On March 12,the official account of the International Business Daily of the Ministry of Commerce published an article titled“Foreign trade enterprises:full of confidence,clear direction,strong motivation”.The conten...On March 12,the official account of the International Business Daily of the Ministry of Commerce published an article titled“Foreign trade enterprises:full of confidence,clear direction,strong motivation”.The content is as follows:This year,China is still facing a tough foreign trade situation.On the one hand,many international organizations predict that global economic growth in 2024 will still be lower than the historical average and the pressure on external demand will increase;on the other hand,trade protectionism and unilateralism are on the rise,geopolitical conflicts,the global“super election year”and other spillover factors have created many uncertainties.展开更多
Let x 1,x 2,… be independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) random variables, in which x n=0 or 1 and the probability of ｛x n=1｝ is p. Here p is unknown. Let τ be any finite stopping ...Let x 1,x 2,… be independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) random variables, in which x n=0 or 1 and the probability of ｛x n=1｝ is p. Here p is unknown. Let τ be any finite stopping time for (x n,n1). For any sequential sample (x 1,x 2,…,x τ ) and γ∈(0,1), we have given an optimal confidence limit of p with confidence level γ . Some related problems are also discussed.展开更多
A geometric framework is proposed for semiparametric nonlinear regression models based on the concept of least favorable curve, introduced by Severini and Wong (1992). The authors use this framework to drive three kin...A geometric framework is proposed for semiparametric nonlinear regression models based on the concept of least favorable curve, introduced by Severini and Wong (1992). The authors use this framework to drive three kinds of improved approximate confidence regions for the parameter and parameter subset in terms of curvatures. The results obtained by Hamilton et al. (1982), Hamilton (1986) and Wei (1994) are extended to semiparametric nonlinear regression models.展开更多
In this paper, an optimized rmlicious nodes detection algorithm, based on Weighted Confidence Filter （WCF）, is proposed to protect sensor networks from attacks. In this algorithm, each cluster head in a cluster-base...In this paper, an optimized rmlicious nodes detection algorithm, based on Weighted Confidence Filter （WCF）, is proposed to protect sensor networks from attacks. In this algorithm, each cluster head in a cluster-based hierarchical network figures out an average confidence degree by means of messages from its child nodes. The cluster head only accepts a message from the child node whose confidence degree is higher than the average. Meanwhile, it updates the confidence degrees for each of its child nodes by comparing the aggregation value and the received messages, and regards them as the weight of exactness of messages from nodes. A sensor node is judged to be rmlicious if its weight value is lower than the predefined threshold. Comparative simulation results verify that the proposed WCF algorithm is better than the Weighted Trust Evaluation （WTE） in terms of the detection ratio and the false alarm ratio. More specifically, with the WCF, the detection ratio is significantly improved and the false alarm ratio is observably reduced, especially when the malicious node ratio is 0.25 or greater. When 40% of 100 sensors are malicious, the detection accuracy is above 90% and the false alarm ratio is nearly only 1.8%.展开更多
On the basis of strict mathematical description about Failure_Free Period Life Test (FFPLT), the statistical properties of the tests and optimal confidence limit of the parameter are discussed in detail and correspond...On the basis of strict mathematical description about Failure_Free Period Life Test (FFPLT), the statistical properties of the tests and optimal confidence limit of the parameter are discussed in detail and corresponding calculating formulae are found out.展开更多
In ESL classroom,it is unavoidable for students,as non-native speakers,to make errors or mistakes in speaking,writing,listening and reading while they are learning English.Edge (1989) points out that "making mist...In ESL classroom,it is unavoidable for students,as non-native speakers,to make errors or mistakes in speaking,writing,listening and reading while they are learning English.Edge (1989) points out that "making mistakes is a part of learning".And he further states that more and more people agree with the idea that "correction is a part of teaching"(Edge J,1989).If his statements are true,we may ask how the two of them go together since students and teachers are the two main inter-participants in classroom.Before answering the question,we have to face the reality that has been described by Bartram and Walton(1991).They cited a figure from David Nunan(1991): "in research done into the decisions made by teachers in the classroom,Nunan has found that relatively few of their decisions concern mistakes and mistake-management.Only 4%of all pedagogical decisions are to do with correction and feedback".In such a critical situation,how to re-evaluate error correction becomes more important as it plays an indispensable part of language teaching.And for language teachers,how to feed back the error correction to students is another crucial point.Therefore,this project aims to briefly investigate the types of error correction through several examples and gives an advice to language teachers while they are making feedback.展开更多
