Flexible surface micro-discharge plasma is a non-thermal plasma technique used for treating wounds in a painless way, with significant efficacy for chronic or hard-to-heal wounds. In this study, a confined space was d...Flexible surface micro-discharge plasma is a non-thermal plasma technique used for treating wounds in a painless way, with significant efficacy for chronic or hard-to-heal wounds. In this study, a confined space was designed to simulate wound conditions, with gelatin used to simulate wound tissue. The distinction between open and confined spaces was explored, and the effects of temperature, humidity, discharge power and the gap size within the confined space on the plasma characteristics were analyzed. It was found that temperature, humidity and discharge power are important factors that affect the concentration distribution of active components and the mode transition between ozone and nitrogen oxides. Compared to open space, the concentration of ozone in confined space was relatively lower, which facilitated the formation of nitrogen oxides. In open space, the discharge was dominated by ozone initially. As the temperature,humidity and discharge power increased, nitrogen oxides in the gas-phase products were gradually detected. In confined space, nitrogen oxides can be detected at an early stage and at much higher concentrations than ozone concentration. Furthermore, as the gap of the confined space decreased, the concentration of ozone was observed to decrease while that of nitrate increased, and the rate of this concentration change was further accelerated at higher temperature and higher power. It was shown that ozone concentration decreased from 0.11 to 0.03 μmol and the nitrate concentration increased from 20.5 to 24.5 μmol when the spacing in the confined space was reduced from 5 to 1 mm, the temperature of the external discharge was controlled at 40 ℃, and the discharge power was 12 W. In summary, this study reveals the formation and transformation mechanisms of active substances in air surface micro-discharge plasma within confined space, providing foundational data for its medical applications.展开更多
Objective To explore the production and cytotoxicity of the reactive oxygen species(ROS)induced by diallyl trisulfid(DATS)in HL-60 cells.Methods HL-60 cells were either treated with various doses of DATS alone,or DATS...Objective To explore the production and cytotoxicity of the reactive oxygen species(ROS)induced by diallyl trisulfid(DATS)in HL-60 cells.Methods HL-60 cells were either treated with various doses of DATS alone,or DATS combination with Apocynin,a specific NADPH oxidase inhibitor,or with antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine(NAC)for 0,1,3,6,12 and 24 hours,respectively.The intracellular ROS level was measured by flow cytometry.The activity of NADPH oxidase was evaluated by NBT reduction experiment.The content of both malondialdehyde(MDA)and the protein carbonyl was analyzed by spectrophotometer.Results The results from flow cytometry indicated that DATS significantly increased the intracellular ROS level in HL-60 cells(P<0.05),which is a dose-and time-dependent.The fluorescence intensities of ROS reached at maximuam when HL-60 cells were incubated with 150 μmol·L-1 DATS for 3 hours.The NBT reduction experiment showed that DATS activated NADPH oxidase which had highest activity when cell were exposed to 150 μmol·L-1 DATS for 3 hours.Results DATS induced MDA and protein carbonyl production in HL-60 cells.Furrthermore,both MDA and protein carbonyl in the cells exposed to 150 μmol·L-1 DATS for 3 hours reached the highest level.Apocynin and NAC could attenuate the production of MDA and protein carbonyl,which suggested that ROS induced by DATS was involved in the toxicity to cells.Conclusions DATS induce ROS production through activating NADPH oxidase in HL-60 cells.ROS induced by DATS increase the oxidation of the membrane lipid and the protein of HL-60 cell.展开更多
