The preparation of red,green,and blue quantum dot(QD)pixelated arrays with high precision,resolution,and brightness poses a significant challenge on the development of advanced micro-displays for virtual,augmented,and...The preparation of red,green,and blue quantum dot(QD)pixelated arrays with high precision,resolution,and brightness poses a significant challenge on the development of advanced micro-displays for virtual,augmented,and mixed reality applications.Alongside the controlled synthesis of high-performance QDs,a reliable QD patterning technology is crucial in overcoming this challenge.Among the various methods available,photolithography-based patterning technologies show great potentials in producing ultra-fine QD patterns at micron scale.This review article presents the recent advancements in the field of QD patterning using photolithography techniques and explores their applications in micro-display technology.Firstly,we discuss QD patterning through photolithography techniques employing photoresist(PR),which falls into two categories:PRassisted photolithography and photolithography of QDPR.Subsequently,direct photolithography techniques based on photo-induced crosslinking of photosensitive groups and photo-induced ligand cleavage mechanisms are thoroughly reviewed.Meanwhile,we assess the performance of QD arrays fabricated using these photolithography techniques and their integration into QD light emitting diode display devices as well as color conversionbased micro light emitting diode display devices.Lastly,we summarize the most recent developments in this field and outline future prospects.展开更多
As lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)continue to evolve toward lower costs and higher energy densities,their potential safety risks have become increasingly apparent.Incidents such as explosions at energy storage facilities,...As lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)continue to evolve toward lower costs and higher energy densities,their potential safety risks have become increasingly apparent.Incidents such as explosions at energy storage facilities,fires in electric vehicles,and building fires ignited by charging two-wheeled vehicles have been occurring with alarming frequency,often resulting in significant casualties and injuries.Conducting indepth investigations into thermal runaway(TR)incidents in LIBs can significantly reduce the risk of future occurrences.However,current investigations into LIB fire and explosion incidents face challenges due to the difficulty of conducting in-depth analyses and the lack of a robust theoretical framework to guide these investigations.To enhance the effectiveness of in-depth investigations into battery fire and explosion incidents and to address the lack of theoretical guidance,this paper is the first to systematically examine the conservation and flow patterns of elements during the TR process of LIBs.The analysis reveals that during TR,the gas products generated include approximately 1.5 g of H_(2),23.6 g of CO,88.4 g of CO_(2),8.9 g of C_(2)H_(4),7.3 g of CH_(4),3.7 g of C_(2)H_(6),and 82 g of electrolyte vapor.After TR,the solid compounds formed consist of approximately 2.5 g of LiF,29–92.2 g of elemental Ni/Co/Mn,11.4 g of Li_(2)CO_(3),200.6 g of graphite,1.4 g of NiO,29.6 g of MnO,30.1 g of CoO,67 g of elemental Cu,0.03 g of LiNiO_(2),and 4.3 g of LiAlO_(2).Importantly,the energy released from reactions forming solid compounds during TR surpasses that from gas-forming reactions.This investigation represents the first application of Hess’s law to verify the conservation of elements during the TR process of lithium-ion batteries.The proposed methodology is also applicable to other types of energy storage batteries,effectively advancing techniques for comprehensively investigating lithium battery fire and explosion incidents.展开更多
The undesirable dendrite growth induced by non-planar zinc(Zn)deposition and low Coulombic efficiency resulting from severe side reactions have been long-standing challenges for metallic Zn anodes and substantially im...The undesirable dendrite growth induced by non-planar zinc(Zn)deposition and low Coulombic efficiency resulting from severe side reactions have been long-standing challenges for metallic Zn anodes and substantially impede the practical application of rechargeable aqueous Zn metal batteries(ZMBs).Herein,we present a strategy for achieving a high-rate and long-cycle-life Zn metal anode by patterning Zn foil surfaces and endowing a Zn-Indium(Zn-In)interface in the microchannels.The accumulation of electrons in the microchannel and the zincophilicity of the Zn-In interface promote preferential heteroepitaxial Zn deposition in the microchannel region and enhance the tolerance of the electrode at high current densities.Meanwhile,electron aggregation accelerates the dissolution of non-(002)plane Zn atoms on the array surface,thereby directing the subsequent homoepitaxial Zn deposition on the array surface.Consequently,the planar dendrite-free Zn deposition and long-term cycling stability are achieved(5,050 h at 10.0 mA cm^(−2) and 27,000 cycles at 20.0 mA cm^(−2)).Furthermore,a Zn/I_(2) full cell assembled by pairing with such an anode can maintain good stability for 3,500 cycles at 5.0 C,demonstrating the application potential of the as-prepared ZnIn anode for high-performance aqueous ZMBs.展开更多
As information acquisition terminals for artificial olfaction,chemiresistive gas sensors are often troubled by their cross-sensitivity,and reducing their cross-response to ambient gases has always been a difficult and...As information acquisition terminals for artificial olfaction,chemiresistive gas sensors are often troubled by their cross-sensitivity,and reducing their cross-response to ambient gases has always been a difficult and important point in the gas sensing area.Pattern recognition based on sensor array is the most conspicuous way to overcome the cross-sensitivity of gas sensors.It is crucial to choose an appropriate pattern recognition method for enhancing data analysis,reducing errors and improving system reliability,obtaining better classification or gas concentration prediction results.In this review,we analyze the sensing mechanism of crosssensitivity for chemiresistive gas sensors.We further examine the types,working principles,characteristics,and applicable gas detection range of pattern recognition algorithms utilized in gas-sensing arrays.Additionally,we report,summarize,and evaluate the outstanding and novel advancements in pattern recognition methods for gas identification.At the same time,this work showcases the recent advancements in utilizing these methods for gas identification,particularly within three crucial domains:ensuring food safety,monitoring the environment,and aiding in medical diagnosis.In conclusion,this study anticipates future research prospects by considering the existing landscape and challenges.It is hoped that this work will make a positive contribution towards mitigating cross-sensitivity in gas-sensitive devices and offer valuable insights for algorithm selection in gas recognition applications.展开更多