Public speaking is one of the most intimidating and important aspects of many jobs. The difficulty many people experienced and will experience when asked to speak publicly is the lack of confidence. Learning to speak ...Public speaking is one of the most intimidating and important aspects of many jobs. The difficulty many people experienced and will experience when asked to speak publicly is the lack of confidence. Learning to speak with confidence is an indispensable resource for anyone who wants to speak with confidence.展开更多
Cultural confidence represents a fundamental and profound force that sustains the development of a country and a na-tion. It is also a prerequisite for college students' growth and development. Given phenomena suc...Cultural confidence represents a fundamental and profound force that sustains the development of a country and a na-tion. It is also a prerequisite for college students' growth and development. Given phenomena such as college students' alienationfrom Chinese culture and"Chinese culture aphasia", this paper tries to analyze the reasons behind it. It then states the significanceand ways of helping college students build up cultural confidence through English teaching in the context of new liberal arts.展开更多
This paper constructs a set of confidence regions of parameters in terms of statistical curvatures for AR(q) nonlinear regression models. The geometric frameworks are proposed for the model. Then several confidence re...This paper constructs a set of confidence regions of parameters in terms of statistical curvatures for AR(q) nonlinear regression models. The geometric frameworks are proposed for the model. Then several confidence regions for parameters and parameter subsets in terms of statistical curvatures are given based on the likelihood ratio statistics and score statistics. Several previous results, such as [1] and [2] are extended to AR(q) nonlinear regression models.展开更多
Purpose:We aim to extend our investigations related to the Relative Intensity of Collaboration(RIC)indicator,by constructing a confidence interval for the obtained values.Design/methodology/approach:We use Mantel-Haen...Purpose:We aim to extend our investigations related to the Relative Intensity of Collaboration(RIC)indicator,by constructing a confidence interval for the obtained values.Design/methodology/approach:We use Mantel-Haenszel statistics as applied recently by Smolinsky,Klingenberg,and Marx.Findings:We obtain confidence intervals for the RIC indicatorResearch limitations:It is not obvious that data obtained from the Web of Science(or any other database)can be considered a random sample.Practical implications:We explain how to calculate confidence intervals.Bibliometric indicators are more often than not presented as precise values instead of an approximation depending on the database and the time of measurement.Our approach presents a suggestion to solve this problem.Originality/value:Our approach combines the statistics of binary categorical data and bibliometric studies of collaboration.展开更多
Probabilistic quantum cloning（PQC） cannot copy a set of linearly dependent quantum states.In this paper,we show that if incorrect copies are allowed to be produced,linearly dependent quantum states may also be clone...Probabilistic quantum cloning（PQC） cannot copy a set of linearly dependent quantum states.In this paper,we show that if incorrect copies are allowed to be produced,linearly dependent quantum states may also be cloned by the PQC.By exploiting this kind of PQC to clone a special set of three linearly dependent quantum states,we derive the upper bound of the maximum confidence measure of a set.An explicit transformation of the maximum confidence measure is presented.展开更多
On the evening of September 22nd,at the opening ceremony of 2017 Beijing Fashion Week,＂Snow Lotus＂,the domestic first cashmere clothing brand,hold＂Snow-Lotus 18/19 A/W Cashmere Knitting Trends＂at Ancestral Temple ...On the evening of September 22nd,at the opening ceremony of 2017 Beijing Fashion Week,＂Snow Lotus＂,the domestic first cashmere clothing brand,hold＂Snow-Lotus 18/19 A/W Cashmere Knitting Trends＂at Ancestral Temple of People＇s Cultural Palace,which was the first show of the fashion week.More than 500 people attended the opening ceremony and fashion trends press conference.展开更多
