This paper proposes a unified clutter model incorporating the effects of range walk and array rotation for space-time adaptive processing（STAP） in airborne multi-channel early-warning radar.Based on this clutter mod...This paper proposes a unified clutter model incorporating the effects of range walk and array rotation for space-time adaptive processing（STAP） in airborne multi-channel early-warning radar.Based on this clutter model,STAP performance is then analyzed from the perspective of covariance matrix tapering（CMT）.For STAP performance degradation due to array rotation,a determinate compensation method is proposed based on the CMT method.Numerical examples are provided to verify the analysis and the proposed compensation method.展开更多
In non-homogeneous environment, traditional space-time adaptive processing doesn＇t effectively suppress interference and detect target, because the secondary data don＇ t exactly reflect the statistical characteristi...In non-homogeneous environment, traditional space-time adaptive processing doesn＇t effectively suppress interference and detect target, because the secondary data don＇ t exactly reflect the statistical characteristic of the range cell under test. A ravel methodology utilizing the direct data domain approach to space-time adaptive processing （ STAP ） in airbome radar non-homogeneous environments is presented. The deterministic least squares adaptive signal processing technique operates on a ＂snapshot-by-snapshot＂ basis to dethrone the adaptive adaptive weights for nulling interferences and estimating signal of interest （SOI）. Furthermore, this approach eliminates the requirement for estimating the covariance through the data of neighboring range cell, which eliminates calculating the inverse of covariance, and can be implemented to operate in real-time. Simulation results illustrate the efficiency of interference suppression in non-homogeneous environment.展开更多
In various environmental studies, geoscience variables not only have the characteristics of time and space, but also are influenced by other variables. Multivariate spatiotemporal variables can improve the accuracy of...In various environmental studies, geoscience variables not only have the characteristics of time and space, but also are influenced by other variables. Multivariate spatiotemporal variables can improve the accuracy of spatiotemporal estimation. Taking the monthly mean ground observation data of the period 1960–2013 precipitation in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, the spatiotemporal distribution from January to December in 2013 was respectively estimated by space-time Kriging and space-time CoKriging. Modeling spatiotemporal direct variograms and a cross variogram was a key step in space-time CoKriging. Taking the monthly mean air relative humidity of the same site at the same time as the covariates, the spatiotemporal direct variograms and the spatiotemporal cross variogram of the monthly mean precipitation for the period 1960–2013 were modeled. The experimental results show that the space-time CoKriging reduces the mean square error by 31.46% compared with the space-time ordinary Kriging. The correlation coefficient between the estimated values and the observed values of the space-time CoKriging is 5.07% higher than the one of the space-time ordinary Kriging. Therefore, a space-time CoKriging interpolation with air humidity as a covariate improves the interpolation accuracy.展开更多
Under dense urban fading environment, performance of joint multi-path parameter estimation method based on traditional point signal model degrades seriously. In this paper, a new space and time signal model based on m...Under dense urban fading environment, performance of joint multi-path parameter estimation method based on traditional point signal model degrades seriously. In this paper, a new space and time signal model based on multipath distribution function is given after new space and time manifold is reconstructed. Then joint spacetime signal subspace is obtained by converting acquired channel from time domain to frequency domain .Then space and time spectrum is formulated by the space sub-matrix and time sub-matrix taken out of joint space-time signal subspace, and parameters are estimated by searching the minimum eigenvalues of the space matrix and the time matrix. Lastly, A space and time parameters matching process is performed by using the orthogonal property between joint noise subspace and the space-time manifold. In contrast with tradition MUSIC, the algorithm we present here only need two 1- dimension searching and was not sensitive to different distribution function.展开更多