Experiments are conducted on the evacuation rate of pedestrians through exits with queued evacuation pattern and random evacuation pattern. The experimental results show that the flow rate of pedestrians is larger wit...Experiments are conducted on the evacuation rate of pedestrians through exits with queued evacuation pattern and random evacuation pattern. The experimental results show that the flow rate of pedestrians is larger with the random evacuation pattern than with the queued evacuation pattern. Therefore, the exit width calculated based on the minimum evacuation clear width for every 100 persons, which is on the assumption that the pedestrians pass through the exit in one queue or several queues, is conservative. The number of people crossing the exit simultaneously is greater in the random evacuation experiments than in the queued evacuation experiments, and the time interval between the front row and rear row of people is shortened in large-exit conditions when pedestrians evacuate randomly. The difference between the flow rate with a queued evacuation pattern and the flow rate with a random evacuation pattern is related to the surplus width of the exit, which is greater than the total width of all accommodated people streams. Two dimensionless quantities are defined to explore this relationship. It is found that the difference in flow rate between the two evacuation patterns is stable at a low level when the surplus width of the exit is no more than 45% of the width of a single pedestrian stream. There is a great difference between the flow rate with the queued evacuation pattern and the flow rate with the random evacuation pattern in a scenario with a larger surplus width of the exit. Meanwhile, the pedestrians crowd extraordinarily at the exit in these conditions as well, since the number of pedestrians who want to evacuate through exit simultaneously greatly exceeds the accommodated level. Therefore, the surplus width of exit should be limited especially in the narrow exit condition, and the relationship between the two dimensionless quantities mentioned above could provide the basis to some extent.展开更多
Positional information encoded in spatial concentration patterns is crucial for the development of multicellular organisms.However,it is still unclear how such information is affected by the physically dissipative dif...Positional information encoded in spatial concentration patterns is crucial for the development of multicellular organisms.However,it is still unclear how such information is affected by the physically dissipative diffusion process.Here we study one-dimensional patterning systems with analytical derivation and numerical simulations.We find that the diffusion constant of the patterning molecules exhibits a nonmonotonic effect on the readout of the positional information from the concentration patterns.Specifically,there exists an optimal diffusion constant that maximizes the positional information.Moreover,we find that the energy dissipation due to the physical diffusion imposes a fundamental upper limit on the positional information.展开更多
Metal halide perovskites have emerged as promising light-emitting materials for next-generation displays owing to their remarkable material characteristics including broad color tunability,pure color emission with rem...Metal halide perovskites have emerged as promising light-emitting materials for next-generation displays owing to their remarkable material characteristics including broad color tunability,pure color emission with remarkably narrow bandwidths,high quantum yield,and solution processability.Despite recent advances have pushed the luminance efficiency of monochromic perovskite light-emitting diodes(PeLEDs)to their theoretical limits,their current fabrication using the spincoating process poses limitations for fabrication of full-color displays.To integrate PeLEDs into full-color display panels,it is crucial to pattern red–green–blue(RGB)perovskite pixels,while mitigating issues such as cross-contamination and reductions in luminous efficiency.Herein,we present state-of-the-art patterning technologies for the development of full-color PeLEDs.First,we highlight recent advances in the development of efficient PeLEDs.Second,we discuss various patterning techniques of MPHs(i.e.,photolithography,inkjet printing,electron beam lithography and laserassisted lithography,electrohydrodynamic jet printing,thermal evaporation,and transfer printing)for fabrication of RGB pixelated displays.These patterning techniques can be classified into two distinct approaches:in situ crystallization patterning using perovskite precursors and patterning of colloidal perovskite nanocrystals.This review highlights advancements and limitations in patterning techniques for PeLEDs,paving the way for integrating PeLEDs into full-color panels.展开更多
Memristors are extensively used to estimate the external electromagnetic stimulation and synapses for neurons.In this paper,two distinct scenarios,i.e.,an ideal memristor serves as external electromagnetic stimulation...Memristors are extensively used to estimate the external electromagnetic stimulation and synapses for neurons.In this paper,two distinct scenarios,i.e.,an ideal memristor serves as external electromagnetic stimulation and a locally active memristor serves as a synapse,are formulated to investigate the impact of a memristor on a two-dimensional Hindmarsh-Rose neuron model.Numerical simulations show that the neuronal models in different scenarios have multiple burst firing patterns.The introduction of the memristor makes the neuronal model exhibit complex dynamical behaviors.Finally,the simulation circuit and DSP hardware implementation results validate the physical mechanism,as well as the reliability of the biological neuron model.展开更多
It is of great significance to improve the efficiency of railway production and operation by realizing the fault knowledge association through the efficient data mining algorithm.However,high utility quantitative freq...It is of great significance to improve the efficiency of railway production and operation by realizing the fault knowledge association through the efficient data mining algorithm.However,high utility quantitative frequent pattern mining algorithms in the field of data mining still suffer from the problems of low time-memory performance and are not easy to scale up.In the context of such needs,we propose a related degree-based frequent pattern mining algorithm,named Related High Utility Quantitative Item set Mining(RHUQI-Miner),to enable the effective mining of railway fault data.The algorithm constructs the item-related degree structure of fault data and gives a pruning optimization strategy to find frequent patterns with higher related degrees,reducing redundancy and invalid frequent patterns.Subsequently,it uses the fixed pattern length strategy to modify the utility information of the item in the mining process so that the algorithm can control the length of the output frequent pattern according to the actual data situation and further improve the performance and practicability of the algorithm.The experimental results on the real fault dataset show that RHUQI-Miner can effectively reduce the time and memory consumption in the mining process,thus providing data support for differentiated and precise maintenance strategies.展开更多
This cohort study was designed to explore the relationship between maternal dietary patterns(DPs)and bone health in Chinese lactating mothers and infants.We recruited 150 lactating women at 1-month postpartum.The esti...This cohort study was designed to explore the relationship between maternal dietary patterns(DPs)and bone health in Chinese lactating mothers and infants.We recruited 150 lactating women at 1-month postpartum.The estimated bone mineral density(eBMD)of subjects’calcanei and the information on dietary intake were collected.After 5-month follow-up,the eBMD of mothers and their infants were measured again.Factor analysis was applied to determine maternal DPs.General linear models were used to evaluate the association between maternal DPs and maternal eBMD loss or infants’eBMD.With all potential covariates adjusted,Factor 2(high intake of whole grains,tubers,mixed beans,soybeans and soybean products,seaweeds,and nuts)showed a positive association with the changes of maternal eBMD(β=0.16,95%CI:0.005,0.310).Factor 3(high intake of soft drinks,fried foods,and puffed foods)was inversely correlated with the changes of maternal eBMD(β=-0.22,95%CI:-0.44,0.00).The changes of maternal eBMD were positively associated with 6-month infants’eBMD(β=0.34,95%CI:0.017,0.652).In conclusion,Factor 2 might contribute to the maintenance of eBMD in lactating women,while Factor 3 could exacerbate maternal eBMD loss.Additionally,the changes of maternal eBMD presented a positive correlation with 6-month infants’eBMD.展开更多