Cultural confidence is of great significance in the rise and fall of the national development, cultural security, and nation-al spiritual independence. This paper first analyzes the possible reasons for the lack of un...Cultural confidence is of great significance in the rise and fall of the national development, cultural security, and nation-al spiritual independence. This paper first analyzes the possible reasons for the lack of university students' cultural confidence and then put forwards with some means to cultivate their' cultural consciousness and cultural confidence through English teaching .展开更多
In 2008,both internal and external troubles have turned Chinese textile enterprises to confront with the most terrible difficulties.While facing those challenge and crisis,is there any hope for us to maintain our cofi...In 2008,both internal and external troubles have turned Chinese textile enterprises to confront with the most terrible difficulties.While facing those challenge and crisis,is there any hope for us to maintain our cofidence?展开更多
With the spread of the global financial turmoil, China is under growing tension from its large population, limited resource, environment problems, and losing its competitive edge in the world as exports are being driv...With the spread of the global financial turmoil, China is under growing tension from its large population, limited resource, environment problems, and losing its competitive edge in the world as exports are being driven down by shrinking demand abroad as well as higher costs. Despite challenges, China still has a great potential to develop its domestic demand and a solid financial system. Under such circumstance, we should enhance confidence. It is imperative for us to perceive favorable conditions and positive factors for acting against the negative outside environment and promoting development in a scientific way.展开更多
Existing blockwise empirical likelihood(BEL)method blocks the observations or their analogues,which is proven useful under some dependent data settings.In this paper,we introduce a new BEL(NBEL)method by blocking the ...Existing blockwise empirical likelihood(BEL)method blocks the observations or their analogues,which is proven useful under some dependent data settings.In this paper,we introduce a new BEL(NBEL)method by blocking the scoring functions under high dimensional cases.We study the construction of confidence regions for the parameters in spatial autoregressive models with spatial autoregressive disturbances(SARAR models)with high dimension of parameters by using the NBEL method.It is shown that the NBEL ratio statistics are asymptoticallyχ^(2)-type distributed,which are used to obtain the NBEL based confidence regions for the parameters in SARAR models.A simulation study is conducted to compare the performances of the NBEL and the usual EL methods.展开更多
In recent years,network attacks have been characterized by diversification and scale,which indicates a requirement for defense strategies to sacrifice generalizability for higher security.As the latest theoretical ach...In recent years,network attacks have been characterized by diversification and scale,which indicates a requirement for defense strategies to sacrifice generalizability for higher security.As the latest theoretical achievement in active defense,mimic defense demonstrates high robustness against complex attacks.This study proposes a Function-aware,Bayesian adjudication,and Adaptive updating Mimic Defense(FBAMD)theory for addressing the current problems of existing work including limited ability to resist unknown threats,imprecise heterogeneous metrics,and over-reliance on relatively-correct axiom.FBAMD incorporates three critical steps.Firstly,the common features of executors’vulnerabilities are obtained from the perspective of the functional implementation(i.e,input-output relationships extraction).Secondly,a new adjudication mechanism considering Bayes’theory is proposed by leveraging the advantages of both current results and historical confidence.Furthermore,posterior confidence can be updated regularly with prior adjudication information,which provides mimic system adaptability.The experimental analysis shows that FBAMD exhibits the best performance in the face of different types of attacks compared to the state-of-the-art over real-world datasets.This study presents a promising step toward the theo-retical innovation of mimic defense.展开更多
Yule-Simon distribution has a wide range of practical applications, such as in networkscience, biology and humanities. A lot of work focuses on the study of how well the empirical datafits Yule-Simon distribution or h...Yule-Simon distribution has a wide range of practical applications, such as in networkscience, biology and humanities. A lot of work focuses on the study of how well the empirical datafits Yule-Simon distribution or how to estimate the parameter. There are still some open problems,such as the error analysis of parameter estimation, the theoretical proof of the convergence of theiterative algorithm for maximum likelihood estimation of parameters. The Yule-Simon distributionis a heavy-tailed distribution and the parameter is usually less than 2, so the variance does notexist. This makes it difficult to give an interval estimation of the parameter. Using the compressiontransformation, this paper proposes a method of interval estimation based on the centrallimit theorem. This method can be applied to many heavy-tailed distributions. The other twoasymptotic confidence intervals of the parameter are obtained based on the maximum likelihoodand the mode method. These estimation methods are compared in simulations and applications toempirical data.展开更多
