plastic strain of the rock mass with holes is smaller than that of the intact rock mass, and the stress −strain curve shows hysteresis characteristics. Under uniaxial compression, the pore-bearing rock mass shows the characteristics of higher ringing count, AE energy, b-value peak, and more cumulative ringing count in the failure stage, while it shows lower characteristics under cyclic action. At the initial stage of loading, compared with the intact rock mass, the pore-containing rock mass shows the characteristics of a low b-value. The AE positioning and cumulative damage percentage are larger, and the AE positioning is denser around the hole. The specimen with holes is mainly shear failure, and the complete specimen is mainly tensile shear failure.
文摘In this study, the influence of opening parameters on the ultimate strength of perforated plates subjected to extreme cyclic loading in the presence of material kinematic hardening and isotro pic hardening was analyzed. It is found that the ultimate strength of the perforated plates decreases rapidly and stabilizes in the first four cycles. Plates with oblong openings have a greater ultimate strength compared to plates with rectangular openings, while the relative strengthening ratio decreases over the duration of the cycle. The location of the openings is also an important parameter that affects the strength of the structure, as the plates with openings close to the edges in the longitudinal direction have higher strengths, while in the transverse direction the strengths are higher when the openings are close to the center. Among the three opening-strengthening methods compared, the Carling stiffener method maintains a better strengthening effect under cyclic loads for many periods.
基金Program(2011CB710601) supported by National Basic Research Program of ChinaProject(50925933) supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China+1 种基金Project(2008BAB29B03) supported by National Key Technology Research and Development Program of ChinaProject(2010-122-011) supported by Guizhou Provincial Department of Transportation,China
文摘Triaxial cyclic loading tests have been performed to assess the influence of plastic deformation on inelastic deformational properties of anisotropic argillite with bedding planes which is regarded as a kind of transversely isotropic media.Considering argillite's anisotropy and inelastic deformational properties,theoretical formulae for calculating oriented elastic parameters were deduced by the unloading curves,which can be better fitted for the description of its elasticity than loading curves.Test results indicate that with the growth of accumulated plastic,strain,the apparent elastic modulus of argillite decreases in a form of exponential decay function,whereas the apparent Poisson ratio increase in a form of power equation.A ratio of unloading recoverable strain to the total strain increment occurred during a loading cycle is defined to illustrate the characteristic relations between anisotropic coupled elasto-plastic deformation and plastic strain.It is significant to observe that high stress level and plastic history have an inhibiting effect on argillite anisotropy.
基金Project(2010G016-B)supported by Science and Technology Research and Development of China
文摘An analytical solution was presented to the unsaturated soil with a finite thickness under confinement in the lateral direction and sinusoidal cyclic loading in the vertical direction based on Fredlund's one-dimensional consolidation equation for unsaturated soil. The transfer relationship between the state vectors at the top surface and any depth was gained by applying the Laplace transform and Cayley-Hamilton mathematical methods to the governing equations of water and air, Darcy's law and Fick's law. The excess pore-air and pore-water pressures and settlement in the Laplace-transformed domain were obtained by using the Laplace transform with the initial and boundary conditions. The analytical solutions of the excess pore-air and pore-water pressures at any depth and settlement were obtained in the time domain by performing the inverse Laplace transforms. A typical example illustrates the consolidation characteristics of unsaturated soil under sinusoidal loading from analytical results. Finally, comparisons between the analytical solutions and results of the numerical method indicate that the analytical solution is correct.
基金Project(200801410005) supported by Doctoral Foundation of Ministry of Education of China
文摘The effects of fire exposure,reinforcement ratio and the presence of axial load under fire on the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete(RC) shear walls were investigated.Five RC shear walls were tested under low cyclic loading.Prior to the cyclic test,three specimens were exposed to fire and two of them were also subjected to a constant axial load.Test results indicate that the ultimate load of the specimen with lower reinforcement ratio is reduced by 15.8%after exposure to elevated temperatures.While the reductions in the energy dissipation and initial stiffness are 59.2%and 51.8%,respectively,which are much higher than those in the ultimate load.However,this deterioration can be slowed down by properly increasing reinforcement due to the strength and stiffness recovery of steel bars after cooling.In addition,the combined action of elevated temperatures and axial load results in more energy dissipation than the action of fire exposure alone.