This study investigated the association of hypertension with cognitive impairment and determined whether better adherence to plant-based diet(PBD)patterns may modify the association.We analyzed 4485 elderly individual...This study investigated the association of hypertension with cognitive impairment and determined whether better adherence to plant-based diet(PBD)patterns may modify the association.We analyzed 4485 elderly individuals with normal cognition at baseline from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey(2011−2018).Cognitive function was assessed by the Mini-mental State Examination(MMSE),and cognitive impairment was defined as an MMSE score below 18 points.Diet patterns were assessed using the overall plant-based diet index(PDI),healthful plant-based diet index(hPDI),and unhealthful plant-based diet index(uPDI)derived from a simplified food frequency questionnaire(FFQ).Blood pressure was measured through physical examination.Cox proportional hazard regression and restricted cubic spline were performed.Participants with hypertension had an increased risk of cognitive impairment compared with normal group.The associations between hypertension and cognitive impairment were more pronounced among participants with lower PDI than those with higher PDI,among participants with lower hPDI than those with higher hPDI,and among participants with higher uPDI than those with lower uPDI.A healthful PBD pattern may attenuate hypertension-induced cognitive impairment,while an unhealthful PBD pattern may exacerbate hypertensioninduced cognitive impairment in elderly.Adherence to healthful PBD pattern could be used to prevent or mitigate adverse neurological effects in the hypertensive population.展开更多
Understanding fingering, as a challenge to stable displacement during the immiscible flow, has become a crucial phenomenon for geological carbon sequestration, enhanced oil recovery, and groundwater protection. Typica...Understanding fingering, as a challenge to stable displacement during the immiscible flow, has become a crucial phenomenon for geological carbon sequestration, enhanced oil recovery, and groundwater protection. Typically governed by gravity, viscous and capillary forces, these factors lead invasive fluids to occupy pore space irregularly and incompletely. Previous studies have demonstrated capillary numbers,describing the viscous and capillary forces, to quantificationally induce evolution of invasion patterns.While the evolution mechanisms of invasive patterns have not been deeply elucidated under the constant capillary number and three variable parameters including velocity, viscosity, and interfacial tension.Our research employs two horizontal visualization systems and a two-phase laminar flow simulation to investigate the tendency of invasive pattern transition by various parameters at the pore scale. We showed that increasing invasive viscosity or reducing interfacial tension in a homogeneous pore space significantly enhanced sweep efficiency, under constant capillary number. Additionally, in the fingering crossover pattern, the region near the inlet was prone to capillary fingering with multi-directional invasion, while the viscous fingering with unidirectional invasion was more susceptible occurred in the region near the outlet. Furthermore, increasing invasive viscosity or decreasing invasive velocity and interfacial tension promoted the extension of viscous fingering from the outlet to the inlet, presenting that the subsequent invasive fluid flows toward the outlet. In the case of invasive trunk along a unidirectional path, the invasive flow increased exponentially closer to the outlet, resulting in a significant decrease in the width of the invasive interface. Our work holds promising applications for optimizing invasive patterns in heterogeneous porous media.展开更多
In order to research the feasibility of using the selective adsorption principle to achieve automatic shaping of nano patterns,in this study,using the liquid gallium as the conductive ink and graphene as the printing ...In order to research the feasibility of using the selective adsorption principle to achieve automatic shaping of nano patterns,in this study,using the liquid gallium as the conductive ink and graphene as the printing plate surface,by changing the surface wettability of patterned areas on the nanoscale of graphene printed boards,the automatic formation of liquid gallium patterns on the graphene printed plate surface was simulated.The results indicated that liquid gallium can achieve automatic patterning on the surface of graphene patterned areas;the greater the interaction energy between gallium and carbon atoms,the clearer the pattern;gallium liquid is prone to remain in complex local positions of the pattern,making it difficult to shape the pattern;if the spacing between adjacent pattern lines is too large or too small,it will result in residual gallium liquid between the lines;increasing the thickness of the gallium film will cause the pattern to expand beyond the boundary,but increasing the thickness of the gallium film can also enhance the thickness and uniformity of the pattern lines.In summary,the principle of selective adsorption can be used to achieve the automatic formation of nano patterns,and the pattern formation effect is influenced by factors such as atomic interaction energy and pattern configuration.展开更多
Target maneuver recognition is a prerequisite for air combat situation awareness,trajectory prediction,threat assessment and maneuver decision.To get rid of the dependence of the current target maneuver recognition me...Target maneuver recognition is a prerequisite for air combat situation awareness,trajectory prediction,threat assessment and maneuver decision.To get rid of the dependence of the current target maneuver recognition method on empirical criteria and sample data,and automatically and adaptively complete the task of extracting the target maneuver pattern,in this paper,an air combat maneuver pattern extraction based on time series segmentation and clustering analysis is proposed by combining autoencoder,G-G clustering algorithm and the selective ensemble clustering analysis algorithm.Firstly,the autoencoder is used to extract key features of maneuvering trajectory to remove the impacts of redundant variables and reduce the data dimension;Then,taking the time information into account,the segmentation of Maneuver characteristic time series is realized with the improved FSTS-AEGG algorithm,and a large number of maneuver primitives are extracted;Finally,the maneuver primitives are grouped into some categories by using the selective ensemble multiple time series clustering algorithm,which can prove that each class represents a maneuver action.The maneuver pattern extraction method is applied to small scale air combat trajectory and can recognize and correctly partition at least 71.3%of maneuver actions,indicating that the method is effective and satisfies the requirements for engineering accuracy.In addition,this method can provide data support for various target maneuvering recognition methods proposed in the literature,greatly reduce the workload and improve the recognition accuracy.展开更多
The multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)-enabled beamforming technology offers great data rate and channel quality for next-generation communication.In this paper,we propose a beam channel model and enable it with tim...The multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)-enabled beamforming technology offers great data rate and channel quality for next-generation communication.In this paper,we propose a beam channel model and enable it with time-varying simulation capability by adopting the stochastic geometry theory.First,clusters are generated located within transceivers'beam ranges based on the Mate?rn hardcore Poisson cluster process.The line-of-sight,singlebounce,and double-bounce components are calculated when generating the complex channel impulse response.Furthermore,we elaborate on the expressions of channel links based on the propagation-graph theory.A birth-death process consisting of the effects of beams and cluster velocities is also formulated.Numerical simulation results prove that the proposed model can capture the channel non-stationarity.Besides,the non-reciprocal beam patterns yield severe channel dispersion compared to the reciprocal patterns.展开更多
The spatial pattern of trees is an important feature of forests,and different spatial patterns of trees exhibit different ecological stability.Research has confirmed that natural forests with random patterns have high...The spatial pattern of trees is an important feature of forests,and different spatial patterns of trees exhibit different ecological stability.Research has confirmed that natural forests with random patterns have higher biodiversity and stronger resistance to unstable factors such as pests and diseases.Even if they are disturbed or destroyed by unstable factors such as pests and diseases,they can still recover and rescue themselves;while artificial forests with uniform and clustered patterns have lower biodiversity and are susceptible to unstable factors such as pests and diseases.And once pests and diseases occur,it’s more difficult for them to recover.In order to promote the healthy and stable develop-ment of the forestry industry and protect the diversity of the biological environment,it is necessary to protect the random pattern of natural forests from being destroyed in the process of forest management,while effectively transforming the spatial pattern of artificial forests into a random pattern.Therefore,in order to ensure the convenient and accurate determination of the type of forest spatial pattern,research on methods for determining forest spatial pattern has become particularly important.Based on the theory of uniformity,this study proposes definitions and related theories of included exclusive sphere,included exclusive body,included random pattern,and included uniformity.Under the guidance of the definition of inclusion uniformity and related theories,and by using mathematical method,it is proved that the uniformity of inclusion(CL)is asymptotically subject to the Eq.18,Therefore,the relationship between the included uniformity(CL)and the number of trees in the sample plot was established,and the corresponding relationship formula was obtained,and then the determination of the spatial pattern type of trees was completed by using the corresponding relationship formula.Through rigorous reasoning and case verification,the determination method of forest spatial pattern is effective.展开更多
Potassium(K),calcium(Ca),and magnesium(Mg)are essential elements with important physiological functions in plants.Previous studies showed that leaf K,Ca,and Mg concentrations generally increase with increasing latitud...Potassium(K),calcium(Ca),and magnesium(Mg)are essential elements with important physiological functions in plants.Previous studies showed that leaf K,Ca,and Mg concentrations generally increase with increasing latitudes.However,recent meta-analyses suggested the possibility of a unimodal pattern in the concentrations of these elements along latitudinal gradients.The authenticity of this unimodal latitudinal pattern,however,requires validation through large-scale field experimental data,and exploration of the underlying mechanisms if the pattern is confirmed.Here,we collected leaves of common species of woody plants from 19 montane forests in the north-south transect of eastern China,including 322 species from 160 genera,67 families;and then determined leaf K,Ca,and Mg concentrations to explore their latitudinal patterns and driving mechanisms.Our results support unimodal latitudinal patterns for all three elements in woody plants across eastern China,with peak values at latitude 36.5±1.0°N.The shift of plant-functional-type compositions from evergreen broadleaves to deciduous broadleaves and to conifers along this latitudinal span was the key factor contributing to these patterns.Climatic factors,mainly temperature,and to a lesser extent solar radiation and precipitation,were the main environmental drivers.These factors,by altering the composition of plant communities and regulating plant physiological activities,influence the latitudinal patterns of plant nutrient concentrations.Our findings also suggest that high leaf K,Ca,and Mg concentrations may represent an adaptive strategy for plants to withstand water stress,which might be used to predict plant nutrient responses to climate changes at large scales,and broaden the understanding of biogeochemical cycling of K,Ca,and Mg.展开更多
Epidemiological studies showed that night workers are at higher risk of developing chronic metabolic diseases.However,no study has investigated the changes in circadian rhythms caused by a combined effect of sleep and...Epidemiological studies showed that night workers are at higher risk of developing chronic metabolic diseases.However,no study has investigated the changes in circadian rhythms caused by a combined effect of sleep and diet in a real-life setting on cardiometabolic health,gut microbiota,and psychological status in healthy people.A 4-week step-wise misaligned-realigned controlled-feeding trial with a 2×2 factorial design(sleep and diet)was conducted on healthy young adults.At first,subjects experienced a one-week circadian rhythm misalignment with a high-fat fast-food diet,extended eating window,and delayed sleep schedules,then gradually transited to a complete circadian rhythm realignment with a high-fiber balanced diet,8-h timerestricted eating,and normal sleep schedules.Circadian rhythm misalignment led to significantly higher levels of fasting glucose and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance(HOMA-IR)of subjects compared to baseline and failed to recover to the baseline level in circadian rhythm realignments.Notably,the incremental area under the curve(iAUC)of postprandial glucose decreased with circadian rhythm adjustments as compared to that in circadian rhythm misalignment,suggesting circadian rhythm realignment by sleep or/and diet could partly restore glucose metabolism impaired by a short-term circadian rhythm misalignment.However,circadian rhythm changes did not result in overall perturbations of gut microbiota diversities.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62374142,12175189 and 11904302)External Cooperation Program of Fujian(2022I0004)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(20720190005 and 20720220085)Major Science and Technology Project of Xiamen in China(3502Z20191015).
