Trade credit,as an effective tool for integrating and coordinating material,information,and financial flows in supply chain management,is becoming increasingly widespread.We explore how a manufacturer can design optim...Trade credit,as an effective tool for integrating and coordinating material,information,and financial flows in supply chain management,is becoming increasingly widespread.We explore how a manufacturer can design optimal trade credit contracts when a risk-averse retailer hides its sales cost information(adverse selection)and selling effort level(moral hazard).We develop incentive models for a risk-averse supply chain when adverse selection and moral hazard coexist,which are then compared with the results under single information asymmetry(moral hazard).Moreover,we analyze the effects of private information and risk-aversion coefficient on contract parameters,selling effort level and the profit or utility of the supply chain.The study shows that when the degree of retailer’s risk aversion is within a certain range,reasonable trade credit contracts designed by the manufacturer can effectively induce the retailer to report its real sales cost and encourage it to exert appropriate effort.Furthermore,we find that the optimal trade credit period,optimal transfer payment,and retailer’s optimal sales effort level under dual information asymmetry are less than those under single information asymmetry.Numerical analysis are conducted to demonstrate the effects of the parameters on decisions and profits.展开更多
In order to promote agricultural production and trade cooperation among BRICS countries,and ensure the security and stability of the oils and oilseeds industrial and supply chains in China and the world,the production...In order to promote agricultural production and trade cooperation among BRICS countries,and ensure the security and stability of the oils and oilseeds industrial and supply chains in China and the world,the production,consumption,trade trend,and cooperation potential of oils and oilseeds in BRICS countries were expounded,and relevant policy recommendations were put forward.Most of the BRICS countries are major agricultural producers,and they are also important agricultural product consumption markets in the world.In 2023/2024,the production and consumption of oilseeds in BRICS countries account for nearly half of the world's total;the production of vegetable oils exceeds a quarter of the world's total,and the consumption of vegetable oils accounts for 40%of the world's total.In 2023/2024,the import and export volume of oilseeds exceeds half of the world's total;vegetable oil imports account for 40%of the world's total,and exports account for about one tenth of the world's total.China's imports of oilseeds and oils from BRICS countries account for 68%and 29%of its global imports in 2023,respectively.BRICS countries are rich in agricultural land resources,have great potential for oils and oilseeds production,obvious complementary advantages in trade structure,and huge space for future cooperation.It is suggested that Brazil should be included in the"Belt and Road"co-construction category to promote the continuous deepening of agricultural cooperation between China and Brazil.It is suggested to explore regional agricultural trade agreements among BRICS countries,promote currency settlement and exchange among BRICS countries,and enhance the facilitation and stability of BRICS trade.It is suggested that China should increase its investment in BRICS countries and export advanced technology and management experience to benefit local agricultural development and achieve a mutually beneficial and win-win situation.展开更多
综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)以其高度灵活、环境友好的特点,在实现低碳经济和提高能源效率方面具有巨大潜力。然而,现有的IES建模方法难以挖掘氢能多设备的协同耦合性、且调度策略缺少市场机制的支持。因此,文中提出一...综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)以其高度灵活、环境友好的特点,在实现低碳经济和提高能源效率方面具有巨大潜力。然而,现有的IES建模方法难以挖掘氢能多设备的协同耦合性、且调度策略缺少市场机制的支持。因此,文中提出一种综合考虑绿色证书交易、阶梯型碳交易和需求响应的含氢IES优化调度策略。首先,建立基于电转气(power-to-gas,P2G)两阶段运行的氢能多元利用模型,推动新能源的使用;然后,建立绿证-碳联合交易机制,通过市场激励减少对化石燃料的依赖;最后,考虑综合需求响应优化用户侧用能行为,建立以经济运行成本最小为目标函数的IES优化调度模型,并通过CPLEX求解器进行求解。算例结果表明,文中所提模型能够实现IES多能耦合,提高新能源的消纳能力,减少碳排放量。展开更多
基金supported by the Plan Project of Shanghai Philosophy and Social Science(2017BGL014)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71832001)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2232020B-04,2232018H-07).
文摘Trade credit,as an effective tool for integrating and coordinating material,information,and financial flows in supply chain management,is becoming increasingly widespread.We explore how a manufacturer can design optimal trade credit contracts when a risk-averse retailer hides its sales cost information(adverse selection)and selling effort level(moral hazard).We develop incentive models for a risk-averse supply chain when adverse selection and moral hazard coexist,which are then compared with the results under single information asymmetry(moral hazard).Moreover,we analyze the effects of private information and risk-aversion coefficient on contract parameters,selling effort level and the profit or utility of the supply chain.The study shows that when the degree of retailer’s risk aversion is within a certain range,reasonable trade credit contracts designed by the manufacturer can effectively induce the retailer to report its real sales cost and encourage it to exert appropriate effort.Furthermore,we find that the optimal trade credit period,optimal transfer payment,and retailer’s optimal sales effort level under dual information asymmetry are less than those under single information asymmetry.Numerical analysis are conducted to demonstrate the effects of the parameters on decisions and profits.
文摘In order to promote agricultural production and trade cooperation among BRICS countries,and ensure the security and stability of the oils and oilseeds industrial and supply chains in China and the world,the production,consumption,trade trend,and cooperation potential of oils and oilseeds in BRICS countries were expounded,and relevant policy recommendations were put forward.Most of the BRICS countries are major agricultural producers,and they are also important agricultural product consumption markets in the world.In 2023/2024,the production and consumption of oilseeds in BRICS countries account for nearly half of the world's total;the production of vegetable oils exceeds a quarter of the world's total,and the consumption of vegetable oils accounts for 40%of the world's total.In 2023/2024,the import and export volume of oilseeds exceeds half of the world's total;vegetable oil imports account for 40%of the world's total,and exports account for about one tenth of the world's total.China's imports of oilseeds and oils from BRICS countries account for 68%and 29%of its global imports in 2023,respectively.BRICS countries are rich in agricultural land resources,have great potential for oils and oilseeds production,obvious complementary advantages in trade structure,and huge space for future cooperation.It is suggested that Brazil should be included in the"Belt and Road"co-construction category to promote the continuous deepening of agricultural cooperation between China and Brazil.It is suggested to explore regional agricultural trade agreements among BRICS countries,promote currency settlement and exchange among BRICS countries,and enhance the facilitation and stability of BRICS trade.It is suggested that China should increase its investment in BRICS countries and export advanced technology and management experience to benefit local agricultural development and achieve a mutually beneficial and win-win situation.
文摘综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)以其高度灵活、环境友好的特点,在实现低碳经济和提高能源效率方面具有巨大潜力。然而,现有的IES建模方法难以挖掘氢能多设备的协同耦合性、且调度策略缺少市场机制的支持。因此,文中提出一种综合考虑绿色证书交易、阶梯型碳交易和需求响应的含氢IES优化调度策略。首先,建立基于电转气(power-to-gas,P2G)两阶段运行的氢能多元利用模型,推动新能源的使用;然后,建立绿证-碳联合交易机制,通过市场激励减少对化石燃料的依赖;最后,考虑综合需求响应优化用户侧用能行为,建立以经济运行成本最小为目标函数的IES优化调度模型,并通过CPLEX求解器进行求解。算例结果表明,文中所提模型能够实现IES多能耦合,提高新能源的消纳能力,减少碳排放量。