基金Project(2015CB060200)supported by the National Basic Research Program of ChinaProject(41772313)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2017zzts185)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China
文摘Aiming to investigate the fatigue damage mechanism and bearing characteristics of multi-pillar system under cyclic loading,a series of axial cyclic loading tests with different cyclic amplitudes were carried out on triple-pillar marble specimens.The acoustic emission(AE)and digital image correlation(DIC)were jointly applied to monitoring and recording damage evolution and failure behavior of each pillar,which reproduced the cataclysmic instability process of underground pillar groups.Experimental results indicated that the cyclic amplitude exceeding the threshold of damage initiation weakened the resistance to deformation,resulting in obvious release of dissipated energy and the reduction of bearing capacity.Conversely,after low-amplitude cyclic loading,both the pre-peak bearing capacity and the post-peak ductility of the pillar system increased due to the compaction of initial defects,indicating that the peak bearing capacity was closely related to the extent of pre-peak fatigue damage.The axial strain of each pillar was measured by DIC virtual extensometer to present the damage extent during cyclic loading phase.Meanwhile,fracture evolution of typical load drop points was also characterized by transverse strain fields(εxx),and observations showed that the damage extent of key pillar undergoing high-amplitude cyclic loads was more serious and violent,accompanied by the ejection of rock debris and loud noises.
文摘A two-dimensional numerical model was used to explain the liquefaction mechanism of double sand lenses and the corresponding soil deformation due to the cyclic loading. Moreover, in order to investigate the influences of the soil characteristics and input loading data a parametric study was carried out on the essential parameters affecting the soil settlement, and so the variation of these parameters with the corresponding displacements was mainly examined. At last, the results obtained from the numerical analyses of double sand lenses and a continuous sand layer with similar characteristics were compared with those of an estimating method proposed by ISHIHARA and YOSHIMINE. The comparisons show that the settlements due to liquefaction of the continuous sand layer in both numerical and the estimating method are in a good agreement with and are obviously greater than those of double sand lenses.
基金Projects(50490274 50490272) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2002CB412703) supported by theNational Basic Research Program of China
文摘The normal compression tests on intact samples and artificial joints with different saw-tooth shape under cyclic loading and half-sine waves of different frequencies were performed by using Instron1342 servo-controlled material testing machine. The specimens were made artificially with mortar. The loading frequency ranged from 0.005 Hz to 0.1 Hz. The experimental results show that joint closure curves are non-linear and concave up. The stress-deformation curves under cyclic loading exhibit hysteresis and permanent set that diminish rapidly and keep constant finally on successive cycles. Normal displacement successively decreases from the joint J1 to J2, to J3 under the same normal loads regardless of frequency. Considering the loading frequency effect, normal displacement of joint J1 decreases with increasing the loading frequency except that the loading frequency is 0.05 Hz. Normal displacement of joint J2 increases with increasing the loading frequency. Normal displacement of joint J3 increases with increasing the loading frequency when the frequency ranges from 0.005 Hz to 0.05 Hz. Its normal displacement, however, becomes least when the loading frequency is 0.1 Hz.
基金Projects(51238009,51578426,51308420)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Characteristic of cyclic loading due to passing wheels is associated with one-way loading without stress reversal,which includes a simultaneous cyclic variation of vertical normal stress and horizontal normal stress lasting for a long period of time and generally takes place in partially-drained conditions.Therefore,it is of great practical relevance to study the deformation behaviour according to the characteristic of traffic loading.In this work,a series of one-way stress-controlled cyclic triaxial tests with a simultaneous variation of the vertical and horizontal stress components during cyclic loading were conducted to investigate the deformation behaviour of natural K_0-consolidated soft clay in partially-drained conditions.Test results demonstrate that not only the deviator part of the stress rules accumulation but also the volumetric part significantly contributes.While the deviator part of the stress amplitude is held constant,the increase amplitude of cyclic confining pressure will promote the development of both permanent volumetric strain and axial strain significantly.Furthermore,the effects of cyclic confining pressure on the deformation of natural K_0-consolidated soft clay was quantified.Finally,an empirical formula for permanent axial strain considering the effects of cyclic confining pressure was proposed which can be used for feasibility studies or for the preliminary design of foundations on K_0-consolidated soft clay subjected to traffic loading.
基金Projects(50479023, 50708034) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(20070532069) supported by Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education+1 种基金Project (20060400263) supported by China Postdoctoral Science FoundationProject(2007RS4031) supported by Provincial Science and Technology Plan of Hunan
文摘Fracture evolution process (initiation, propagation and coalescence) of cracked rock was observed and the force- displacement curves of cracked rock were measured under uniaxial cyclic loading. The tested specimens made of sandstone-like modeling material contained three pre-existing intermittent cracks with different geometrical distributions. The experimental results indicate that the fatigue deformation limit corresponding to the maximal cyclic load is equal to that of post-peak locus of static complete force?displacement curve; the fatigue deformation process can be divided into three stages: initial deformation, constant deformation rate and accelerative deformation; the time of fracture initiation, propagation and coalescence corresponds to the change of irreversible deformation.
