Trichoderma spp. is a filamentous soil fungus known as an effective biocontrol agent of a range of important airborne and soilborne pathogens, it has universal distribution and economic importance. This article review...Trichoderma spp. is a filamentous soil fungus known as an effective biocontrol agent of a range of important airborne and soilborne pathogens, it has universal distribution and economic importance. This article reviewed the researches on biocontrol mechanism for plant diseases and application of Trichoderma spp., especially Trichoderma harzianum in recent years展开更多
Trichoderma spp. have been known for their strong abilities to produce extracellular enzymes, especially cellulases and glucanases by T. reesei, and also for their abilities to control plant pathogens. Most notably, a...Trichoderma spp. have been known for their strong abilities to produce extracellular enzymes, especially cellulases and glucanases by T. reesei, and also for their abilities to control plant pathogens. Most notably, a number of lines of evidence indicate that the agriculturally relevant strains are synergistic plant symbionts. As plant symbionts they possess the following characteristics: (a) they infect plant roots but cause the plant to restrict their growth to outer layers of the plant cortex (an exception is the recent discoveries of plant endophytic strains of Trichoderma and Gliocladium ), (b) they produce bioactive plant molecules in the zone of interaction that (c) induce localized systemic resistance to plant diseases and (d) systemic plant resistance to diseases that in some respects is similar to that induced by rhizobacteria, (e) they induce changes in plant proteomes, (f) increase plant growth and yield at least in part by enhancing root growth, and (g) they increase plant nutrient uptake. The increase in plant growth and yields is strongly interactive with plant genotype, at least in maize. There also are very significant increases in the knowledge of events that occur in mycoparasitism that in many respects have features in common with their interactions with plants. They are highly resistant to toxicants and have recently been shown to degrade cyanide and take up, and then degrade, metallocyanides. These discoveries allow new uses for the organisms in managed plant systems, including agriculture. For example, the induced systemic resistance system allows control of fungi, bacteria, Oomycetes and even one virus at sites temporally and spatially distant from the site of application. The abilities of the fungi to resist/degrade toxicants and increase plant growth indicate they will highly useful components in plant-microbe or microbe-only strategies for remediation of soil and water pollution. Finally, there are new uses of their enzyme systems for production of chitin degradation products for use as nutraceuticals or pharmaceuticals.展开更多
Different from ribosomal genes, which contain highly conserved sequences that are detected in all organisms, the intergenic spacer of rDNA (IGS) appears to be the most rapidly-evolving spacer region. For this reason w...Different from ribosomal genes, which contain highly conserved sequences that are detected in all organisms, the intergenic spacer of rDNA (IGS) appears to be the most rapidly-evolving spacer region. For this reason we tested this region for phylogenetic studies. This report focuses on the study of IGS sequences of isolates belonging to Trichoderma section (T. viride, T. koningii, T. hamatum, T. erinaceus, T. asperellum) and Pachybasium section (T. harzianum, T. crassum, T. fasciculatum, T. oblongisporum, T. virens). Using the primer pair 28STD and CNS1, the Fast Start Taq DNA Polymerase (Roche), and a three temperature PCR protocol, products ranging from ca 1900 to 2400 bp were obtained from all tested isolates. The PCR product of 16 Trichoderma spp. isolates was cloned into a pGEM-TEeasy Vector (Promega) and sequenced. Based on a BLAST search we can conclude that the PCR product represents the whole IGS region. Multiple alignments of IGS sequences revealed two portions with different homology level. Portion A (ca 1660 bp) is the portion that contains 3’ end of 28S gene and is the more variable, while portion B (ca 830 bp), that contains the 3’ end of IGS region and the 5’ end of 18S gene, is the less variable. Comparing all sequences in region A 705 identical pairs occur out of 1704 total nucleotides (41.4%), while in region B identical pairs were 723 out of 832 total nucleotides (86.9%) . Sequence