Taking the ratio of heat transfer area to net power and heat recovery efficiency into account, a multi-objective mathematical model was developed for organic Rankine cycle （ORC）. Working fluids considered were R123,...Taking the ratio of heat transfer area to net power and heat recovery efficiency into account, a multi-objective mathematical model was developed for organic Rankine cycle （ORC）. Working fluids considered were R123, R134a, R141b, R227ea and R245fa. Under the given conditions, the parameters including evaporating and condensing pressures, working fluid and cooling water velocities were optimized by simulated annealing algorithm. The results show that the optimal evaporating pressure increases with the heat source temperature increasing. Compared with other working fluids, R123 is the best choice for the temperature range of 100--180℃ and R141 b shows better performance when the temperature is higher than 180 ℃. Economic characteristic of system decreases rapidly with the decrease of heat source temperature. ORC system is uneconomical for the heat source temperature lower than 100℃.展开更多
with the merits of the easy manufacture and the long service life and the processing the inside or outside form surface, round body form tool is extensive use in large scales production. Its main demerit is the big hy...with the merits of the easy manufacture and the long service life and the processing the inside or outside form surface, round body form tool is extensive use in large scales production. Its main demerit is the big hyperbolic error which is caused in the process of processing cone, but about the discussion of hyperbolic error, there are two drawbacks in the current books and documents: (1) The error measuring plane is established on the rake face of tool, which doesn’t coincide with the actual measuring plane (axial plane) of work piece; (2) When the influential elements of error are analyzed, single parameter is only discussed. In order to overcome these demerits, the mathematical model of hyperbolic error on the axial plane of work piece is built in this paper when round body form tool processes cone. The fundamental reason which causes hyperbolic error when round body form tool processes cone is that the line profile replaces the curve profile of theory in the radial cut plane of tool in the design and manufacture of tool. In order to evaluate the mathematical formula of its error, firstly, the equation of cone of work piece must be established, secondly, the equation of cutting lip in the rake face is established, then, the profile equation of the radial plane of tool is evaluated on the condition that coordinate is changed, at last, the hyperbolic error is derived according to the equation and the substitutional line equation, and the error is converted to the axial plane of work piece which is coincided with the measuring plane. The actual calculation and the theory analysis indicated that if the cone length and the coning of the cone of work piece are fixed, the main elements which affect the hyperbolic error in the axial plane of work piece are the outside diameter R of round body form tool, the rake angle and the rear angle in "base point". If these three parameters are combined rationally, the hyperbolic error is minimum when round body form tool process cone, and the machining precision of work piece can be improved, on the condition that neither the work capacity of the tool design nor the manufacture cost of tool increases.展开更多
A comparison on subcritical and transcritical organic Rankine cycle（ORC） system with a heat source of 110 ℃ geothermal water was presented. The net power output, thermal and exergy efficiencies and the products of ...A comparison on subcritical and transcritical organic Rankine cycle（ORC） system with a heat source of 110 ℃ geothermal water was presented. The net power output, thermal and exergy efficiencies and the products of the heat transfer coefficient（U） and the total heat exchange area（A）（UA values） were calculated for parametric optimization. Nine candidate working fluids were investigated and compared. Under the given conditions, transcritical systems have higher net power outputs than subcritical ones. The highest net power output of transcritical systems is 18.63 k W obtained by R218, and that of subcritical systems is 13.57 k W obtained by R600 a. Moreover, with the increase of evaporating pressure, the thermal and exergy efficiencies of transcritical systems increase at first and then decrease, but the efficiencies of subcritical ones increase. As a result, the efficiencies of transcritical systems cannot always outperform those of the subcritical ones. However, the subcritical systems have lower minimum UA values and lower expansion ratios than the transcritical ones at the maximum net power output. In addition, the transcritical cycles have higher expansion ratios than the subcritical ones at their maximum net power output.展开更多
基金Project(2009GK2009) supported by Science and Technology Department Funds of Hunan Province,ChinaProject(08C26224302178) supported by Innovation Fund for Technology Based Firms of China
文摘Taking the ratio of heat transfer area to net power and heat recovery efficiency into account, a multi-objective mathematical model was developed for organic Rankine cycle （ORC）. Working fluids considered were R123, R134a, R141b, R227ea and R245fa. Under the given conditions, the parameters including evaporating and condensing pressures, working fluid and cooling water velocities were optimized by simulated annealing algorithm. The results show that the optimal evaporating pressure increases with the heat source temperature increasing. Compared with other working fluids, R123 is the best choice for the temperature range of 100--180℃ and R141 b shows better performance when the temperature is higher than 180 ℃. Economic characteristic of system decreases rapidly with the decrease of heat source temperature. ORC system is uneconomical for the heat source temperature lower than 100℃.
文摘with the merits of the easy manufacture and the long service life and the processing the inside or outside form surface, round body form tool is extensive use in large scales production. Its main demerit is the big hyperbolic error which is caused in the process of processing cone, but about the discussion of hyperbolic error, there are two drawbacks in the current books and documents: (1) The error measuring plane is established on the rake face of tool, which doesn’t coincide with the actual measuring plane (axial plane) of work piece; (2) When the influential elements of error are analyzed, single parameter is only discussed. In order to overcome these demerits, the mathematical model of hyperbolic error on the axial plane of work piece is built in this paper when round body form tool processes cone. The fundamental reason which causes hyperbolic error when round body form tool processes cone is that the line profile replaces the curve profile of theory in the radial cut plane of tool in the design and manufacture of tool. In order to evaluate the mathematical formula of its error, firstly, the equation of cone of work piece must be established, secondly, the equation of cutting lip in the rake face is established, then, the profile equation of the radial plane of tool is evaluated on the condition that coordinate is changed, at last, the hyperbolic error is derived according to the equation and the substitutional line equation, and the error is converted to the axial plane of work piece which is coincided with the measuring plane. The actual calculation and the theory analysis indicated that if the cone length and the coning of the cone of work piece are fixed, the main elements which affect the hyperbolic error in the axial plane of work piece are the outside diameter R of round body form tool, the rake angle and the rear angle in "base point". If these three parameters are combined rationally, the hyperbolic error is minimum when round body form tool process cone, and the machining precision of work piece can be improved, on the condition that neither the work capacity of the tool design nor the manufacture cost of tool increases.
基金Project(2012AA053001) supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China
文摘A comparison on subcritical and transcritical organic Rankine cycle（ORC） system with a heat source of 110 ℃ geothermal water was presented. The net power output, thermal and exergy efficiencies and the products of the heat transfer coefficient（U） and the total heat exchange area（A）（UA values） were calculated for parametric optimization. Nine candidate working fluids were investigated and compared. Under the given conditions, transcritical systems have higher net power outputs than subcritical ones. The highest net power output of transcritical systems is 18.63 k W obtained by R218, and that of subcritical systems is 13.57 k W obtained by R600 a. Moreover, with the increase of evaporating pressure, the thermal and exergy efficiencies of transcritical systems increase at first and then decrease, but the efficiencies of subcritical ones increase. As a result, the efficiencies of transcritical systems cannot always outperform those of the subcritical ones. However, the subcritical systems have lower minimum UA values and lower expansion ratios than the transcritical ones at the maximum net power output. In addition, the transcritical cycles have higher expansion ratios than the subcritical ones at their maximum net power output.