The current single-atom catalysts(SACs)for medicine still suffer from the limited active site density.Here,we develop a synthetic method capable of increasing both the metal loading and mass-specific activity of SACs ...The current single-atom catalysts(SACs)for medicine still suffer from the limited active site density.Here,we develop a synthetic method capable of increasing both the metal loading and mass-specific activity of SACs by exchanging zinc with iron.The constructed iron SACs(h^(3)-FNC)with a high metal loading of 6.27 wt%and an optimized adjacent Fe distance of~4 A exhibit excellent oxidase-like catalytic performance without significant activity decay after being stored for six months and promising antibacterial effects.Attractively,a“density effect”has been found at a high-enough metal doping amount,at which individual active sites become close enough to interact with each other and alter the electronic structure,resulting in significantly boosted intrinsic activity of single-atomic iron sites in h^(3)-FNCs by 2.3 times compared to low-and medium-loading SACs.Consequently,the overall catalytic activity of h^(3)-FNC is highly improved,with mass activity and metal mass-specific activity that are,respectively,66 and 315 times higher than those of commercial Pt/C.In addition,h^(3)-FNCs demonstrate efficiently enhanced capability in catalyzing oxygen reduction into superoxide anion(O_(2)·^(−))and glutathione(GSH)depletion.Both in vitro and in vivo assays demonstrate the superior antibacterial efficacy of h^(3)-FNCs in promoting wound healing.This work presents an intriguing activity-enhancement effect in catalysts and exhibits impressive therapeutic efficacy in combating bacterial infections.展开更多
In this paper, we report on the contrastive analysis of inactivation efficiency of E. coli cells in solution with different disinfection methods. Compared with the hydrogen peroxide solution and the ozone gas, the atm...In this paper, we report on the contrastive analysis of inactivation efficiency of E. coli cells in solution with different disinfection methods. Compared with the hydrogen peroxide solution and the ozone gas, the atmospheric-pressure He plasma can completely kill the E. coli cells in the shortest time. The inactivation efficiency of E. coli cells in solution can be well described by using the chemical reaction rate model. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) analysis shows that the C–O or C=O content of the inactivated E. coli cell surface by plasma is predominantly increased, indicating the quantity of oxygen-containing species in plasma is more than those of two other methods, and then the C–C or C–H bonds can be broken, leading to the etching of organic compounds. Analysis also indicates that plasma-generated species can play a crucial role in the inactivation process by their direct reactions or the decompositions of reactive species, such as ozone into OH radicals in water, then reacting with E. coli cells.展开更多
Recently, we found some errors in Fig. 3 of the article Chin. Phys. B 24 085201 (2015). Upon a thorough examination of the raw data materials, we confirm that the image error did not impact any of the findings and con...Recently, we found some errors in Fig. 3 of the article Chin. Phys. B 24 085201 (2015). Upon a thorough examination of the raw data materials, we confirm that the image error did not impact any of the findings and conclusions of the paper. Based on this, we have made corrections to the original article.展开更多
Reactive oxygen species(ROS)plays important roles in living organisms.While ROS is a double-edged sword,which can eliminate drug-resistant bacteria,but excessive levels can cause oxidative damage to cells.A core–shel...Reactive oxygen species(ROS)plays important roles in living organisms.While ROS is a double-edged sword,which can eliminate drug-resistant bacteria,but excessive levels can cause oxidative damage to cells.A core–shell nanozyme,Ce O_(2)@ZIF-8/Au,has been crafted,spontaneously activating both ROS generating and scavenging functions,achieving the multifaceted functions of eliminating bacteria,reducing inflammation,and promoting wound healing.The Au Nanoparticles(NPs)on the shell exhibit high-efficiency peroxidase-like activity,producing ROS to kill bacteria.Meanwhile,the encapsulation of Ce O_(2) core within ZIF-8 provides a seal for temporarily limiting the superoxide dismutase and catalase-like activities of Ce O_(2) nanoparticles.Subsequently,as the ZIF-8 structure decomposes in the acidic microenvironment,the Ce O_(2) core is gradually released,exerting its ROS scavenging activity to eliminate excess ROS produced by the Au NPs.These two functions automatically and continuously regulate the balance of ROS levels,ultimately achieving the function of killing bacteria,reducing inflammation,and promoting wound healing.Such innovative ROS spontaneous regulators hold immense potential for revolutionizing the field of antibacterial agents and therapies.展开更多