comparison of the two regions at intraspecific level (where it was possible) showed higher variability in region A (0.17%-6.8%) than in region B (0.0%-1.0%) . At interspecific level, performing all possible comparisons, the variability of region A (19.5%-52.7%) and B (0.8%- 16.9%). were significantly higher. Comparing sequences of species belonging to Trichoderma section variability of the two regions appears reduced if compared with that obtained from comparisons of species belonging to Pachybasium section. On the basis of sequence alignment, phylogenetic trees were obtained either with entire IGS, with region A, and with region B. Results of this analysis revealed that all isolates belonging to Trichoderma section grouped separately from isolates belonging to Pachybasium section. IGS region allowed us to group species according to their taxonomic position. The topology of the tree did not change substantially, varying in genetic distance only. Performing a GenBank search sequences representing the final portion of the IGS region of other fungal species were found, and we carried out a multiple alignment using also our sequences of Trichoderma spp. and Diaporthe helianthi. The phylogeny inferred from sequence alignment matched the generally accepted morphology-based classification and was identical to other molecular schemes at high taxonomic level. Data analysis was useful in establishing a broad-scale phylogeny of Ascomycota and was also useful in sorting them into statistically-supported clades. The tree showed that Trichoderma occurred in a well-supported terminal subclade of a larger clade that also contained other genera belonging to Hypocreales order. Sequence analysis of the Trichoderma spp. IGS region allowed us to design a specific PCR primer that was successfully used to amplify region A. The new reverse primer LCR2, that recognize all Trichoderma isolates, was identified in region B and confirmed for its specificity on the DNA of fungi belonging to other Ascomycota genera. Results obtained showed that IGS region seems to be an interesting and versatile tool for phylogenetic analysis, for resolving some taxonomic problems and for constructing specific primer useful for different purposes.展开更多
The soil is a complex system where processes have direct influence on crop nutrition and plant health. Unfortunately, most of the agricultural soil management practices, compact them producing poor oxygenation, low be...The soil is a complex system where processes have direct influence on crop nutrition and plant health. Unfortunately, most of the agricultural soil management practices, compact them producing poor oxygenation, low benefic microorganism populations and metabolic disorders in plants. Those factors induce abnormal plant development and predisposition to the attack of soil borne plant pathogens as: Sclerotium cepivorum, Sclerotium rolfsi, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani, Rosellinia spp. But also, some air borne pathogens as Colletotrichum sp., are more aggressive under those conditions. In Costa Rica some practical trails done by farmers, have shown that the addition of Trichoderma spp. to organic fertilizers like vermicompost, Bocashi, and other composts, has a positive effect on the structure and microbial diversity, that improves nutrient movement in plants and pathogen suppression. Vegetative material of leather fern (Rumohra adiantiformis) infected by Rosellinia spp., planted with bocashi amended with. T. asperellum (T. harzianum), showed more tip root growth and new fern rhizomes. Also the plants produced higher number of fiddleheads and high quality fronds. Non-treated material showed a total loss. In some leaf vegetables as lettuce the use of vermicompost followed by Trichoderma viride application, inhibited S. sclerotiorum development on the crop, in this study sclerotia were infected and plant yields were increased. Compost previously inoculated with Trichoderma, inhibited 100% the Botrytis and R. solani infection, in nurseries, and plant nutrition was improved. The observed results are attributed to the antagonistic effect of Trichoderma on soil and airborne pathogens, production of growth regulators, solubilization of some microelements and better mineral absorption with the development of more roots and elimination of diseased roots. As conclusion, the organic substrates inoculated with Trichoderma spp., besides the organic matter source, they improve the structural characteristics of soil, promote the biochemical processes, increases the level of growth regulator substances and inhibit plant disease as well.展开更多