Since the early 20th century,China has gradually established a clinical,educational,and research system centered around modern scientific medicine,which has now become the dominant force in China's medical and hea...Since the early 20th century,China has gradually established a clinical,educational,and research system centered around modern scientific medicine,which has now become the dominant force in China's medical and health system and services,with the construction and development of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College as the most prominent symbol.The scientific medicine in the new era requires close cooperation across multiple disciplines and fields to build a high-quality and efficient medical and health service system.It also involves combining the excellent traditional Chinese culture with Western medicine to explore a unique path of modern scientific medicine with Chinese characteristics.展开更多
An S-N curve fitting approach is proposed based on the weighted least square method, and the weights are inversely proportional to the length of mean confidence intervals of experimental data sets. The assumption coin...An S-N curve fitting approach is proposed based on the weighted least square method, and the weights are inversely proportional to the length of mean confidence intervals of experimental data sets. The assumption coincides with the physical characteristics of the fatigue life scatter. Two examples demonstrate the method. It is shown that the method has better accuracy and reasonableness compared with the usual least square method.展开更多
文摘On March 12,the official account of the International Business Daily of the Ministry of Commerce published an article titled“Foreign trade enterprises:full of confidence,clear direction,strong motivation”.The content is as follows:This year,China is still facing a tough foreign trade situation.On the one hand,many international organizations predict that global economic growth in 2024 will still be lower than the historical average and the pressure on external demand will increase;on the other hand,trade protectionism and unilateralism are on the rise,geopolitical conflicts,the global“super election year”and other spillover factors have created many uncertainties.
文摘Let x 1,x 2,… be independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) random variables, in which x n=0 or 1 and the probability of ｛x n=1｝ is p. Here p is unknown. Let τ be any finite stopping time for (x n,n1). For any sequential sample (x 1,x 2,…,x τ ) and γ∈(0,1), we have given an optimal confidence limit of p with confidence level γ . Some related problems are also discussed.
文摘A geometric framework is proposed for semiparametric nonlinear regression models based on the concept of least favorable curve, introduced by Severini and Wong (1992). The authors use this framework to drive three kinds of improved approximate confidence regions for the parameter and parameter subset in terms of curvatures. The results obtained by Hamilton et al. (1982), Hamilton (1986) and Wei (1994) are extended to semiparametric nonlinear regression models.
基金Acknowledgements This paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Cant No. 61170219 the Natural Science Foundation Project of CQ CSTC under Grants No. 2009BB2278, No201 1jjA40028 the 2011 Talent Plan of Chongqing Higher Education.
文摘In this paper, an optimized rmlicious nodes detection algorithm, based on Weighted Confidence Filter （WCF）, is proposed to protect sensor networks from attacks. In this algorithm, each cluster head in a cluster-based hierarchical network figures out an average confidence degree by means of messages from its child nodes. The cluster head only accepts a message from the child node whose confidence degree is higher than the average. Meanwhile, it updates the confidence degrees for each of its child nodes by comparing the aggregation value and the received messages, and regards them as the weight of exactness of messages from nodes. A sensor node is judged to be rmlicious if its weight value is lower than the predefined threshold. Comparative simulation results verify that the proposed WCF algorithm is better than the Weighted Trust Evaluation （WTE） in terms of the detection ratio and the false alarm ratio. More specifically, with the WCF, the detection ratio is significantly improved and the false alarm ratio is observably reduced, especially when the malicious node ratio is 0.25 or greater. When 40% of 100 sensors are malicious, the detection accuracy is above 90% and the false alarm ratio is nearly only 1.8%.
文摘On the basis of strict mathematical description about Failure_Free Period Life Test (FFPLT), the statistical properties of the tests and optimal confidence limit of the parameter are discussed in detail and corresponding calculating formulae are found out.