Background:Kirsten rat sarcoma(KRAS)and mutant KRAS^(G12D)have been implicated in human cancers,but it remains unclear whether their activation requires ubiquitination.This study aimed to investigate whether and how F...Background:Kirsten rat sarcoma(KRAS)and mutant KRAS^(G12D)have been implicated in human cancers,but it remains unclear whether their activation requires ubiquitination.This study aimed to investigate whether and how F-box and leucine-rich repeat 6(FBXL6)regulates KRAS and KRAS^(G12D)activity in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Methods:We constructed transgenic mouse strains LC(LSL-Fbxl6^(KI/+);Alb-Cre,n=13),KC(LSL-Kras^(G12D/+);Alb-Cre,n=10)and KLC(LSL-Kras^(G12D/+);LSL-Fbxl6^(KI/+);Alb-Cre,n=12)mice,and then monitored HCC for 320 d.Multiomics approaches and pharmacological inhibitors were used to determine oncogenic signaling in the context of elevated FBXL6 and KRAS activation.Co-immunoprecipitation(Co-IP),Western blotting,ubiquitination assay,and RAS activity detection assay were employed to investigate the underlying molecular mechanism by which FBXL6 activates KRAS.The pathological relevance of the FBXL6/KRAS/extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK)/mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)/proteins of relevant evolutionary and lymphoid interest domain 2(PRELID2)axis was evaluated in 129 paired samples from HCC patients.Results:FBXL6 is highly expressed in HCC as well as other human cancers(P<0.001).Interestingly,FBXL6 drives HCC in transgenic mice.Mechanistically,elevated FBXL6 promotes the polyubiquitination of both wild-type KRAS and KRAS^(G12D)at lysine 128,leading to the activation of both KRAS and KRAS^(G12D)and promoting their binding to the serine/threonine-protein kinase RAF,which is followed by the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase(MEK)/ERK/mTOR signaling.The oncogenic activity of the MEK/ERK/mTOR axis relies on PRELID2,which induces reactive oxygen species(ROS)generation.Furthermore,hepatic FBXL6 upregulation facilitates KRAS^(G12D)to induce more severe hepatocarcinogenesis and lung metastasis via the MEK/ERK/mTOR/PRELID2/ROS axis.Dual inhibition of MEK and mTOR effectively suppresses tumor growth and metastasis in this subtype of cancer in vivo.In clinical samples,FBXL6 expression positively correlates with p-ERK(χ^(2)=85.067,P<0.001),p-mTOR(χ^(2)=66.919,P<0.001)and PRELID2(χ^(2)=20.891,P<0.001).The Kaplan-Meier survival analyses suggested that HCC patients with high FBXL6/p-ERK levels predicted worse overall survival(log-rank P<0.001).Conclusions:FBXL6 activates KRAS or KRAS^(G12D)via ubiquitination at the site K128,leading to activation of the ERK/mTOR/PRELID2/ROS axis and tumorigenesis.Dual inhibition of MEK and mTOR effectively protects against FBXL6-and KRAS^(G12D)-induced tumorigenesis,providing a potential therapeutic strategy to treat this aggressive subtype of liver cancer.展开更多
The anodic electrochemical ozone production(EOP)and the cathodic three-electron oxygen reduction reaction(3e^(-)ORR)are effective processes for generating active oxygen species(ROS).However,the activation of ozone(O_(...The anodic electrochemical ozone production(EOP)and the cathodic three-electron oxygen reduction reaction(3e^(-)ORR)are effective processes for generating active oxygen species(ROS).However,the activation of ozone(O_(3))by hydroxyl radical(OH)to form ROS poses significant challenges.The micelle balllike bimetallic La-Nb oxides(LNOx)have been developed as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for both the EOP and 3e^(-)ORR reactions.The LNO20 demonstrated a 9.8%of Faradaic efficiency(FE)in O_(3)production and a transfer number of 2.8 electrons in the 3e^(-)ORR.Theoretical calculations support the notion that the five-membered ring mechanism in LNO20 facilitates O_(3)production.Additionally,the incorporation of La provides active sites that enhance the activation of hydrogen peroxide(^(*)H_(2)O_(2))and the generation of OH.This innovative approach synergistically integrates EOP and 3e^(-)ORR,enhancing the activation of O_(3)to produce ROS,demonstrating exceptional efficacy in the degradation of organic pollutants and antimicrobial activity.The study paves the way for designing advanced electrocatalysts for EOP and 3e^(-)ORR and offers insights into utilizing electrochemical method to support other antibacterial strategies.展开更多