The aim of this essay Is to make some brief suggestions on the beginnings of a theory of agentsand agency In branching spacetlmes.foe thought Is to combine the ideas of agency as developed agalnst the relatively simpl...The aim of this essay Is to make some brief suggestions on the beginnings of a theory of agentsand agency In branching spacetlmes.foe thought Is to combine the ideas of agency as developed agalnst the relatively simple background of branching time with the richer notions of Indetermlnlsm asstructured In the theory of branching space-times.My plan Is to say a little about agency In branchingtime and a little about branchlg spacetlmes,and then ask how the two can be brought together.Atthe end there Is an ...展开更多
Differential space-time （DST） modulation has been proposed recently for multiple-antenna systems over Rayleigh fading channels, where neither the transmitter nor the receiver knows the fading coefficients. Among exi...Differential space-time （DST） modulation has been proposed recently for multiple-antenna systems over Rayleigh fading channels, where neither the transmitter nor the receiver knows the fading coefficients. Among existing schemes, differential modulation is always performed in the time domain and suffers performance degradations in frequency-selective fading channels. In order to combat the fast time and frequency-selective fading, a novel time-frequency differential space-time （TF-DST） modulation scheme, which adopts differential modulation in both time and frequency domains, is proposed for multi-antenna orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM） system. A corresponding suboptimal yet low-complexity non-coherent detection approach is also proposed. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed system is robust for time and frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels.展开更多
Space-time coding radar has been recently proposed and investigated.It is a radar framework which can perform transmit beamforming at the receiver.However,the range resolution decreases when the number of the transmit...Space-time coding radar has been recently proposed and investigated.It is a radar framework which can perform transmit beamforming at the receiver.However,the range resolution decreases when the number of the transmit element increases.A subarray-based space-time coding(sub-STC)radar is explored to alleviate the range resolution reduction.For the proposed radar configuration,an identical waveform is transmitted and it introduces a small time offset in different subarrays.The multidimensional ambiguity function of sub-STC radar is defined by considering resolutions in multiple domains including the range,Doppler,angle and probing direction.Analyses on properties of the multi-dimensional ambiguity function of the sub-STC radar with regard to the spatial coverage,resolution performance and low sidelobes are also given.Results reveal that the range resolution and low sidelobes performance are improved with the proposed approach.展开更多
The simplified joint channel estimation and symbol detection based on the EM (expectation-maximization) algorithm for space-time block code (STBC) are proposed. By assuming channel to be invariant within only one STBC...The simplified joint channel estimation and symbol detection based on the EM (expectation-maximization) algorithm for space-time block code (STBC) are proposed. By assuming channel to be invariant within only one STBC word and utilizing the orthogonal structure of STBC, the computational complexity and cost of this algorithm are both very low, so it is very suitable to implementation in real systems.展开更多
Two fundamental hypotheses of special relativistic gravitational theory are: (1) the equivalence of gravitational mass and inertial mass, (2) the equation of the gravitational tensor potential in linear approximat...Two fundamental hypotheses of special relativistic gravitational theory are: (1) the equivalence of gravitational mass and inertial mass, (2) the equation of the gravitational tensor potential in linear approximation. Main results: (1) the values of the planetary perihelion shill, and the angle of deflection of light are the same as those of general relativity. The value of the red shill is consistent with the experiment. One cannot use these experimental values to judge whether space-time is curved. (2) In GP-B experiment, the gyroscope will be acted on by the additional gravitational fields due to the Earth's spin (S) and the orbital motion of satellite (L). The average precession rates are , where β and δ are the gyroscope's polar angles, (S) and (G) designate values deduced from special and general relativity, respectively. The GP-B experiment is the first one to judge whether space-time is flat.展开更多