文摘The preparation of red,green,and blue quantum dot(QD)pixelated arrays with high precision,resolution,and brightness poses a significant challenge on the development of advanced micro-displays for virtual,augmented,and mixed reality applications.Alongside the controlled synthesis of high-performance QDs,a reliable QD patterning technology is crucial in overcoming this challenge.Among the various methods available,photolithography-based patterning technologies show great potentials in producing ultra-fine QD patterns at micron scale.This review article presents the recent advancements in the field of QD patterning using photolithography techniques and explores their applications in micro-display technology.Firstly,we discuss QD patterning through photolithography techniques employing photoresist(PR),which falls into two categories:PRassisted photolithography and photolithography of QDPR.Subsequently,direct photolithography techniques based on photo-induced crosslinking of photosensitive groups and photo-induced ligand cleavage mechanisms are thoroughly reviewed.Meanwhile,we assess the performance of QD arrays fabricated using these photolithography techniques and their integration into QD light emitting diode display devices as well as color conversionbased micro light emitting diode display devices.Lastly,we summarize the most recent developments in this field and outline future prospects.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52106284,52422609)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(B2021507001)Key Research Special Project of CPPU(ZDZX202501)。
文摘As lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)continue to evolve toward lower costs and higher energy densities,their potential safety risks have become increasingly apparent.Incidents such as explosions at energy storage facilities,fires in electric vehicles,and building fires ignited by charging two-wheeled vehicles have been occurring with alarming frequency,often resulting in significant casualties and injuries.Conducting indepth investigations into thermal runaway(TR)incidents in LIBs can significantly reduce the risk of future occurrences.However,current investigations into LIB fire and explosion incidents face challenges due to the difficulty of conducting in-depth analyses and the lack of a robust theoretical framework to guide these investigations.To enhance the effectiveness of in-depth investigations into battery fire and explosion incidents and to address the lack of theoretical guidance,this paper is the first to systematically examine the conservation and flow patterns of elements during the TR process of LIBs.The analysis reveals that during TR,the gas products generated include approximately 1.5 g of H_(2),23.6 g of CO,88.4 g of CO_(2),8.9 g of C_(2)H_(4),7.3 g of CH_(4),3.7 g of C_(2)H_(6),and 82 g of electrolyte vapor.After TR,the solid compounds formed consist of approximately 2.5 g of LiF,29–92.2 g of elemental Ni/Co/Mn,11.4 g of Li_(2)CO_(3),200.6 g of graphite,1.4 g of NiO,29.6 g of MnO,30.1 g of CoO,67 g of elemental Cu,0.03 g of LiNiO_(2),and 4.3 g of LiAlO_(2).Importantly,the energy released from reactions forming solid compounds during TR surpasses that from gas-forming reactions.This investigation represents the first application of Hess’s law to verify the conservation of elements during the TR process of lithium-ion batteries.The proposed methodology is also applicable to other types of energy storage batteries,effectively advancing techniques for comprehensively investigating lithium battery fire and explosion incidents.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean government(MSIP)(No.2018R1A6A1A03025708).
文摘The undesirable dendrite growth induced by non-planar zinc(Zn)deposition and low Coulombic efficiency resulting from severe side reactions have been long-standing challenges for metallic Zn anodes and substantially impede the practical application of rechargeable aqueous Zn metal batteries(ZMBs).Herein,we present a strategy for achieving a high-rate and long-cycle-life Zn metal anode by patterning Zn foil surfaces and endowing a Zn-Indium(Zn-In)interface in the microchannels.The accumulation of electrons in the microchannel and the zincophilicity of the Zn-In interface promote preferential heteroepitaxial Zn deposition in the microchannel region and enhance the tolerance of the electrode at high current densities.Meanwhile,electron aggregation accelerates the dissolution of non-(002)plane Zn atoms on the array surface,thereby directing the subsequent homoepitaxial Zn deposition on the array surface.Consequently,the planar dendrite-free Zn deposition and long-term cycling stability are achieved(5,050 h at 10.0 mA cm^(−2) and 27,000 cycles at 20.0 mA cm^(−2)).Furthermore,a Zn/I_(2) full cell assembled by pairing with such an anode can maintain good stability for 3,500 cycles at 5.0 C,demonstrating the application potential of the as-prepared ZnIn anode for high-performance aqueous ZMBs.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFB3200400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62371299,62301314,and 62020106006)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M732198).
文摘As information acquisition terminals for artificial olfaction,chemiresistive gas sensors are often troubled by their cross-sensitivity,and reducing their cross-response to ambient gases has always been a difficult and important point in the gas sensing area.Pattern recognition based on sensor array is the most conspicuous way to overcome the cross-sensitivity of gas sensors.It is crucial to choose an appropriate pattern recognition method for enhancing data analysis,reducing errors and improving system reliability,obtaining better classification or gas concentration prediction results.In this review,we analyze the sensing mechanism of crosssensitivity for chemiresistive gas sensors.We further examine the types,working principles,characteristics,and applicable gas detection range of pattern recognition algorithms utilized in gas-sensing arrays.Additionally,we report,summarize,and evaluate the outstanding and novel advancements in pattern recognition methods for gas identification.At the same time,this work showcases the recent advancements in utilizing these methods for gas identification,particularly within three crucial domains:ensuring food safety,monitoring the environment,and aiding in medical diagnosis.In conclusion,this study anticipates future research prospects by considering the existing landscape and challenges.It is hoped that this work will make a positive contribution towards mitigating cross-sensitivity in gas-sensitive devices and offer valuable insights for algorithm selection in gas recognition applications.