文摘In ESL classroom,it is unavoidable for students,as non-native speakers,to make errors or mistakes in speaking,writing,listening and reading while they are learning English.Edge (1989) points out that "making mistakes is a part of learning".And he further states that more and more people agree with the idea that "correction is a part of teaching"(Edge J,1989).If his statements are true,we may ask how the two of them go together since students and teachers are the two main inter-participants in classroom.Before answering the question,we have to face the reality that has been described by Bartram and Walton(1991).They cited a figure from David Nunan(1991): "in research done into the decisions made by teachers in the classroom,Nunan has found that relatively few of their decisions concern mistakes and mistake-management.Only 4%of all pedagogical decisions are to do with correction and feedback".In such a critical situation,how to re-evaluate error correction becomes more important as it plays an indispensable part of language teaching.And for language teachers,how to feed back the error correction to students is another crucial point.Therefore,this project aims to briefly investigate the types of error correction through several examples and gives an advice to language teachers while they are making feedback.
文摘Public speaking is one of the most intimidating and important aspects of many jobs. The difficulty many people experienced and will experience when asked to speak publicly is the lack of confidence. Learning to speak with confidence is an indispensable resource for anyone who wants to speak with confidence.
文摘Cultural confidence represents a fundamental and profound force that sustains the development of a country and a na-tion. It is also a prerequisite for college students' growth and development. Given phenomena such as college students' alienationfrom Chinese culture and"Chinese culture aphasia", this paper tries to analyze the reasons behind it. It then states the significanceand ways of helping college students build up cultural confidence through English teaching in the context of new liberal arts.
文摘This paper constructs a set of confidence regions of parameters in terms of statistical curvatures for AR(q) nonlinear regression models. The geometric frameworks are proposed for the model. Then several confidence regions for parameters and parameter subsets in terms of statistical curvatures are given based on the likelihood ratio statistics and score statistics. Several previous results, such as [1] and [2] are extended to AR(q) nonlinear regression models.
文摘Purpose:We aim to extend our investigations related to the Relative Intensity of Collaboration(RIC)indicator,by constructing a confidence interval for the obtained values.Design/methodology/approach:We use Mantel-Haenszel statistics as applied recently by Smolinsky,Klingenberg,and Marx.Findings:We obtain confidence intervals for the RIC indicatorResearch limitations:It is not obvious that data obtained from the Web of Science(or any other database)can be considered a random sample.Practical implications:We explain how to calculate confidence intervals.Bibliometric indicators are more often than not presented as precise values instead of an approximation depending on the database and the time of measurement.Our approach presents a suggestion to solve this problem.Originality/value:Our approach combines the statistics of binary categorical data and bibliometric studies of collaboration.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11074002,61073048,and 11104057)the Natural Science Foundation of the Education Department of Anhui Province,China (Grant Nos. KJ2010ZD08 and KJ2012A245)the Postgraduate Program of Huainan Normal University of China
文摘Probabilistic quantum cloning（PQC） cannot copy a set of linearly dependent quantum states.In this paper,we show that if incorrect copies are allowed to be produced,linearly dependent quantum states may also be cloned by the PQC.By exploiting this kind of PQC to clone a special set of three linearly dependent quantum states,we derive the upper bound of the maximum confidence measure of a set.An explicit transformation of the maximum confidence measure is presented.
文摘On the evening of September 22nd,at the opening ceremony of 2017 Beijing Fashion Week,＂Snow Lotus＂,the domestic first cashmere clothing brand,hold＂Snow-Lotus 18/19 A/W Cashmere Knitting Trends＂at Ancestral Temple of People＇s Cultural Palace,which was the first show of the fashion week.More than 500 people attended the opening ceremony and fashion trends press conference.
文摘Cultural confidence is of great significance in the rise and fall of the national development, cultural security, and nation-al spiritual independence. This paper first analyzes the possible reasons for the lack of university students' cultural confidence and then put forwards with some means to cultivate their' cultural consciousness and cultural confidence through English teaching .
文摘In 2008,both internal and external troubles have turned Chinese textile enterprises to confront with the most terrible difficulties.While facing those challenge and crisis,is there any hope for us to maintain our cofidence?