A series of highly taxonomically diverse Trichoderma strains were investigated using proteomic approaches, to investigate the utility of protein profiles as taxonomic markers and to identify proteins of potential econ...A series of highly taxonomically diverse Trichoderma strains were investigated using proteomic approaches, to investigate the utility of protein profiles as taxonomic markers and to identify proteins of potential economic importance. Initial studies have focused on a comparison of single strains of T. aureoviride, T. saturnisporum, T. polysporum, T. longbrachiatum and T. spirale, along with two strains of T. harzianum. All seven strains were grown in synthetic medium supplemented with 2%(w/v) glycerol, to maximize the diversity of extracellular protein production. Samples of secreted protein were separated by 2D gel electrophoresis and will be characterized by MALDI-TOF peptide fingerprinting.展开更多
@Szakacs G$Technical University of Budapest, Department of Agricultural Chemical Technology, 1111 Budapest, Gellert ter 4, Hungar@Tavaszi A$Technical University of Budapest, Department of Agricultural Chemical Techn...@Szakacs G$Technical University of Budapest, Department of Agricultural Chemical Technology, 1111 Budapest, Gellert ter 4, Hungar@Tavaszi A$Technical University of Budapest, Department of Agricultural Chemical Technology, 1111 Budapest, Gellert ter 4,展开更多
A trusty and intuitionistic method for screening chitinase produced by Trichoderma spp. was developed. 38 isolates of Trichoderma spp. were cultured in liquid medium with chitin or colloidal chitin as the sole carbon ...A trusty and intuitionistic method for screening chitinase produced by Trichoderma spp. was developed. 38 isolates of Trichoderma spp. were cultured in liquid medium with chitin or colloidal chitin as the sole carbon source for 4 days. The supernatant of the fermented broth was mixed with colloidal chitin and heated in water-bath at 37℃ for 30 min, then 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid reagent (DNS) was added to the mixture, and let them react for 10 min in water-bath. According to the different colour of the mixture, the isolates of Trichoderma spp. which can produce chitinase could be screened.展开更多
Culture collection of the Technical University of Budapest (TUB) comprises app ro x. 2800 microorganisms with special emphasis on lignocellulose degrading fungi a nd actinomycetes. For isolation and screening programs...Culture collection of the Technical University of Budapest (TUB) comprises app ro x. 2800 microorganisms with special emphasis on lignocellulose degrading fungi a nd actinomycetes. For isolation and screening programs, 460 soils are stored at +5 ℃. They were collected in 58 countries, including extreme environments. There are 860 Trichoderma strains in TUB collection, representing 45 count ries and 173 soils and/or tree barks as isolation sources. Trichoderma spp . selected from soils in the tundra region (Rocky Mountains, Colorado) grow at l ow temperatures such as 5-10 ℃. These strains practically do not grow at 30 ℃ . On the contrary, many Trichoderma strains were isolated from tropical or s ubtropical soils and decaying plant materials at 35-40 ℃ in Brazil, Peru, Cost a Rica, Guatemala, Hawaii, Tanzania, Thailand and Indonesia. Trichoderma str ains tolerating limited oxygen supply were selected from river muds and sediment s. Trichoderma spp. tolerating or partially degrading 2,4-dichlorophenol a nd 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in 20 mg/kg concentration were selected from polluted soils. As a part of an attempt to assess the global biodiversity of Trichoderma, researchers of Technical University of Vienna and Agriculture Canada, in collab oration with TUB collection, identified and characterized seven new assumed taxa of Trichoderma from Eurasia.展开更多