基金Project supported by the Special Funds for Basic Operating Expenses of the Centre University of China (Grant No.23ZYJS006)。
文摘Experiments are conducted on the evacuation rate of pedestrians through exits with queued evacuation pattern and random evacuation pattern. The experimental results show that the flow rate of pedestrians is larger with the random evacuation pattern than with the queued evacuation pattern. Therefore, the exit width calculated based on the minimum evacuation clear width for every 100 persons, which is on the assumption that the pedestrians pass through the exit in one queue or several queues, is conservative. The number of people crossing the exit simultaneously is greater in the random evacuation experiments than in the queued evacuation experiments, and the time interval between the front row and rear row of people is shortened in large-exit conditions when pedestrians evacuate randomly. The difference between the flow rate with a queued evacuation pattern and the flow rate with a random evacuation pattern is related to the surplus width of the exit, which is greater than the total width of all accommodated people streams. Two dimensionless quantities are defined to explore this relationship. It is found that the difference in flow rate between the two evacuation patterns is stable at a low level when the surplus width of the exit is no more than 45% of the width of a single pedestrian stream. There is a great difference between the flow rate with the queued evacuation pattern and the flow rate with the random evacuation pattern in a scenario with a larger surplus width of the exit. Meanwhile, the pedestrians crowd extraordinarily at the exit in these conditions as well, since the number of pedestrians who want to evacuate through exit simultaneously greatly exceeds the accommodated level. Therefore, the surplus width of exit should be limited especially in the narrow exit condition, and the relationship between the two dimensionless quantities mentioned above could provide the basis to some extent.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.32271293 and 11875076)。
文摘Positional information encoded in spatial concentration patterns is crucial for the development of multicellular organisms.However,it is still unclear how such information is affected by the physically dissipative diffusion process.Here we study one-dimensional patterning systems with analytical derivation and numerical simulations.We find that the diffusion constant of the patterning molecules exhibits a nonmonotonic effect on the readout of the positional information from the concentration patterns.Specifically,there exists an optimal diffusion constant that maximizes the positional information.Moreover,we find that the energy dissipation due to the physical diffusion imposes a fundamental upper limit on the positional information.
基金the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(Grant No.2021R1C1C1007997).
文摘Metal halide perovskites have emerged as promising light-emitting materials for next-generation displays owing to their remarkable material characteristics including broad color tunability,pure color emission with remarkably narrow bandwidths,high quantum yield,and solution processability.Despite recent advances have pushed the luminance efficiency of monochromic perovskite light-emitting diodes(PeLEDs)to their theoretical limits,their current fabrication using the spincoating process poses limitations for fabrication of full-color displays.To integrate PeLEDs into full-color display panels,it is crucial to pattern red–green–blue(RGB)perovskite pixels,while mitigating issues such as cross-contamination and reductions in luminous efficiency.Herein,we present state-of-the-art patterning technologies for the development of full-color PeLEDs.First,we highlight recent advances in the development of efficient PeLEDs.Second,we discuss various patterning techniques of MPHs(i.e.,photolithography,inkjet printing,electron beam lithography and laserassisted lithography,electrohydrodynamic jet printing,thermal evaporation,and transfer printing)for fabrication of RGB pixelated displays.These patterning techniques can be classified into two distinct approaches:in situ crystallization patterning using perovskite precursors and patterning of colloidal perovskite nanocrystals.This review highlights advancements and limitations in patterning techniques for PeLEDs,paving the way for integrating PeLEDs into full-color panels.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62061014)Technological Innovation Projects in the Field of Artificial Intelligence in Liaoning province(Grant No.2023JH26/10300011)Basic Scientific Research Projects in Department of Education of Liaoning Province(Grant No.JYTZD2023021).
文摘Memristors are extensively used to estimate the external electromagnetic stimulation and synapses for neurons.In this paper,two distinct scenarios,i.e.,an ideal memristor serves as external electromagnetic stimulation and a locally active memristor serves as a synapse,are formulated to investigate the impact of a memristor on a two-dimensional Hindmarsh-Rose neuron model.Numerical simulations show that the neuronal models in different scenarios have multiple burst firing patterns.The introduction of the memristor makes the neuronal model exhibit complex dynamical behaviors.Finally,the simulation circuit and DSP hardware implementation results validate the physical mechanism,as well as the reliability of the biological neuron model.
基金supported by the Research on Key Technologies and Typical Applications of Big Data in Railway Production and Operation(P2023S006)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2022JBZY023).
文摘It is of great significance to improve the efficiency of railway production and operation by realizing the fault knowledge association through the efficient data mining algorithm.However,high utility quantitative frequent pattern mining algorithms in the field of data mining still suffer from the problems of low time-memory performance and are not easy to scale up.In the context of such needs,we propose a related degree-based frequent pattern mining algorithm,named Related High Utility Quantitative Item set Mining(RHUQI-Miner),to enable the effective mining of railway fault data.The algorithm constructs the item-related degree structure of fault data and gives a pruning optimization strategy to find frequent patterns with higher related degrees,reducing redundancy and invalid frequent patterns.Subsequently,it uses the fixed pattern length strategy to modify the utility information of the item in the mining process so that the algorithm can control the length of the output frequent pattern according to the actual data situation and further improve the performance and practicability of the algorithm.The experimental results on the real fault dataset show that RHUQI-Miner can effectively reduce the time and memory consumption in the mining process,thus providing data support for differentiated and precise maintenance strategies.
基金NSFC and CNS for funding the projectfunded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,82173500)“CNS-ZD Tizhi and Health Fund”(CNS-ZD2020-163).