基金Projects(51908288,41627801)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘The state of clean sand was mainly dependent on its void ratio(density)and confining stress that greatly influenced the mechanical behavior(compression,dilatancy and liquefaction)of clean sand.Confirming whether the confining stress was a state variable of sand required precise element tests at different confining stress,especially the tests under very low confining stress whose test data were very limited.In this study,static-dynamic characteristics of clean sand was comprehensively investigated by a unified test program under low and normal confining stress ranging from 5 to 98 kPa,under monotonic/cyclic and drained/undrained conditions,together with the literature available data under confining stress of 1.0 to 3.0 MPa.For monotonic loading tests,the contraction/dilation phase transition was observed for loose sand at low confining stress,and dilatancy angles were stress-dependent.In addition,the liquefaction resistance was observed to increase with reducing of confining stress,and the axial strain varied from compressive to dilative when confining stress increased.Special attention was also paid to the enhancement effect of membrane,and it was observed that its influence on the test results was limited.In addition,the experimental results were proved reliable by reproducibility.
基金Project(2022MD713784) supported by China Postdoctoral ScienceProject (1960321032) supported by the Research Start-up Fund Project for High-level Talents Introduction,ChinaProject (1609722058) supported by Xi’ an University of Architecture and Technology,China。
文摘Rock pillar is the key supporting component in underground engineering.During an earthquake,the key rock pillar must bear both the seismic load and the load transferred from other damaged pillars.This paper attempts to reveal the influence of the mainshock on damage evolution and failure characteristic of the key rock pillar during aftershocks by cyclic loading test of marble.Four levels of pre-damage stress(i.e.,10,30,50 and 70 MPa)in the first cycle were used to simulate the mainshock damage,and then cyclic stress with the same amplitude(namely 10 MPa)was conducted in the subsequent cycles to simulate the aftershock until rock failure.The results indicate that the presence of pre-damage has an obvious weakening effect on the bearing capacity and deformation resistance of rock materials during the aftershock process.Besides,the increase of pre-damage significantly changes the final failure pattern of the key rock pillar,and leads to an increase in the proportion of small-scale rock fragments.This study may contribute to understanding the seismic capacity of the unreinforced rock pillar during mainshock-aftershock seismic sequences and to optimizing the design of the key rock pillar in underground engineering.
基金I would like to thank the Ministry of Higher Education&Scientific Research of Iraq and to Mustansiriyah University,College of Engineering,Mechanical Engineering Department,for the support for the work contained in this study in Iraq.
文摘Due to notable characteristics,sustainability concept and environmental issues,hybridisation natural with synthetic fibres to fabricate composites have been rapidly gaining market share in different applications(structural,military,aerospace and automotive vehicles).Compression,tension and fatigue tests of various stacking sequences of plain jute/carbon reinforced(PVB)polyvinyl butyral by hot hydraulic press technique were experimentally conducted.Six types of fabricated composites with various constituents(jute,carbon and their hybrids)were fabricated and tested.Notably,fatigue lifetime of hybrids increases with increasing the carbon content relative to the jute fibre content.On the other hand,Jute composites possess high strain compared to pure carbon composite,which gives an overall improvement in mechanical behaviours.Interestingly,H1 hybrid with Carbon/Jute/Carbon sequences offers similar fatigue stiffness behaviour of H3 hybrid with Carbon/Jute/Carbon/Jute sequences when subjected to cyclic loading.Carbon composite(C)exhibited the highest fatigue resistance,whiles jute composite(J)possessed the highest strain and semi brittle trends in both mechanical and fatigue performance.Results concluded that plain jute fibres could partially replace high-cost synthetic carbon fibres to produce more eco-friendly hybrids to be utilised in different composites industries.
基金Project supported by the Academy of Scientific Research and Technology,ASRT,Cairo,Egypt
文摘The current study aims to evaluate the dynamic response of stabilized cohesive soil using an enzymatic preparation in terms of resilient modulus.We ran a series of resilient modulus testing according to AASHTO T307 on three types of cohesive soil treated with an enzymatic preparation to investigate its potential on roads construction.The results show significant improvement in the resilient modulus values,estimated at 1.4 to 4.4 times that observed for the untreated soil.Because of the complexity in conducting the resilient modulus measurement,we did a regression analysis to produce reliable correlation formula to predict the resilient modulus for untreated and stabilised soil samples involving stress state.The resilient modulus values for the subgrade materials at the anticipated field stresses were determined using a universal model.The enzymatic preparation was applied in pavement of a sample road and evaluated using the plate load test.SEM analysis for soil samples shows improvement in the soil compaction via reduction of voids between soil particles.XRD analysis shows no major structural changes in the treated soils.The enzymatic preparation contains 43 mg/mL of proteins.We used the SDS-PAGE(sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis)technique to identify the main protein components;however,the presence of interfering materials(surfactants)hinders the separation.