A differential modulation scheme using space-time block codes is put forward. Compared with other schemes, our scheme has lower computational complexity and has a simpler decoder. In the case of three or four transmit...A differential modulation scheme using space-time block codes is put forward. Compared with other schemes, our scheme has lower computational complexity and has a simpler decoder. In the case of three or four transmitter antennas, our scheme has a higher rate a higher coding gain and a lower bit error rate for a given rate. Then we made simulations for space-time block codes as well as group codes in the case of two, three, four and five transmit antennas. The simulations prove that using two transmit antennas, one receive antenna and code rate of 4 bits/s/Hz, the differential STBC method outperform the differential group codes method by 4 dB. Useing three, four and five transmit antennas, one receive antenna, and code rate of 3 bits/s/Hz are adopted, the differential STBC method outperform the differential group codes method by 5 dB, 6. 5 dB and 7 dB, respectively. In other words, the differential modulation scheme based on space-time block code is better than the corresponding differential modulation scheme展开更多
The structure and performance of space-time multiuser detection receiver at base stations of WCDMA system is analyzed, in which smart antenna is employed. WCDMA uplink signal model is established in this paper. Space-...The structure and performance of space-time multiuser detection receiver at base stations of WCDMA system is analyzed, in which smart antenna is employed. WCDMA uplink signal model is established in this paper. Space-time multiuser receiver presented in this paper combines 2D-RAKE with parallel interference cancellation (PIC), and the improved parallel interference cancellation methods are given. A novel space-time multiuser detection scheme, 2DRAKE-GPPIC is proposed. This scheme employs smart antenna to suppress unexpected DOA (Direction Of Arrival) signal, uses RAKE receiver to combine different delays of expected signal, and utilizes grouped partial parallel interference cancellation (GPPIC) algorithm to suppress further the interference signal in the main lobe of array antennas. The simulation results reveal that the scheme of space-time multiuser detection presented in this paper has better performance for WCDMA system.展开更多
Space-time coding is an important technique that can improve transmission performance at fading environments in mobile communication systems. In this paper, we propose a novel diversity scheme using spread spacetime b...Space-time coding is an important technique that can improve transmission performance at fading environments in mobile communication systems. In this paper, we propose a novel diversity scheme using spread spacetime block coding （SSTBC） in multiple antenna systems. At the transmitter, the primitive data are serial to parallel converted to multiple data streams, and each stream is rotated in constellation. Then Walsh codes are used to spread each symbol to all antenna space in a space-time block. The signals received from all receiver antennas are combined with the maximum ratio combining （MRC）, equalized with linear equalizer to eliminate the inter-code interference and finally demodulated to recover to transmit data by using the one-symbol maximum likelihood detector. The proposed scheme does not sacrifice the spectrum efficiency meanwhile maintains the transceiver with low complexity. Owing to the transmission symbols of different transmit antennas passing through all the spatial subchannels between transceiver antenna pairs, the system obtains the partial additional space diversity gain of all spatial paths. It is also shown that the diversity gain is better than the previous space-time block coding （STBC） schemes with full transmission rate.展开更多