文摘This cohort study was designed to explore the relationship between maternal dietary patterns(DPs)and bone health in Chinese lactating mothers and infants.We recruited 150 lactating women at 1-month postpartum.The estimated bone mineral density(eBMD)of subjects’calcanei and the information on dietary intake were collected.After 5-month follow-up,the eBMD of mothers and their infants were measured again.Factor analysis was applied to determine maternal DPs.General linear models were used to evaluate the association between maternal DPs and maternal eBMD loss or infants’eBMD.With all potential covariates adjusted,Factor 2(high intake of whole grains,tubers,mixed beans,soybeans and soybean products,seaweeds,and nuts)showed a positive association with the changes of maternal eBMD(β=0.16,95%CI:0.005,0.310).Factor 3(high intake of soft drinks,fried foods,and puffed foods)was inversely correlated with the changes of maternal eBMD(β=-0.22,95%CI:-0.44,0.00).The changes of maternal eBMD were positively associated with 6-month infants’eBMD(β=0.34,95%CI:0.017,0.652).In conclusion,Factor 2 might contribute to the maintenance of eBMD in lactating women,while Factor 3 could exacerbate maternal eBMD loss.Additionally,the changes of maternal eBMD presented a positive correlation with 6-month infants’eBMD.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFC2000400)the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(72061137004)+1 种基金the National Institute on Aging of National Institutes of Health(P01AG031719)Duke/DukeNUS(grant RECA(Pilot)/2019/0051 to Y.Z.).
文摘This study investigated the association of hypertension with cognitive impairment and determined whether better adherence to plant-based diet(PBD)patterns may modify the association.We analyzed 4485 elderly individuals with normal cognition at baseline from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey(2011−2018).Cognitive function was assessed by the Mini-mental State Examination(MMSE),and cognitive impairment was defined as an MMSE score below 18 points.Diet patterns were assessed using the overall plant-based diet index(PDI),healthful plant-based diet index(hPDI),and unhealthful plant-based diet index(uPDI)derived from a simplified food frequency questionnaire(FFQ).Blood pressure was measured through physical examination.Cox proportional hazard regression and restricted cubic spline were performed.Participants with hypertension had an increased risk of cognitive impairment compared with normal group.The associations between hypertension and cognitive impairment were more pronounced among participants with lower PDI than those with higher PDI,among participants with lower hPDI than those with higher hPDI,and among participants with higher uPDI than those with lower uPDI.A healthful PBD pattern may attenuate hypertension-induced cognitive impairment,while an unhealthful PBD pattern may exacerbate hypertensioninduced cognitive impairment in elderly.Adherence to healthful PBD pattern could be used to prevent or mitigate adverse neurological effects in the hypertensive population.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Joint Fund Project (Grant/Award Number: U20B6003)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant/Award Number: 52304054)。
文摘Understanding fingering, as a challenge to stable displacement during the immiscible flow, has become a crucial phenomenon for geological carbon sequestration, enhanced oil recovery, and groundwater protection. Typically governed by gravity, viscous and capillary forces, these factors lead invasive fluids to occupy pore space irregularly and incompletely. Previous studies have demonstrated capillary numbers,describing the viscous and capillary forces, to quantificationally induce evolution of invasion patterns.While the evolution mechanisms of invasive patterns have not been deeply elucidated under the constant capillary number and three variable parameters including velocity, viscosity, and interfacial tension.Our research employs two horizontal visualization systems and a two-phase laminar flow simulation to investigate the tendency of invasive pattern transition by various parameters at the pore scale. We showed that increasing invasive viscosity or reducing interfacial tension in a homogeneous pore space significantly enhanced sweep efficiency, under constant capillary number. Additionally, in the fingering crossover pattern, the region near the inlet was prone to capillary fingering with multi-directional invasion, while the viscous fingering with unidirectional invasion was more susceptible occurred in the region near the outlet. Furthermore, increasing invasive viscosity or decreasing invasive velocity and interfacial tension promoted the extension of viscous fingering from the outlet to the inlet, presenting that the subsequent invasive fluid flows toward the outlet. In the case of invasive trunk along a unidirectional path, the invasive flow increased exponentially closer to the outlet, resulting in a significant decrease in the width of the invasive interface. Our work holds promising applications for optimizing invasive patterns in heterogeneous porous media.
文摘In order to research the feasibility of using the selective adsorption principle to achieve automatic shaping of nano patterns,in this study,using the liquid gallium as the conductive ink and graphene as the printing plate surface,by changing the surface wettability of patterned areas on the nanoscale of graphene printed boards,the automatic formation of liquid gallium patterns on the graphene printed plate surface was simulated.The results indicated that liquid gallium can achieve automatic patterning on the surface of graphene patterned areas;the greater the interaction energy between gallium and carbon atoms,the clearer the pattern;gallium liquid is prone to remain in complex local positions of the pattern,making it difficult to shape the pattern;if the spacing between adjacent pattern lines is too large or too small,it will result in residual gallium liquid between the lines;increasing the thickness of the gallium film will cause the pattern to expand beyond the boundary,but increasing the thickness of the gallium film can also enhance the thickness and uniformity of the pattern lines.In summary,the principle of selective adsorption can be used to achieve the automatic formation of nano patterns,and the pattern formation effect is influenced by factors such as atomic interaction energy and pattern configuration.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No.72301293)。
文摘Target maneuver recognition is a prerequisite for air combat situation awareness,trajectory prediction,threat assessment and maneuver decision.To get rid of the dependence of the current target maneuver recognition method on empirical criteria and sample data,and automatically and adaptively complete the task of extracting the target maneuver pattern,in this paper,an air combat maneuver pattern extraction based on time series segmentation and clustering analysis is proposed by combining autoencoder,G-G clustering algorithm and the selective ensemble clustering analysis algorithm.Firstly,the autoencoder is used to extract key features of maneuvering trajectory to remove the impacts of redundant variables and reduce the data dimension;Then,taking the time information into account,the segmentation of Maneuver characteristic time series is realized with the improved FSTS-AEGG algorithm,and a large number of maneuver primitives are extracted;Finally,the maneuver primitives are grouped into some categories by using the selective ensemble multiple time series clustering algorithm,which can prove that each class represents a maneuver action.The maneuver pattern extraction method is applied to small scale air combat trajectory and can recognize and correctly partition at least 71.3%of maneuver actions,indicating that the method is effective and satisfies the requirements for engineering accuracy.In addition,this method can provide data support for various target maneuvering recognition methods proposed in the literature,greatly reduce the workload and improve the recognition accuracy.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China under grant 2020YFB1804901the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant 62341102。
文摘The multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)-enabled beamforming technology offers great data rate and channel quality for next-generation communication.In this paper,we propose a beam channel model and enable it with time-varying simulation capability by adopting the stochastic geometry theory.First,clusters are generated located within transceivers'beam ranges based on the Mate?rn hardcore Poisson cluster process.The line-of-sight,singlebounce,and double-bounce components are calculated when generating the complex channel impulse response.Furthermore,we elaborate on the expressions of channel links based on the propagation-graph theory.A birth-death process consisting of the effects of beams and cluster velocities is also formulated.Numerical simulation results prove that the proposed model can capture the channel non-stationarity.Besides,the non-reciprocal beam patterns yield severe channel dispersion compared to the reciprocal patterns.