Three strains of Trichoderma spp. TV112, TX003, TY009 obtained from previous experiments could inhibit the sclerotial formation of two strains of Rhizoctonia salani AG1 (-1A) isolated from the rice paddies in Hanzhou ...Three strains of Trichoderma spp. TV112, TX003, TY009 obtained from previous experiments could inhibit the sclerotial formation of two strains of Rhizoctonia salani AG1 (-1A) isolated from the rice paddies in Hanzhou of China. However, it is unclear if there are the antagonism and mycoparasitism of the Trichoderma strains tested against the mycelial growth of R. solani . The objective of this research was to evaluate the ability of the Trichoderma strains to inhibit the mycelial growth of R. solani in vitro . Dual culture testes showed all the Trichoderma strains tested inhibited the mycelial growth of R. solani. The strains also produced toxic metabolites with activity against R. solani, inhibiting the mycelial growth by 74%, 81.8%, and 53%, repectively. Electron microscopic observations revealed that all the Trichoderma strains interacted with R. solani . The strains TV112 and TX003 grew toward and coiled tightly around the host cells, penetrating and destroying the hyphae. TX009 penetrated the cell wall of R. solani by antagonist directly without formation of appressorium-like structure. Penetration of the Trichoderma strains on host cells was apparently accomplished by mechanical activity. These results demonstrated that all the three strains were effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of R. solani .展开更多
The local isolates of Trichoderma spp. and Fusarium solani were colected from citrus orchards in the Mekong delta of Vietnam and isolated on PDA, PDB and TSM medium for antagonism and Koch’s postulate testing. The re...The local isolates of Trichoderma spp. and Fusarium solani were colected from citrus orchards in the Mekong delta of Vietnam and isolated on PDA, PDB and TSM medium for antagonism and Koch’s postulate testing. The results showed that the high chitinolytic enzymes content of Trichoderma isolates can antagonise with Fusarium solani isolates by preventing the germination of Fusarium macroconidia in in-vitro condition. There are five promising isolates of Trichoderma spp. having high antagonism with Fusarium solani. These Trichoderma isolates also grew well in rice straws, maize stems, weeds and water hyacinth biowaste materials. These results supply the promising trend for biological control of root rot disease on citrus orchards of the Mekong delta.展开更多
基金Supported by Chinese National Programs for High Technology Research and Development(2003AA241140)
文摘Trichoderma spp. is a filamentous soil fungus known as an effective biocontrol agent of a range of important airborne and soilborne pathogens, it has universal distribution and economic importance. This article reviewed the researches on biocontrol mechanism for plant diseases and application of Trichoderma spp., especially Trichoderma harzianum in recent years
文摘Trichoderma spp. have been known for their strong abilities to produce extracellular enzymes, especially cellulases and glucanases by T. reesei, and also for their abilities to control plant pathogens. Most notably, a number of lines of evidence indicate that the agriculturally relevant strains are synergistic plant symbionts. As plant symbionts they possess the following characteristics: (a) they infect plant roots but cause the plant to restrict their growth to outer layers of the plant cortex (an exception is the recent discoveries of plant endophytic strains of Trichoderma and Gliocladium ), (b) they produce bioactive plant molecules in the zone of interaction that (c) induce localized systemic resistance to plant diseases and (d) systemic plant resistance to diseases that in some respects is similar to that induced by rhizobacteria, (e) they induce changes in plant proteomes, (f) increase plant growth and yield at least in part by enhancing root growth, and (g) they increase plant nutrient uptake. The increase in plant growth and yields is strongly interactive with plant genotype, at least in maize. There also are very significant increases in the knowledge of events that occur in mycoparasitism that in many respects have features in common with their interactions with plants. They are highly resistant to toxicants and have recently been shown to degrade cyanide and take up, and then degrade, metallocyanides. These discoveries allow new uses for the organisms in managed plant systems, including agriculture. For example, the induced systemic resistance system allows control of fungi, bacteria, Oomycetes and even one virus at sites temporally and spatially distant from the site of application. The abilities of the fungi to resist/degrade toxicants and increase plant growth indicate they will highly useful components in plant-microbe or microbe-only strategies for remediation of soil and water pollution. Finally, there are new uses of their enzyme systems for production of chitin degradation products for use as nutraceuticals or pharmaceuticals.