基金supported by Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (No. 1003016001)。
文摘Flexible surface micro-discharge plasma is a non-thermal plasma technique used for treating wounds in a painless way, with significant efficacy for chronic or hard-to-heal wounds. In this study, a confined space was designed to simulate wound conditions, with gelatin used to simulate wound tissue. The distinction between open and confined spaces was explored, and the effects of temperature, humidity, discharge power and the gap size within the confined space on the plasma characteristics were analyzed. It was found that temperature, humidity and discharge power are important factors that affect the concentration distribution of active components and the mode transition between ozone and nitrogen oxides. Compared to open space, the concentration of ozone in confined space was relatively lower, which facilitated the formation of nitrogen oxides. In open space, the discharge was dominated by ozone initially. As the temperature,humidity and discharge power increased, nitrogen oxides in the gas-phase products were gradually detected. In confined space, nitrogen oxides can be detected at an early stage and at much higher concentrations than ozone concentration. Furthermore, as the gap of the confined space decreased, the concentration of ozone was observed to decrease while that of nitrate increased, and the rate of this concentration change was further accelerated at higher temperature and higher power. It was shown that ozone concentration decreased from 0.11 to 0.03 μmol and the nitrate concentration increased from 20.5 to 24.5 μmol when the spacing in the confined space was reduced from 5 to 1 mm, the temperature of the external discharge was controlled at 40 ℃, and the discharge power was 12 W. In summary, this study reveals the formation and transformation mechanisms of active substances in air surface micro-discharge plasma within confined space, providing foundational data for its medical applications.
基金Part of this paper was presented at the 8th Congress of Toxicology in Developing Countries(8CTDC)under the auspices of International Union of Toxicology(IUTOX)September 10-13,2012:at Centara Grand at Central Ladprao,Bangkok,Thailand.
文摘Objective To explore the production and cytotoxicity of the reactive oxygen species(ROS)induced by diallyl trisulfid(DATS)in HL-60 cells.Methods HL-60 cells were either treated with various doses of DATS alone,or DATS combination with Apocynin,a specific NADPH oxidase inhibitor,or with antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine(NAC)for 0,1,3,6,12 and 24 hours,respectively.The intracellular ROS level was measured by flow cytometry.The activity of NADPH oxidase was evaluated by NBT reduction experiment.The content of both malondialdehyde(MDA)and the protein carbonyl was analyzed by spectrophotometer.Results The results from flow cytometry indicated that DATS significantly increased the intracellular ROS level in HL-60 cells(P<0.05),which is a dose-and time-dependent.The fluorescence intensities of ROS reached at maximuam when HL-60 cells were incubated with 150 μmol·L-1 DATS for 3 hours.The NBT reduction experiment showed that DATS activated NADPH oxidase which had highest activity when cell were exposed to 150 μmol·L-1 DATS for 3 hours.Results DATS induced MDA and protein carbonyl production in HL-60 cells.Furrthermore,both MDA and protein carbonyl in the cells exposed to 150 μmol·L-1 DATS for 3 hours reached the highest level.Apocynin and NAC could attenuate the production of MDA and protein carbonyl,which suggested that ROS induced by DATS was involved in the toxicity to cells.Conclusions DATS induce ROS production through activating NADPH oxidase in HL-60 cells.ROS induced by DATS increase the oxidation of the membrane lipid and the protein of HL-60 cell.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB3804500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52202352,22335006)+4 种基金the Shanghai Municipal Health Commission(Grant No.20224Y0010)the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(Grant No.2021-I2M-5-012)the Basic Research Program of Shanghai Municipal Government(Grant No.21JC1406000)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.22120230237,2023-3-YB-11,22120220618)the Basic Research Program of Shanghai Municipal Government(23DX1900200).