基金funded in part by Research on Intelligent Control System of Variable Fertilization of Deep Application Liquid Fertilizer(GXKS2022GKY003)Research on Vehicle Ranging System Based on Object Detection and Monocular Vision(2022KY0854).
文摘The spatial pattern of trees is an important feature of forests,and different spatial patterns of trees exhibit different ecological stability.Research has confirmed that natural forests with random patterns have higher biodiversity and stronger resistance to unstable factors such as pests and diseases.Even if they are disturbed or destroyed by unstable factors such as pests and diseases,they can still recover and rescue themselves;while artificial forests with uniform and clustered patterns have lower biodiversity and are susceptible to unstable factors such as pests and diseases.And once pests and diseases occur,it’s more difficult for them to recover.In order to promote the healthy and stable develop-ment of the forestry industry and protect the diversity of the biological environment,it is necessary to protect the random pattern of natural forests from being destroyed in the process of forest management,while effectively transforming the spatial pattern of artificial forests into a random pattern.Therefore,in order to ensure the convenient and accurate determination of the type of forest spatial pattern,research on methods for determining forest spatial pattern has become particularly important.Based on the theory of uniformity,this study proposes definitions and related theories of included exclusive sphere,included exclusive body,included random pattern,and included uniformity.Under the guidance of the definition of inclusion uniformity and related theories,and by using mathematical method,it is proved that the uniformity of inclusion(CL)is asymptotically subject to the Eq.18,Therefore,the relationship between the included uniformity(CL)and the number of trees in the sample plot was established,and the corresponding relationship formula was obtained,and then the determination of the spatial pattern type of trees was completed by using the corresponding relationship formula.Through rigorous reasoning and case verification,the determination method of forest spatial pattern is effective.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA26040202)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41173083)+1 种基金SL was also supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32001165)the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2022NSFSC1753)。
文摘Potassium(K),calcium(Ca),and magnesium(Mg)are essential elements with important physiological functions in plants.Previous studies showed that leaf K,Ca,and Mg concentrations generally increase with increasing latitudes.However,recent meta-analyses suggested the possibility of a unimodal pattern in the concentrations of these elements along latitudinal gradients.The authenticity of this unimodal latitudinal pattern,however,requires validation through large-scale field experimental data,and exploration of the underlying mechanisms if the pattern is confirmed.Here,we collected leaves of common species of woody plants from 19 montane forests in the north-south transect of eastern China,including 322 species from 160 genera,67 families;and then determined leaf K,Ca,and Mg concentrations to explore their latitudinal patterns and driving mechanisms.Our results support unimodal latitudinal patterns for all three elements in woody plants across eastern China,with peak values at latitude 36.5±1.0°N.The shift of plant-functional-type compositions from evergreen broadleaves to deciduous broadleaves and to conifers along this latitudinal span was the key factor contributing to these patterns.Climatic factors,mainly temperature,and to a lesser extent solar radiation and precipitation,were the main environmental drivers.These factors,by altering the composition of plant communities and regulating plant physiological activities,influence the latitudinal patterns of plant nutrient concentrations.Our findings also suggest that high leaf K,Ca,and Mg concentrations may represent an adaptive strategy for plants to withstand water stress,which might be used to predict plant nutrient responses to climate changes at large scales,and broaden the understanding of biogeochemical cycling of K,Ca,and Mg.
文摘Epidemiological studies showed that night workers are at higher risk of developing chronic metabolic diseases.However,no study has investigated the changes in circadian rhythms caused by a combined effect of sleep and diet in a real-life setting on cardiometabolic health,gut microbiota,and psychological status in healthy people.A 4-week step-wise misaligned-realigned controlled-feeding trial with a 2×2 factorial design(sleep and diet)was conducted on healthy young adults.At first,subjects experienced a one-week circadian rhythm misalignment with a high-fat fast-food diet,extended eating window,and delayed sleep schedules,then gradually transited to a complete circadian rhythm realignment with a high-fiber balanced diet,8-h timerestricted eating,and normal sleep schedules.Circadian rhythm misalignment led to significantly higher levels of fasting glucose and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance(HOMA-IR)of subjects compared to baseline and failed to recover to the baseline level in circadian rhythm realignments.Notably,the incremental area under the curve(iAUC)of postprandial glucose decreased with circadian rhythm adjustments as compared to that in circadian rhythm misalignment,suggesting circadian rhythm realignment by sleep or/and diet could partly restore glucose metabolism impaired by a short-term circadian rhythm misalignment.However,circadian rhythm changes did not result in overall perturbations of gut microbiota diversities.