An improved scheme with cooperative diversity based on distributed space-time block coding （WCD- DSTBC） is proposed, which effectively achieves diversity gains and improves the performance of the system by sharing s...An improved scheme with cooperative diversity based on distributed space-time block coding （WCD- DSTBC） is proposed, which effectively achieves diversity gains and improves the performance of the system by sharing some single-antenna users＇ antennas to form a virtual antenna array and combining with distributed spacetime block coding （DSTBC） mode. Then the relation between the system BER and the interuser BER for WCDDSTBC scheme is theoretically derived and the closed-form expression of BER for WCD-DSTBC system is obtained. The simulation results show that the proposed WCD-DSTBC scheme achieves distinct gains over the non-cooperative multi-carrier CDMA （MC-CDMA） system. When system BER is le-3 and interuser BER is le-3, about 2.5 dB gain can be gotten. When interuser channel state information （CSI） outgoes the users＇ individual CSI, about 3 dB gain is also achieved.展开更多
Two optimal power control （PC） schemes under the power constraint for space-time coded multiple input multiple output systems over the flat Rayleigh fading channel with the imperfect channel state information （CSI...Two optimal power control （PC） schemes under the power constraint for space-time coded multiple input multiple output systems over the flat Rayleigh fading channel with the imperfect channel state information （CSI） are presented. One is based on the minimization of a bit error rate （BER）, and the other is based on the maximization of a fuzzy signal-to-noise ratio. In these schemes, different powers are allocated to individual transmit an- tennas rather than equal power in the conventional one. For the first scheme, the optimal PC procedure is developed. It is shown that the Lagrange multiplier for the constrained optimization in the power control does exist and is unique. A practical iterative algorithm based on Newton＇s method for finding the Lagrange multiplier is proposed. In the second scheme, some existing schemes are included, and a suboptimal PC procedure is developed by means of the asymptotic performance analysis. With this suboptimal scheme, a simple PC calculation formula is provided, and thus the calculation of the PC will be straightforward. Moreover, the suboptimal scheme has the BER performance close to the optimal scheme. Simulation results show that the two PC schemes can provide BER lower than the equal PC and antenna selection scheme under the imperfect CSI.展开更多
将多重网格策略引入NLS-3DVar(Non-linear Least Squares-based on Three-dimensional Variational Data Assimilation,非线性最小二乘三维变分同化)方法,进而应用于2400多个国家级气象观测站逐时气温数据和NCEP再分析气温数据的融合,...将多重网格策略引入NLS-3DVar(Non-linear Least Squares-based on Three-dimensional Variational Data Assimilation,非线性最小二乘三维变分同化)方法,进而应用于2400多个国家级气象观测站逐时气温数据和NCEP再分析气温数据的融合,得到中国区域空间分辨率1°×1°,时间分辨率为6小时的气温融合产品。分别从单重网格(分辨率1°×1°)和双重网格(分辨率由2°×2°到1°×1°)利用2014年1~12月(4、5月除外)的独立检验数据考察NLS-3DVar气温融合产品质量,验证基于多重网格策略的NLS-3DVar方法的优越性。在单重网格下,与广泛应用于气象行业的Cressman插值产品(均方根误差和相关系数的年平均值分别为1.961°C d^(-1)和0.924)相比,NLS-3DVar产品全年始终具有最小的均方根误差和最大的相关系数,年平均值分别为1.915°C d^(-1)和0.929;站点间误差分析进一步表明,NLS-3DVar产品在大多数检验站点精度更高,在新疆、甘肃、云南、陕西等地区尤为突出;加入双重网格策略的NLS-3DVar产品与单重网格的NLS-3DVar产品误差对比显示,均方根误差年平均值分别为1.649°C d^(-1)和1.711°C d^(-1),相关系数年平均值分别为0.970和0.968,二者在均方根误差和相关系数的表现上都极为相似,即双重网格NLS-3DVar气温产品尽管对观测数据采取了稀疏化处理,但依旧维持了原有的产品精度,并且在计算效率上提高了1倍多。而与同样在双重网格下基于多尺度的STMAS(Space–Time Multiscale Analysis System)算法相比,双重网格的NLS-3DVar产品在产品精度上同样占据优势,在计算效率上单位时次耗时与STMAS算法几乎相当。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(60901056)
文摘This paper proposes a unified clutter model incorporating the effects of range walk and array rotation for space-time adaptive processing（STAP） in airborne multi-channel early-warning radar.Based on this clutter model,STAP performance is then analyzed from the perspective of covariance matrix tapering（CMT）.For STAP performance degradation due to array rotation,a determinate compensation method is proposed based on the CMT method.Numerical examples are provided to verify the analysis and the proposed compensation method.
文摘In non-homogeneous environment, traditional space-time adaptive processing doesn＇t effectively suppress interference and detect target, because the secondary data don＇ t exactly reflect the statistical characteristic of the range cell under test. A ravel methodology utilizing the direct data domain approach to space-time adaptive processing （ STAP ） in airbome radar non-homogeneous environments is presented. The deterministic least squares adaptive signal processing technique operates on a ＂snapshot-by-snapshot＂ basis to dethrone the adaptive adaptive weights for nulling interferences and estimating signal of interest （SOI）. Furthermore, this approach eliminates the requirement for estimating the covariance through the data of neighboring range cell, which eliminates calculating the inverse of covariance, and can be implemented to operate in real-time. Simulation results illustrate the efficiency of interference suppression in non-homogeneous environment.