文摘The current single-atom catalysts(SACs)for medicine still suffer from the limited active site density.Here,we develop a synthetic method capable of increasing both the metal loading and mass-specific activity of SACs by exchanging zinc with iron.The constructed iron SACs(h^(3)-FNC)with a high metal loading of 6.27 wt%and an optimized adjacent Fe distance of~4 A exhibit excellent oxidase-like catalytic performance without significant activity decay after being stored for six months and promising antibacterial effects.Attractively,a“density effect”has been found at a high-enough metal doping amount,at which individual active sites become close enough to interact with each other and alter the electronic structure,resulting in significantly boosted intrinsic activity of single-atomic iron sites in h^(3)-FNCs by 2.3 times compared to low-and medium-loading SACs.Consequently,the overall catalytic activity of h^(3)-FNC is highly improved,with mass activity and metal mass-specific activity that are,respectively,66 and 315 times higher than those of commercial Pt/C.In addition,h^(3)-FNCs demonstrate efficiently enhanced capability in catalyzing oxygen reduction into superoxide anion(O_(2)·^(−))and glutathione(GSH)depletion.Both in vitro and in vivo assays demonstrate the superior antibacterial efficacy of h^(3)-FNCs in promoting wound healing.This work presents an intriguing activity-enhancement effect in catalysts and exhibits impressive therapeutic efficacy in combating bacterial infections.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,China(Grant No.2014J01025)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11275261)the Funds from the Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plasma and Magnetic Resonance,China
文摘In this paper, we report on the contrastive analysis of inactivation efficiency of E. coli cells in solution with different disinfection methods. Compared with the hydrogen peroxide solution and the ozone gas, the atmospheric-pressure He plasma can completely kill the E. coli cells in the shortest time. The inactivation efficiency of E. coli cells in solution can be well described by using the chemical reaction rate model. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) analysis shows that the C–O or C=O content of the inactivated E. coli cell surface by plasma is predominantly increased, indicating the quantity of oxygen-containing species in plasma is more than those of two other methods, and then the C–C or C–H bonds can be broken, leading to the etching of organic compounds. Analysis also indicates that plasma-generated species can play a crucial role in the inactivation process by their direct reactions or the decompositions of reactive species, such as ozone into OH radicals in water, then reacting with E. coli cells.
文摘Recently, we found some errors in Fig. 3 of the article Chin. Phys. B 24 085201 (2015). Upon a thorough examination of the raw data materials, we confirm that the image error did not impact any of the findings and conclusions of the paper. Based on this, we have made corrections to the original article.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China(No.2022J01043)China Scholarship Council(201806315005 and 201703170071).
文摘Reactive oxygen species(ROS)plays important roles in living organisms.While ROS is a double-edged sword,which can eliminate drug-resistant bacteria,but excessive levels can cause oxidative damage to cells.A core–shell nanozyme,Ce O_(2)@ZIF-8/Au,has been crafted,spontaneously activating both ROS generating and scavenging functions,achieving the multifaceted functions of eliminating bacteria,reducing inflammation,and promoting wound healing.The Au Nanoparticles(NPs)on the shell exhibit high-efficiency peroxidase-like activity,producing ROS to kill bacteria.Meanwhile,the encapsulation of Ce O_(2) core within ZIF-8 provides a seal for temporarily limiting the superoxide dismutase and catalase-like activities of Ce O_(2) nanoparticles.Subsequently,as the ZIF-8 structure decomposes in the acidic microenvironment,the Ce O_(2) core is gradually released,exerting its ROS scavenging activity to eliminate excess ROS produced by the Au NPs.These two functions automatically and continuously regulate the balance of ROS levels,ultimately achieving the function of killing bacteria,reducing inflammation,and promoting wound healing.Such innovative ROS spontaneous regulators hold immense potential for revolutionizing the field of antibacterial agents and therapies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82370631)the Talent Foundations from Army Medical University(4174C6),the Chongqing Government(CQYC20220303727)to Xie CMthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(31900449)to Xiong HJ.