文摘Different from ribosomal genes, which contain highly conserved sequences that are detected in all organisms, the intergenic spacer of rDNA (IGS) appears to be the most rapidly-evolving spacer region. For this reason we tested this region for phylogenetic studies. This report focuses on the study of IGS sequences of isolates belonging to Trichoderma section (T. viride, T. koningii, T. hamatum, T. erinaceus, T. asperellum) and Pachybasium section (T. harzianum, T. crassum, T. fasciculatum, T. oblongisporum, T. virens). Using the primer pair 28STD and CNS1, the Fast Start Taq DNA Polymerase (Roche), and a three temperature PCR protocol, products ranging from ca 1900 to 2400 bp were obtained from all tested isolates. The PCR product of 16 Trichoderma spp. isolates was cloned into a pGEM-TEeasy Vector (Promega) and sequenced. Based on a BLAST search we can conclude that the PCR product represents the whole IGS region. Multiple alignments of IGS sequences revealed two portions with different homology level. Portion A (ca 1660 bp) is the portion that contains 3’ end of 28S gene and is the more variable, while portion B (ca 830 bp), that contains the 3’ end of IGS region and the 5’ end of 18S gene, is the less variable. Comparing all sequences in region A 705 identical pairs occur out of 1704 total nucleotides (41.4%), while in region B identical pairs were 723 out of 832 total nucleotides (86.9%) . Sequence comparison of the two regions at intraspecific level (where it was possible) showed higher variability in region A (0.17%-6.8%) than in region B (0.0%-1.0%) . At interspecific level, performing all possible comparisons, the variability of region A (19.5%-52.7%) and B (0.8%- 16.9%). were significantly higher. Comparing sequences of species belonging to Trichoderma section variability of the two regions appears reduced if compared with that obtained from comparisons of species belonging to Pachybasium section. On the basis of sequence alignment, phylogenetic trees were obtained either with entire IGS, with region A, and with region B. Results of this analysis revealed that all isolates belonging to Trichoderma section grouped separately from isolates belonging to Pachybasium section. IGS region allowed us to group species according to their taxonomic position. The topology of the tree did not change substantially, varying in genetic distance only. Performing a GenBank search sequences representing the final portion of the IGS region of other fungal species were found, and we carried out a multiple alignment using also our sequences of Trichoderma spp. and Diaporthe helianthi. The phylogeny inferred from sequence alignment matched the generally accepted morphology-based classification and was identical to other molecular schemes at high taxonomic level. Data analysis was useful in establishing a broad-scale phylogeny of Ascomycota and was also useful in sorting them into statistically-supported clades. The tree showed that Trichoderma occurred in a well-supported terminal subclade of a larger clade that also contained other genera belonging to Hypocreales order. Sequence analysis of the Trichoderma spp. IGS region allowed us to design a specific PCR primer that was successfully used to amplify region A. The new reverse primer LCR2, that recognize all Trichoderma isolates, was identified in region B and confirmed for its specificity on the DNA of fungi belonging to other Ascomycota genera. Results obtained showed that IGS region seems to be an interesting and versatile tool for phylogenetic analysis, for resolving some taxonomic problems and for constructing specific primer useful for different purposes.
文摘The soil is a complex system where processes have direct influence on crop nutrition and plant health. Unfortunately, most of the agricultural soil management practices, compact them producing poor oxygenation, low benefic microorganism populations and metabolic disorders in plants. Those factors induce abnormal plant development and predisposition to the attack of soil borne plant pathogens as: Sclerotium cepivorum, Sclerotium rolfsi, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani, Rosellinia spp. But also, some air borne pathogens as Colletotrichum sp., are more aggressive under those conditions. In Costa Rica some practical trails done by farmers, have shown that the addition of Trichoderma spp. to organic fertilizers like vermicompost, Bocashi, and other composts, has a positive effect on the structure and microbial diversity, that improves nutrient movement in plants and pathogen suppression. Vegetative material of leather fern (Rumohra adiantiformis) infected by Rosellinia spp., planted with bocashi amended with. T. asperellum (T. harzianum), showed more tip root growth and new fern rhizomes. Also the plants produced higher number of fiddleheads and high quality fronds. Non-treated material showed a total loss. In some leaf vegetables as lettuce the use of vermicompost followed by Trichoderma viride application, inhibited S. sclerotiorum development on the crop, in this study sclerotia were infected and plant yields were increased. Compost previously inoculated with Trichoderma, inhibited 100% the Botrytis and R. solani infection, in nurseries, and plant nutrition was improved. The observed results are attributed to the antagonistic effect of Trichoderma on soil and airborne pathogens, production of growth regulators, solubilization of some microelements and better mineral absorption with the development of more roots and elimination of diseased roots. As conclusion, the organic substrates inoculated with Trichoderma spp., besides the organic matter source, they improve the structural characteristics of soil, promote the biochemical processes, increases the level of growth regulator substances and inhibit plant disease as well.
文摘A series of highly taxonomically diverse Trichoderma strains were investigated using proteomic approaches, to investigate the utility of protein profiles as taxonomic markers and to identify proteins of potential economic importance. Initial studies have focused on a comparison of single strains of T. aureoviride, T. saturnisporum, T. polysporum, T. longbrachiatum and T. spirale, along with two strains of T. harzianum. All seven strains were grown in synthetic medium supplemented with 2%(w/v) glycerol, to maximize the diversity of extracellular protein production. Samples of secreted protein were separated by 2D gel electrophoresis and will be characterized by MALDI-TOF peptide fingerprinting.