基金Project(17D02)supported by the Open Fund of State Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying,Mapping and Remote Sensing,Wuhan University,ChinaProject supported by the State Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation System and Equipment Technology,China
文摘In various environmental studies, geoscience variables not only have the characteristics of time and space, but also are influenced by other variables. Multivariate spatiotemporal variables can improve the accuracy of spatiotemporal estimation. Taking the monthly mean ground observation data of the period 1960–2013 precipitation in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, the spatiotemporal distribution from January to December in 2013 was respectively estimated by space-time Kriging and space-time CoKriging. Modeling spatiotemporal direct variograms and a cross variogram was a key step in space-time CoKriging. Taking the monthly mean air relative humidity of the same site at the same time as the covariates, the spatiotemporal direct variograms and the spatiotemporal cross variogram of the monthly mean precipitation for the period 1960–2013 were modeled. The experimental results show that the space-time CoKriging reduces the mean square error by 31.46% compared with the space-time ordinary Kriging. The correlation coefficient between the estimated values and the observed values of the space-time CoKriging is 5.07% higher than the one of the space-time ordinary Kriging. Therefore, a space-time CoKriging interpolation with air humidity as a covariate improves the interpolation accuracy.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60372022).
文摘Under dense urban fading environment, performance of joint multi-path parameter estimation method based on traditional point signal model degrades seriously. In this paper, a new space and time signal model based on multipath distribution function is given after new space and time manifold is reconstructed. Then joint spacetime signal subspace is obtained by converting acquired channel from time domain to frequency domain .Then space and time spectrum is formulated by the space sub-matrix and time sub-matrix taken out of joint space-time signal subspace, and parameters are estimated by searching the minimum eigenvalues of the space matrix and the time matrix. Lastly, A space and time parameters matching process is performed by using the orthogonal property between joint noise subspace and the space-time manifold. In contrast with tradition MUSIC, the algorithm we present here only need two 1- dimension searching and was not sensitive to different distribution function.
文摘The aim of this essay Is to make some brief suggestions on the beginnings of a theory of agentsand agency In branching spacetlmes.foe thought Is to combine the ideas of agency as developed agalnst the relatively simple background of branching time with the richer notions of Indetermlnlsm asstructured In the theory of branching space-times.My plan Is to say a little about agency In branchingtime and a little about branchlg spacetlmes,and then ask how the two can be brought together.Atthe end there Is an ...
文摘Differential space-time （DST） modulation has been proposed recently for multiple-antenna systems over Rayleigh fading channels, where neither the transmitter nor the receiver knows the fading coefficients. Among existing schemes, differential modulation is always performed in the time domain and suffers performance degradations in frequency-selective fading channels. In order to combat the fast time and frequency-selective fading, a novel time-frequency differential space-time （TF-DST） modulation scheme, which adopts differential modulation in both time and frequency domains, is proposed for multi-antenna orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM） system. A corresponding suboptimal yet low-complexity non-coherent detection approach is also proposed. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed system is robust for time and frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFE0200400)the Key R&D Program of Shaanxi Province(2017KW-ZD-12)+1 种基金the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Shaanxi Provincethe Nature Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province
文摘Space-time coding radar has been recently proposed and investigated.It is a radar framework which can perform transmit beamforming at the receiver.However,the range resolution decreases when the number of the transmit element increases.A subarray-based space-time coding(sub-STC)radar is explored to alleviate the range resolution reduction.For the proposed radar configuration,an identical waveform is transmitted and it introduces a small time offset in different subarrays.The multidimensional ambiguity function of sub-STC radar is defined by considering resolutions in multiple domains including the range,Doppler,angle and probing direction.Analyses on properties of the multi-dimensional ambiguity function of the sub-STC radar with regard to the spatial coverage,resolution performance and low sidelobes are also given.Results reveal that the range resolution and low sidelobes performance are improved with the proposed approach.