文摘With the spread of the global financial turmoil, China is under growing tension from its large population, limited resource, environment problems, and losing its competitive edge in the world as exports are being driven down by shrinking demand abroad as well as higher costs. Despite challenges, China still has a great potential to develop its domestic demand and a solid financial system. Under such circumstance, we should enhance confidence. It is imperative for us to perceive favorable conditions and positive factors for acting against the negative outside environment and promoting development in a scientific way.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12061017,12361055)the Research Fund of Guangxi Key Lab of Multi-source Information Mining&Security(22-A-01-01)。
文摘Existing blockwise empirical likelihood(BEL)method blocks the observations or their analogues,which is proven useful under some dependent data settings.In this paper,we introduce a new BEL(NBEL)method by blocking the scoring functions under high dimensional cases.We study the construction of confidence regions for the parameters in spatial autoregressive models with spatial autoregressive disturbances(SARAR models)with high dimension of parameters by using the NBEL method.It is shown that the NBEL ratio statistics are asymptoticallyχ^(2)-type distributed,which are used to obtain the NBEL based confidence regions for the parameters in SARAR models.A simulation study is conducted to compare the performances of the NBEL and the usual EL methods.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2020YFB1804604).
文摘In recent years,network attacks have been characterized by diversification and scale,which indicates a requirement for defense strategies to sacrifice generalizability for higher security.As the latest theoretical achievement in active defense,mimic defense demonstrates high robustness against complex attacks.This study proposes a Function-aware,Bayesian adjudication,and Adaptive updating Mimic Defense(FBAMD)theory for addressing the current problems of existing work including limited ability to resist unknown threats,imprecise heterogeneous metrics,and over-reliance on relatively-correct axiom.FBAMD incorporates three critical steps.Firstly,the common features of executors’vulnerabilities are obtained from the perspective of the functional implementation(i.e,input-output relationships extraction).Secondly,a new adjudication mechanism considering Bayes’theory is proposed by leveraging the advantages of both current results and historical confidence.Furthermore,posterior confidence can be updated regularly with prior adjudication information,which provides mimic system adaptability.The experimental analysis shows that FBAMD exhibits the best performance in the face of different types of attacks compared to the state-of-the-art over real-world datasets.This study presents a promising step toward the theo-retical innovation of mimic defense.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11961035)Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.20224BCD41001).
文摘Yule-Simon distribution has a wide range of practical applications, such as in networkscience, biology and humanities. A lot of work focuses on the study of how well the empirical datafits Yule-Simon distribution or how to estimate the parameter. There are still some open problems,such as the error analysis of parameter estimation, the theoretical proof of the convergence of theiterative algorithm for maximum likelihood estimation of parameters. The Yule-Simon distributionis a heavy-tailed distribution and the parameter is usually less than 2, so the variance does notexist. This makes it difficult to give an interval estimation of the parameter. Using the compressiontransformation, this paper proposes a method of interval estimation based on the centrallimit theorem. This method can be applied to many heavy-tailed distributions. The other twoasymptotic confidence intervals of the parameter are obtained based on the maximum likelihoodand the mode method. These estimation methods are compared in simulations and applications toempirical data.
基金Supported by the Study on Chen Zhiqian's Public Health Thought Theory and Practice in Urban and Rural Areas(No.:3332022175).
文摘Since the early 20th century,China has gradually established a clinical,educational,and research system centered around modern scientific medicine,which has now become the dominant force in China's medical and health system and services,with the construction and development of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College as the most prominent symbol.The scientific medicine in the new era requires close cooperation across multiple disciplines and fields to build a high-quality and efficient medical and health service system.It also involves combining the excellent traditional Chinese culture with Western medicine to explore a unique path of modern scientific medicine with Chinese characteristics.
文摘An S-N curve fitting approach is proposed based on the weighted least square method, and the weights are inversely proportional to the length of mean confidence intervals of experimental data sets. The assumption coincides with the physical characteristics of the fatigue life scatter. Two examples demonstrate the method. It is shown that the method has better accuracy and reasonableness compared with the usual least square method.