文摘@Szakacs G$Technical University of Budapest, Department of Agricultural Chemical Technology, 1111 Budapest, Gellert ter 4, Hungar@Tavaszi A$Technical University of Budapest, Department of Agricultural Chemical Technology, 1111 Budapest, Gellert ter 4,
文摘A trusty and intuitionistic method for screening chitinase produced by Trichoderma spp. was developed. 38 isolates of Trichoderma spp. were cultured in liquid medium with chitin or colloidal chitin as the sole carbon source for 4 days. The supernatant of the fermented broth was mixed with colloidal chitin and heated in water-bath at 37℃ for 30 min, then 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid reagent (DNS) was added to the mixture, and let them react for 10 min in water-bath. According to the different colour of the mixture, the isolates of Trichoderma spp. which can produce chitinase could be screened.
文摘Culture collection of the Technical University of Budapest (TUB) comprises app ro x. 2800 microorganisms with special emphasis on lignocellulose degrading fungi a nd actinomycetes. For isolation and screening programs, 460 soils are stored at +5 ℃. They were collected in 58 countries, including extreme environments. There are 860 Trichoderma strains in TUB collection, representing 45 count ries and 173 soils and/or tree barks as isolation sources. Trichoderma spp . selected from soils in the tundra region (Rocky Mountains, Colorado) grow at l ow temperatures such as 5-10 ℃. These strains practically do not grow at 30 ℃ . On the contrary, many Trichoderma strains were isolated from tropical or s ubtropical soils and decaying plant materials at 35-40 ℃ in Brazil, Peru, Cost a Rica, Guatemala, Hawaii, Tanzania, Thailand and Indonesia. Trichoderma str ains tolerating limited oxygen supply were selected from river muds and sediment s. Trichoderma spp. tolerating or partially degrading 2,4-dichlorophenol a nd 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in 20 mg/kg concentration were selected from polluted soils. As a part of an attempt to assess the global biodiversity of Trichoderma, researchers of Technical University of Vienna and Agriculture Canada, in collab oration with TUB collection, identified and characterized seven new assumed taxa of Trichoderma from Eurasia.
文摘Three strains of Trichoderma spp. TV112, TX003, TY009 obtained from previous experiments could inhibit the sclerotial formation of two strains of Rhizoctonia salani AG1 (-1A) isolated from the rice paddies in Hanzhou of China. However, it is unclear if there are the antagonism and mycoparasitism of the Trichoderma strains tested against the mycelial growth of R. solani . The objective of this research was to evaluate the ability of the Trichoderma strains to inhibit the mycelial growth of R. solani in vitro . Dual culture testes showed all the Trichoderma strains tested inhibited the mycelial growth of R. solani. The strains also produced toxic metabolites with activity against R. solani, inhibiting the mycelial growth by 74%, 81.8%, and 53%, repectively. Electron microscopic observations revealed that all the Trichoderma strains interacted with R. solani . The strains TV112 and TX003 grew toward and coiled tightly around the host cells, penetrating and destroying the hyphae. TX009 penetrated the cell wall of R. solani by antagonist directly without formation of appressorium-like structure. Penetration of the Trichoderma strains on host cells was apparently accomplished by mechanical activity. These results demonstrated that all the three strains were effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of R. solani .
文摘The local isolates of Trichoderma spp. and Fusarium solani were colected from citrus orchards in the Mekong delta of Vietnam and isolated on PDA, PDB and TSM medium for antagonism and Koch’s postulate testing. The results showed that the high chitinolytic enzymes content of Trichoderma isolates can antagonise with Fusarium solani isolates by preventing the germination of Fusarium macroconidia in in-vitro condition. There are five promising isolates of Trichoderma spp. having high antagonism with Fusarium solani. These Trichoderma isolates also grew well in rice straws, maize stems, weeds and water hyacinth biowaste materials. These results supply the promising trend for biological control of root rot disease on citrus orchards of the Mekong delta.