基金This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60272079).
文摘The simplified joint channel estimation and symbol detection based on the EM (expectation-maximization) algorithm for space-time block code (STBC) are proposed. By assuming channel to be invariant within only one STBC word and utilizing the orthogonal structure of STBC, the computational complexity and cost of this algorithm are both very low, so it is very suitable to implementation in real systems.
文摘Two fundamental hypotheses of special relativistic gravitational theory are: (1) the equivalence of gravitational mass and inertial mass, (2) the equation of the gravitational tensor potential in linear approximation. Main results: (1) the values of the planetary perihelion shill, and the angle of deflection of light are the same as those of general relativity. The value of the red shill is consistent with the experiment. One cannot use these experimental values to judge whether space-time is curved. (2) In GP-B experiment, the gyroscope will be acted on by the additional gravitational fields due to the Earth's spin (S) and the orbital motion of satellite (L). The average precession rates are , where β and δ are the gyroscope's polar angles, (S) and (G) designate values deduced from special and general relativity, respectively. The GP-B experiment is the first one to judge whether space-time is flat.
基金This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60172018) .
文摘A differential modulation scheme using space-time block codes is put forward. Compared with other schemes, our scheme has lower computational complexity and has a simpler decoder. In the case of three or four transmitter antennas, our scheme has a higher rate a higher coding gain and a lower bit error rate for a given rate. Then we made simulations for space-time block codes as well as group codes in the case of two, three, four and five transmit antennas. The simulations prove that using two transmit antennas, one receive antenna and code rate of 4 bits/s/Hz, the differential STBC method outperform the differential group codes method by 4 dB. Useing three, four and five transmit antennas, one receive antenna, and code rate of 3 bits/s/Hz are adopted, the differential STBC method outperform the differential group codes method by 5 dB, 6. 5 dB and 7 dB, respectively. In other words, the differential modulation scheme based on space-time block code is better than the corresponding differential modulation scheme
文摘The structure and performance of space-time multiuser detection receiver at base stations of WCDMA system is analyzed, in which smart antenna is employed. WCDMA uplink signal model is established in this paper. Space-time multiuser receiver presented in this paper combines 2D-RAKE with parallel interference cancellation (PIC), and the improved parallel interference cancellation methods are given. A novel space-time multiuser detection scheme, 2DRAKE-GPPIC is proposed. This scheme employs smart antenna to suppress unexpected DOA (Direction Of Arrival) signal, uses RAKE receiver to combine different delays of expected signal, and utilizes grouped partial parallel interference cancellation (GPPIC) algorithm to suppress further the interference signal in the main lobe of array antennas. The simulation results reveal that the scheme of space-time multiuser detection presented in this paper has better performance for WCDMA system.
基金This project was supported by the National Science Foundation of China (60496314)
文摘Space-time coding is an important technique that can improve transmission performance at fading environments in mobile communication systems. In this paper, we propose a novel diversity scheme using spread spacetime block coding （SSTBC） in multiple antenna systems. At the transmitter, the primitive data are serial to parallel converted to multiple data streams, and each stream is rotated in constellation. Then Walsh codes are used to spread each symbol to all antenna space in a space-time block. The signals received from all receiver antennas are combined with the maximum ratio combining （MRC）, equalized with linear equalizer to eliminate the inter-code interference and finally demodulated to recover to transmit data by using the one-symbol maximum likelihood detector. The proposed scheme does not sacrifice the spectrum efficiency meanwhile maintains the transceiver with low complexity. Owing to the transmission symbols of different transmit antennas passing through all the spatial subchannels between transceiver antenna pairs, the system obtains the partial additional space diversity gain of all spatial paths. It is also shown that the diversity gain is better than the previous space-time block coding （STBC） schemes with full transmission rate.