文摘Background:Kirsten rat sarcoma(KRAS)and mutant KRAS^(G12D)have been implicated in human cancers,but it remains unclear whether their activation requires ubiquitination.This study aimed to investigate whether and how F-box and leucine-rich repeat 6(FBXL6)regulates KRAS and KRAS^(G12D)activity in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Methods:We constructed transgenic mouse strains LC(LSL-Fbxl6^(KI/+);Alb-Cre,n=13),KC(LSL-Kras^(G12D/+);Alb-Cre,n=10)and KLC(LSL-Kras^(G12D/+);LSL-Fbxl6^(KI/+);Alb-Cre,n=12)mice,and then monitored HCC for 320 d.Multiomics approaches and pharmacological inhibitors were used to determine oncogenic signaling in the context of elevated FBXL6 and KRAS activation.Co-immunoprecipitation(Co-IP),Western blotting,ubiquitination assay,and RAS activity detection assay were employed to investigate the underlying molecular mechanism by which FBXL6 activates KRAS.The pathological relevance of the FBXL6/KRAS/extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK)/mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)/proteins of relevant evolutionary and lymphoid interest domain 2(PRELID2)axis was evaluated in 129 paired samples from HCC patients.Results:FBXL6 is highly expressed in HCC as well as other human cancers(P<0.001).Interestingly,FBXL6 drives HCC in transgenic mice.Mechanistically,elevated FBXL6 promotes the polyubiquitination of both wild-type KRAS and KRAS^(G12D)at lysine 128,leading to the activation of both KRAS and KRAS^(G12D)and promoting their binding to the serine/threonine-protein kinase RAF,which is followed by the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase(MEK)/ERK/mTOR signaling.The oncogenic activity of the MEK/ERK/mTOR axis relies on PRELID2,which induces reactive oxygen species(ROS)generation.Furthermore,hepatic FBXL6 upregulation facilitates KRAS^(G12D)to induce more severe hepatocarcinogenesis and lung metastasis via the MEK/ERK/mTOR/PRELID2/ROS axis.Dual inhibition of MEK and mTOR effectively suppresses tumor growth and metastasis in this subtype of cancer in vivo.In clinical samples,FBXL6 expression positively correlates with p-ERK(χ^(2)=85.067,P<0.001),p-mTOR(χ^(2)=66.919,P<0.001)and PRELID2(χ^(2)=20.891,P<0.001).The Kaplan-Meier survival analyses suggested that HCC patients with high FBXL6/p-ERK levels predicted worse overall survival(log-rank P<0.001).Conclusions:FBXL6 activates KRAS or KRAS^(G12D)via ubiquitination at the site K128,leading to activation of the ERK/mTOR/PRELID2/ROS axis and tumorigenesis.Dual inhibition of MEK and mTOR effectively protects against FBXL6-and KRAS^(G12D)-induced tumorigenesis,providing a potential therapeutic strategy to treat this aggressive subtype of liver cancer.
基金the financial support from the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFA1504200)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.LR22B060003)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22322810,22078293,22141001,and 22008211)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang(RF-C2023004)the Midea Group-Zhejiang University of Technology Joint Development Funding(KYY-HX-20240263)。
文摘The anodic electrochemical ozone production(EOP)and the cathodic three-electron oxygen reduction reaction(3e^(-)ORR)are effective processes for generating active oxygen species(ROS).However,the activation of ozone(O_(3))by hydroxyl radical(OH)to form ROS poses significant challenges.The micelle balllike bimetallic La-Nb oxides(LNOx)have been developed as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for both the EOP and 3e^(-)ORR reactions.The LNO20 demonstrated a 9.8%of Faradaic efficiency(FE)in O_(3)production and a transfer number of 2.8 electrons in the 3e^(-)ORR.Theoretical calculations support the notion that the five-membered ring mechanism in LNO20 facilitates O_(3)production.Additionally,the incorporation of La provides active sites that enhance the activation of hydrogen peroxide(^(*)H_(2)O_(2))and the generation of OH.This innovative approach synergistically integrates EOP and 3e^(-)ORR,enhancing the activation of O_(3)to produce ROS,demonstrating exceptional efficacy in the degradation of organic pollutants and antimicrobial activity.The study paves the way for designing advanced electrocatalysts for EOP and 3e^(-)ORR and offers insights into utilizing electrochemical method to support other antibacterial strategies.