基金supported by the State Key Laboratory for Mobile Communication Open Foundation(N200502)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK2007192).
文摘An improved scheme with cooperative diversity based on distributed space-time block coding （WCD- DSTBC） is proposed, which effectively achieves diversity gains and improves the performance of the system by sharing some single-antenna users＇ antennas to form a virtual antenna array and combining with distributed spacetime block coding （DSTBC） mode. Then the relation between the system BER and the interuser BER for WCDDSTBC scheme is theoretically derived and the closed-form expression of BER for WCD-DSTBC system is obtained. The simulation results show that the proposed WCD-DSTBC scheme achieves distinct gains over the non-cooperative multi-carrier CDMA （MC-CDMA） system. When system BER is le-3 and interuser BER is le-3, about 2.5 dB gain can be gotten. When interuser channel state information （CSI） outgoes the users＇ individual CSI, about 3 dB gain is also achieved.
基金supported by the Open Research Fund of National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory of Southeast University(N200904)the Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (NUAA) Research Funding (NS2010113)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61172077)
文摘Two optimal power control （PC） schemes under the power constraint for space-time coded multiple input multiple output systems over the flat Rayleigh fading channel with the imperfect channel state information （CSI） are presented. One is based on the minimization of a bit error rate （BER）, and the other is based on the maximization of a fuzzy signal-to-noise ratio. In these schemes, different powers are allocated to individual transmit an- tennas rather than equal power in the conventional one. For the first scheme, the optimal PC procedure is developed. It is shown that the Lagrange multiplier for the constrained optimization in the power control does exist and is unique. A practical iterative algorithm based on Newton＇s method for finding the Lagrange multiplier is proposed. In the second scheme, some existing schemes are included, and a suboptimal PC procedure is developed by means of the asymptotic performance analysis. With this suboptimal scheme, a simple PC calculation formula is provided, and thus the calculation of the PC will be straightforward. Moreover, the suboptimal scheme has the BER performance close to the optimal scheme. Simulation results show that the two PC schemes can provide BER lower than the equal PC and antenna selection scheme under the imperfect CSI.
文摘将多重网格策略引入NLS-3DVar(Non-linear Least Squares-based on Three-dimensional Variational Data Assimilation,非线性最小二乘三维变分同化)方法,进而应用于2400多个国家级气象观测站逐时气温数据和NCEP再分析气温数据的融合,得到中国区域空间分辨率1°×1°,时间分辨率为6小时的气温融合产品。分别从单重网格(分辨率1°×1°)和双重网格(分辨率由2°×2°到1°×1°)利用2014年1~12月(4、5月除外)的独立检验数据考察NLS-3DVar气温融合产品质量,验证基于多重网格策略的NLS-3DVar方法的优越性。在单重网格下,与广泛应用于气象行业的Cressman插值产品(均方根误差和相关系数的年平均值分别为1.961°C d^(-1)和0.924)相比,NLS-3DVar产品全年始终具有最小的均方根误差和最大的相关系数,年平均值分别为1.915°C d^(-1)和0.929;站点间误差分析进一步表明,NLS-3DVar产品在大多数检验站点精度更高,在新疆、甘肃、云南、陕西等地区尤为突出;加入双重网格策略的NLS-3DVar产品与单重网格的NLS-3DVar产品误差对比显示,均方根误差年平均值分别为1.649°C d^(-1)和1.711°C d^(-1),相关系数年平均值分别为0.970和0.968,二者在均方根误差和相关系数的表现上都极为相似,即双重网格NLS-3DVar气温产品尽管对观测数据采取了稀疏化处理,但依旧维持了原有的产品精度,并且在计算效率上提高了1倍多。而与同样在双重网格下基于多尺度的STMAS(Space–Time Multiscale Analysis System)算法相比,双重网格的NLS-3DVar产品在产品精度上同样占据优势,在计算效率上单位时次耗时与STMAS算法几乎相当。
